C1 Flashcards
What are the three states of matter?
Solids, liquids and gases
What are the properties of a solid
- The forces of attraction between particles are very strong
- The particles are in a regular lattice arrangement
- Particles are in fixed positions hekd closer together
- The particles vibrate rather than move, so they hold a definite shape and volume
What are the properties of liquids?
- The forces of attraction are weaker than the ones in solids
- Randomly arranged and are free to move, tend to stick closely together
- Definite volume but not a definite shape
- Particles are constantly moving with random motion, the hotter it gets the faster they move
What are the properties of gases?
- The particles are well seperated, so there is no forces of attraction
- free to move and are far apart
- Gases dont have a definite shape or volume and will always fill any container
- Move constantly with random motion
What is the process of changing state from solid to liquid and liquid to solid?
- Solid to liquid-melting
- Liquid to solid-freezing
What is the process of changing state from liquid to gas and gas to liquid?
- Liquid to gas-boiling
- Gas to liquid-condensing
What is the process of changing state from solid to gas and gas to solid?
- Solid to gas-sublimation
- Gas to solid-Deposition
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction in which the energy is given out to the surroundings.
What is an endothermic reaction?
The reaction in which energy is taken in from the surroundings
What is activation energy?
The amount of energy it takes for a reaction to take place
What are fuel cells?
An electrical cell that is supplied with a fuel and oxygen to produce electricity
What is potable water?
Water that is safe to drink
4 marker:
1)screening-removes large items
2)clarification-allows solods to settle to the bottom
3)filtration-this removes small particles that are suspended in water
4)chlorination-kills any microorganisms in the water by adding chlorine
What is the reactiviity series order?
- Party-Potassium
- Sex-Sodium
- Can- Calcium
- Make-Magnesium
- Anyone-Aluminium
- Catch-Carbon
- Zits-Zinc
- In-Iron
- Their-Tin
- Laps-Lead
- However-Hydrogen
- Condoms-Copper
- Save-Silver
- Genitals-gold
- Platinum
How do you calculate bond energies?
- It is used to find out whether a reaction is exothermic or endothermic
- Amount of energy to break or make 1 mole of a particular covalent bond
- when bonds are being broken they are endothermic
- when bonds are being formed they are exothermic
- To figure out whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic you use the Energy required to break bonds - Energy released by forming bonds
- When given a negative number it is exothermic
- When given a postitive number it is endothermic
What is the evolution of the atmosphere?
- Today we have 80% nitrogen, 19% oxygen <1% of other gases like CO2
- in the first billion years of the earth, it was dry
- Lots of volcanic activity- large amounts of CO2, water vapour, nitrogen and little amounts of methane and ammonia
- As water vapour condensed into liquid vapour it formed the oceans- CO2 dissolved in water and formed a CO2 precipitate
- 2.7 billion years ago, there was the formation of algae and other green plants
- Because these plants are able to photosynthesize, they took in large amounts of CO2 and released large amounts of O2
- This allowed for complec animals to form
