C1 1 Fundamental Ideas Flashcards
What is an element?
A substance containing only one type of atom.
What are all substances made up of?
Atoms
Around how many elements are there in our world?
100
What are the columns in the periodic table called?
Groups
What do elements in the same group share?
The same chemical properties.
On which side do you find metals and non-metals?
You find metals on the left and non-metals on the right.
What are compounds?
Substances which contain more than one type of atom chemically bonded together.
What is an atom made up of?
A nucleus containing neutrons and protons and electrons surrounding it.
What is a molecule?
A grouping of two or more atoms bonded together.
An atom contains the same number of…
Electrons and protons
What are the charges of:
A proton
A neutron
An electron
- Proton - +1
- Neutron - 0
- Electron - -1
What is the overall charge of an atom?
Neutral, 0; protons and electrons cancel out as there are the same amount of them.
What is another way in calling the number of protons?
The atomic number
In what order is the periodic table arranged?
The order of increasing atomic numbers.
What is the mass number?
The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
Where is the mass number and atomic number found on the periodic table?
The mass number is above the element symbol and the atomic number is below.
How will you find out the number of neutrons of an atom?
Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number
The atomic number of argon is 18 and its mass number is 40, work out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons.
- Number of protons - 18
- Number of electrons - 18
- Number of neutrons - 22
What is the mass of a:
• Proton
• Neutron
• Electron?
- Proton - 1
- Neutron - 1
- Electron - ~ 0
What is the charge of a nucleus?
Positively charges (1)
What do electrons orbit in?
Shells
What is the electronic structure?
The way electrons are arranged in an atom.
What does each shell represent?
A different energy level.
Which energy level is nearest to the nucleus?
The lowest one.
Which shell do the electrons fill up first?
The one nearest to the nucleus.
How many electrons does the: • 1st shell • 2nd shell • 3rd shell • 4th shell hold?
- 1st shell - 2
- 2nd shell - 8
- 3rd shell - 8
- 4th shell - 18
What do all atoms want to have?
A full outer shell.
In order to stay stable what do atoms do with their electrons?
They either share, lose or gain electrons.
What is the electronic structure written as for carbon?
6 atoms therefore:
2,4
How does the group number link with the number of electrons in the outermost shell? Give an example.
The group number is the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
Eg. In group 1 - there is one electron in the outermost shell.
Why are noble gases (group 0 elements) unreactive?
They have a stable arrangement; they have a full outermost shell so don’t have to react in order to gain, lose or share electrons.
What is ionic bonding?
When a non-metal reacts with a metal.
What happens to the charges in ionic bonding?
They cancel out therefore no overall charge.
What happens to the electrons in a metal and non-metal?
Metals lose electrons and non-metals gain electrons.
What are the charges of metals and non-metals in ionic bonding?
Metals are positively charges and non-metals are negatively charged.
What do both the metals and non-metals become in ionic bonding?
Ions
How do the charges help them form ionic bonds?
As they are of opposite charges, they have strong attractions between them causing strong bonds.
Show what happens with lithium and fluorine?
Lithium has 3 electrons and therefore has to lose 1.
Fluorine has 9 electrons and therefore have to gain 1 from lithium.
How is ionic bonding shown in a diagram?
- Square brackets are drawn around the shells
- The charge is shown outside the brackets
- Each element have a different symbol
How can you find the chemical formulae in ionic bonding?
Using the “swap ‘n’ drop charges” method
For compound ions what do we do? Eg. Mg2 and NO3-
Mg(NO3)2
All little numbers
What bonding takes place if both elements are non-metals?
Covalent bonding
What are formed in covalent bonding?
Molecules
What happens to the electrons in covalent bonding?
They are shared.
Show what happens when oxygen hydrogen bond to create water.
Oxygen has 8 electrons and therefore has 6 electrons in its outermost shell.
Hydrogen has 1 electron in its outermost shell.
They will share one of each of their electrons.
Oxygen falls in group 6 and therefore share 2.
What is water shown as when drawing the bonds?
H = O = H
How many electrons are shared by: • Group 4 elements • Group 5 elements • Group 6 elements • Group 7 elements
- Group 4 elements - 4
- Group 5 elements - 3
- Group 6 elements - 2
- Group 7 elements - 1
What are the reactants and products in an equation?
The substances that react are the reactants (they fall on the left) products are what are produced (fall on the right)
Why are symbolic equations better than word?
- Only people who speak the language understand word.
- Word doesn’t show how much of each substance is involved.
- Word can get complicated with lots of chemicals.
What should we make sure when balancing equations?
Both sides should be equal in mass so the same number of atoms on each side.
