C1 Atomic Structure

Question 1

What is an atom?

Answer 1

An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist

Question 2

What is an Element?

Answer 2

An element is a substance that contains only one type of atom

Question 3

How are compounds formed?

Answer 3

Compounds are formed from elements by chemical reactions

Question 4

What are sub-atomic particles? Give all three examples

Answer 4

Sub-atomic particles are the components that make up the atom. The protons and nuetrons inside the nucleus of the atom, the electrons orbiting around the nucleus.

Question 5

Atoms are mostly ……

Answer 5

Empty space

Question 6

Where is most of the mass thought to be concentrated in the atom?

Answer 6

In the nucleus, containing the protons and neutrons

Question 7

What charge to protons have?

Answer 7

A positive charge

Question 8

What is the relative charge of a proton?

Answer 8

+1

Question 9

What charge do neutrons have?

Answer 9

They are neutral so therefore don’t have a charge

Question 10

What is the realtive charge of a neutron?

Answer 10

0

Question 11

What is the the charge of the nucleus?

Answer 11

Positive, as it contains protons.

Question 12

What orbits the nucleus?

Answer 12

Electrons, in shells

Question 13

How do electrons orbit the nucleus?

Answer 13

In energy levels (electron shells)

Question 14

What charge do electrons have?

Answer 14

A negative charge

Question 15

What is the relative charge of an electron?

Answer 15

-1

Question 16

What is the atomic number?

Answer 16

It tells us the amount of protons in an element as is located below the symbol

Question 17

How can we find the amount of electrons in an atom?

Answer 17

The atom will have the same amount of electrons as protons as it has an overall charge of zero

Question 18

What is the atomic mass number?

Answer 18

This number is the sum of the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom. This is located above the symbol

Question 19

How do we find the amount of neutrons in an atom?

Answer 19

Relative atomic mass - atomic mass = number of neutrons

Question 20

What do scientists use to describe atoms?

Answer 20

Nuclear model

Question 21

The nuclear model consists of ….

Answer 21

nucleus orbited by electrons

Question 22

Every atom has what realtive charge?

Answer 22

Relative charge of zero

Question 23

What is the radius of an atom?

Answer 23

0.1 nm (1x10^-10 m)

Question 24

The radius of a nucleus is….

Answer 24

1x10^-14m
(less than 1/10,000 of that of the atom)

Question 25

What is an isotope?

Answer 25

Isotops are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

Question 26

How do you find the relative atomic mass of isotopes?

Answer 26

Isotope mass x Isotope abundance / 100

Question 27

Isotopes have diiferent mass numbers because….

Answer 27

They have different number of neutrons

Question 28

When was the first discovery of atoms?

Answer 28

Early greek philosopher Democritus, came up with the concept of atoms, however in the 1800’s John Dalton used experimental evidence to deduce that atoms were tiny spheres which couldn’t be divided.

Question 29

What did JJ Thompson discover in 1897?

Answer 29

He discovered the electron and that atoms were made of smaller sub-atomic particles.
He also came up with the ‘Plum Pudding Model’

Question 30

What was the Plum Pudding Model?

Answer 30

The Plum Pudding Model was a ball of positive charge with electrons embedded into it.

Question 31

What was the Alpha Scattering Experiment and what did it lead to?

Answer 31

The Alpha Scattering Experiment was an experiment led by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 which fired alpha particles (large positively charged particles) at very thin gold foil. Some atoms went straight through, some had deflected off and some bounced straight back. This led to the ideal of the nuclear model.

Question 32

What was the nuclear model?

Answer 32

• In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells in specific distances.
• This led to a diagram with protons in the centre with electrons surrounding it.

Question 33

What is an ion?

Answer 33

An ion is a charged atom, which has either lost or gained electron/s to have a full outer shell

Question 34

What is an electronic structure?

Answer 34

The order of how many electrons in each shell of an element

E.g.
Electronic structure of Potassium (K) is :
2,8,8,1

Question 35

What order do the models of atom go in?

Answer 35

Simple atom —> Plum Pudding Model —> Nuclear Model —> Orbital Model —> Modern Atomic Model

Question 36

What is biofuel?

Answer 36

Fuel made from animal or plant products.

Question 37

What is chromatography?

Answer 37

When small amounts of dissolved substances are separated by running a solvent along a material (such as absorbent paper)

Question 38

What did James Chadwick discover?

Answer 38

In 1932, James Chadwick provided evidence of a neutrons, leading to a nuclear model of nuetrons of protons in the neucleus with electrons orbiting it in specific distances.

Question 39

Melting and boiling involve a transfer of energy….,

Answer 39

From the surroundings

Question 40

Freezing and condensing involve a transfer of energy….

Answer 40

To the surroundings

Question 41

What is the process of paper chromatography?

Answer 41

1. Ink or plant dye is dotted along the pencil line
2. As the paper is lowered into the solvent, some of the dye spreads up the paper
3. The paper has absorbed the solvent, and the dye has spread further up the paper

Question 42

What is the process of simple distiliation with salty water?

Answer 42

1. Salty water is heated
2. The water vapour cools in the condenser and drips into a beaker
3. The water has condensed and is now in the beaker, the salt stays behind

Question 43

What is a mixture made of?

Answer 43

Two or more substances that aren’t chemically combined together