C:7 Organic Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards
How is Crude oil made and What Resource is Crude Oil?
- Crude Oil is made from the remains of tiny ancient marine animals and plants the maturity of which was plankton.
- Crude Oil is a finite resource that is found in rocks.
What Happened to The remains of ancient marine life and what happened To the Remains over millions of years?
- The Remains of Anent marine animals and plants have sank to the bottom of the sea where they were buried under layers of sand and silt.
- Over Millions of years the remains were buried deeper and deeper.
The Great (_______) and (________________) At this depth as was a lack of (____________) gas turned the remains into crude oil and gas.
- Heat, Pressure and Oxygen.
What is Crude oil made up of and what are hydrocarbons?
- Crude oil is made up of a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons.
- Hydrocarbons are compounds that are only made up of the elements hydrogen and carbon.
What are the Hydrocarbons compounds in crude oil called and what does this means about the carbon bond?
- Most Hydrocarbons in crude oil are compounds called alkanes.
- They are Saturated Hydrocarbons which means all C-C bonds are single bonds.
Name the 3 Types of Bonds?
- 1) Ionic Boding.
- 2) Covalent Bonding.
- 3) Metallic Bonding.
Write a Definition of Covalent Bonding and Metaling Bonding?
- Covalent Bonding is when 2 Non metals react together.
- Metallic Bonding is when 2 Metals or alloys react together.
Write a Definition of Ionic Bonding?
- Ionic Bonding is when a Metal and a Non - Metal react together.
What Do Electrons fully want to achieve and How many electrons are allowed on the first shell and how many are allowed on the 2nd and 3rd shell?
- Electrons Wants to achieve a full outer shell.
- On the first shell only 2 electrons Are allowed.
- On the 2nd and 3rd shell Only 8 Electrons Are allowed.
In 3 Steps how do You draw a Dot and Cross Diagram?
- 1) First Draw the electron shells for oxygen and hydrogen.
- 2) Next Oxygen has 6 electrons in its outer shell and needs 2 more to be stable. Hydrogen has 1 electron and needs 1 more.
-3) Draw the shared electrons as dots (for one atom) and crosses (for the other atom) to show they are shared.
In Alkanes what does each carbon atom form?
- In Alkanes each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds.
Name the First 4 Alkanes?
- 1) Methane.
- 2) Ethane.
- 3) Propane.
- 4) Butane.
What’s the mnemonic to remember the first 4 Alkanes?
- Monkeys - Methane - Carbon 1
- Eat - Ethane - Carbon 2
- Peanut - Propane - Carbon 3
- Butter - Butane - Carbon 4
- Monkeys eat peanut butter
Alkanes are a family of hydrocarbon compounds with a general formula (______________)
- Cn H2n+2
What do you do in the alkane general formula and give a example of a alkane general forumla?
- First You Times the Number by 2 and then you add 2 to the number you just times.
- For Example my carbon number is 6 So 6 x 2 = 12 and 12+2=14 so the amount of hydrogens is 14.
How do Work out the Molecular formula for a specific alkanes and give a example?
- First You need to count how many carbon and hydrogen bonds are in the molecular formula.
- For Example In Propane Has 3 Carbons are 8 Hydrogens so we write the molecular formulas as C3 H8.
What Is the Trend in Boiling Points as you go down the alkanes and Why is there a trend in boiling point?
- The Trend in boiling Points in Alkanes is that it Increases.
- This Is Because the chain gets bigger and the molecules get longer also There are more intermolecular forces between the bonds.
Write a Definition of Volatile and What happens to Alkanes With shorter Bonds?
- Volatile is when they evaporate more easily due to their Low Boling Point.
- Alkanes with shorter bonds are more Volatile.
Write a Definition of Viscosity and What Happens to the viscosity of alkanes as we go down the group?
- Viscosity is how Runny or Sticky a Substance is.
-Alkanes Become More Viscous when we go down the group.
Write a Definition of Flammability and Combustion?
- Combustion is an Exothermic Reaction Between a Fuel and Oxygen it Also means Burning.
- Flammability is how easy it is to ignite a Substance.
Name 3 Properties that change in hydrocarbons as the chain gets Longer?
- 1) The More Viscous it is.
- 2) The Boling Point Increases.
- 3) The less flammable the hydrocarbon is.
What’s the Difference Between complete and Incomplete Combustion?
- Complete Combustion Releases Carbon Dioxide.
- But Incomplete Combustion Resales Carbon Monoxide.
What Does Complete Combustion Releases lots of and What does this make them useful as?
- Complete Combustion realises lots of Energy.
- This can be used as a useful fuel.
Name the 2 Products of Complete Combustion?
- 1) Carbon Dioxide.
- 2) Water Vapour.
Name the 2 Products of Incomplete Combustion?
- 1) Carbon Monoxide.
- 2) Water Vapour.
Why Is it hard to detect Carbon Monoxide?
- Carbon monoxide is colourless
How Do you Test The Combustion of Alkanes?
- 1) First you crush water and then boil to 100℃.
- 2) Next pump the water to suck the gases through the Apparatus.
- 3) The CO2 Then turns into cloudy lime water.
What do you Balance First and Last in a combustion equation?
- 1) Carbon.
- 2) Hydrogen.
- 3) Oxygen.
What’s The Word Equation for Complete Combustion?
-Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Oxygen
What Would You Use to separate Crude Oil into different Components?
- Fractional Distillation.
What Happened to Crude Oil after it was buried in mud?
- Crude Oil was Soaked into rocks and Was stored for Million of Years.
How Do you get Crude Oil?
- You Drill into the Surface of a Rock and Suck out The Crude Oil.
Name the 4 Steps of Fractional Distillation?
- 1) the Crude oil is heated until it Evaporates and Becomes a Vapour.
- 2) Vapour Rise up the Fractionating Colom.
- 3) The fractions condense when they reach their Boling Point.
- 4) Shorter Chain Hydrocarbons condense near the top (Low boiling point) and Larger chains near the bottom (Higher Boiling Point).
What’s The Acronym to Remember the steps of Fractional Distillation?
- H - Heated
- C - Condense
- C - Collection
Write a Definition of Petrochemicals?
- Petrochemicals are chemicals produced by crude oil.
Name a Long Hydrocarbon and What’s its Main uses?
- Butane.
- Which is Used as a Tarmac in Roads.
Name the First Few Serious in Alkenes?
- Ethene
- Propene
- Butene
- Pentane
Write Down the General Formula of Alkenes?
- Cn H2n
Are Alkanes Single or Double Bonds and Are Alkenes Single or Double Bonds?
- Alkanes are all single bonds.
- Alkenes at Least have one Double Bond.
Are Alkanes Saturated or Unsaturated and Are Alkenes Saturated or Unsaturated ?
- Alkanes are Saturated Hydrocarbons.
- Alkenes are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
What the Reactions with Bromine for Alkanes and Alkenes?
- The reaction with Bromine for Alkanes has no reaction.
- The reaction With bromine for Alkanes is that it Turns Bromine Colourless.
Write a Definition of Colourless?
- Colourless means clear
Write a Definition of Cracking and Name the 2 Different Types of Cracking?
- Cracking Is when We Break Long Hydrocarbons into Smaller Hydrocarbon to use them as fuels.
- The 2 Different Types of Cracking is Catalytic Cracking and Steam Cracking.
Write Down the Condition of Catalytic Cracking and Steam Cracking?
- The Special Conditions of Catalytic Cracking is High Temp.
- The Special Conditions of Steam Cracking is Heat to 800°.
