C1 1 Fundamental Ideas

Question 0

What is an element?

Answer 0

A substance containing only one type of atom.

Question 1

What are all substances made up of?

Answer 1

Atoms

Question 2

Around how many elements are there in our world?

Answer 2

100

Question 3

What are the columns in the periodic table called?

Answer 3

Groups

Question 4

What do elements in the same group share?

Answer 4

The same chemical properties.

Question 5

On which side do you find metals and non-metals?

Answer 5

You find metals on the left and non-metals on the right.

Question 6

What are compounds?

Answer 6

Substances which contain more than one type of atom chemically bonded together.

Question 7

What is an atom made up of?

Answer 7

A nucleus containing neutrons and protons and electrons surrounding it.

Question 8

What is a molecule?

Answer 8

A grouping of two or more atoms bonded together.

Question 9

An atom contains the same number of…

Answer 9

Electrons and protons

Question 10

What are the charges of:
A proton
A neutron
An electron

Answer 10

• Proton - +1
• Neutron - 0
• Electron - -1

Question 11

What is the overall charge of an atom?

Answer 11

Neutral, 0; protons and electrons cancel out as there are the same amount of them.

Question 12

What is another way in calling the number of protons?

Answer 12

The atomic number

Question 13

In what order is the periodic table arranged?

Answer 13

The order of increasing atomic numbers.

Question 14

What is the mass number?

Answer 14

The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.

Question 15

Where is the mass number and atomic number found on the periodic table?

Answer 15

The mass number is above the element symbol and the atomic number is below.

Question 16

How will you find out the number of neutrons of an atom?

Answer 16

Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number

Question 17

The atomic number of argon is 18 and its mass number is 40, work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

Answer 17

• Number of protons - 18
• Number of electrons - 18
• Number of neutrons - 22

Question 18

What is the mass of a:
• Proton
• Neutron
• Electron?

Answer 18

• Proton - 1
• Neutron - 1
• Electron - ~ 0

Question 19

What is the charge of a nucleus?

Answer 19

Positively charges (1)

Question 20

What do electrons orbit in?

Answer 20

Shells

Question 21

What is the electronic structure?

Answer 21

The way electrons are arranged in an atom.

Question 22

What does each shell represent?

Answer 22

A different energy level.

Question 23

Which energy level is nearest to the nucleus?

Answer 23

The lowest one.

Question 24

Which shell do the electrons fill up first?

Answer 24

The one nearest to the nucleus.

Question 25

``` How many electrons does the: • 1st shell • 2nd shell • 3rd shell • 4th shell hold? ```

Answer 25

* 1st shell - 2 * 2nd shell - 8 * 3rd shell - 8 * 4th shell - 18

Question 26

What do all atoms want to have?

Answer 26

A full outer shell.

Question 27

In order to stay stable what do atoms do with their electrons?

Answer 27

They either share, lose or gain electrons.

Question 28

What is the electronic structure written as for carbon?

Answer 28

6 atoms therefore: | 2,4

Question 29

How does the group number link with the number of electrons in the outermost shell? Give an example.

Answer 29

The group number is the number of electrons in the outermost shell. Eg. In group 1 - there is one electron in the outermost shell.

Question 30

Why are noble gases (group 0 elements) unreactive?

Answer 30

They have a stable arrangement; they have a full outermost shell so don't have to react in order to gain, lose or share electrons.

Question 31

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 31

When a non-metal reacts with a metal.

Question 32

What happens to the charges in ionic bonding?

Answer 32

They cancel out therefore no overall charge.

Question 33

What happens to the electrons in a metal and non-metal?

Answer 33

Metals lose electrons and non-metals gain electrons.

Question 34

What are the charges of metals and non-metals in ionic bonding?

Answer 34

Metals are positively charges and non-metals are negatively charged.

Question 35

What do both the metals and non-metals become in ionic bonding?

Answer 35

Ions

Question 36

How do the charges help them form ionic bonds?

Answer 36

As they are of opposite charges, they have strong attractions between them causing strong bonds.

Question 37

Show what happens with lithium and fluorine?

Answer 37

Lithium has 3 electrons and therefore has to lose 1. | Fluorine has 9 electrons and therefore have to gain 1 from lithium.

Question 38

How is ionic bonding shown in a diagram?

Answer 38

* Square brackets are drawn around the shells * The charge is shown outside the brackets * Each element have a different symbol

Question 39

How can you find the chemical formulae in ionic bonding?

Answer 39

Using the "swap 'n' drop charges" method

Question 40

For compound ions what do we do? Eg. Mg2 and NO3-

Answer 40

Mg(NO3)2 | All little numbers

Question 41

What bonding takes place if both elements are non-metals?

Answer 41

Covalent bonding

Question 42

What are formed in covalent bonding?

Answer 42

Molecules

Question 43

What happens to the electrons in covalent bonding?

Answer 43

They are shared.

Question 44

Show what happens when oxygen hydrogen bond to create water.

Answer 44

Oxygen has 8 electrons and therefore has 6 electrons in its outermost shell. Hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost shell. They will share one of each of their electrons. Oxygen falls in group 6 and therefore share 2.

Question 45

What is water shown as when drawing the bonds?

Answer 45

H = O = H

Question 46

``` How many electrons are shared by: • Group 4 elements • Group 5 elements • Group 6 elements • Group 7 elements ```

Answer 46

* Group 4 elements - 4 * Group 5 elements - 3 * Group 6 elements - 2 * Group 7 elements - 1

Question 47

What are the reactants and products in an equation?

Answer 47

The substances that react are the reactants (they fall on the left) products are what are produced (fall on the right)

Question 48

Why are symbolic equations better than word?

Answer 48

* Only people who speak the language understand word. * Word doesn't show how much of each substance is involved. * Word can get complicated with lots of chemicals.

Question 49

What should we make sure when balancing equations?

Answer 49

Both sides should be equal in mass so the same number of atoms on each side.