BVP - VIP Skills and Early Academic Achievement - Week 10

Question 1

What is meant by maturation (4) and development (1)?

Answer 1

Maturation
-effect of time
-skeletal/muscular
-genetically pre-programmed
-no environmental effects apart from nutrition
Development
-effect of time plus environmental interaction

Question 2

What is meant by intelligence?

Answer 2

Ability across a range of human cognitive functions as defined by standardised testing

Question 3

What is the most accepted intelligence test? What kind of bias does it have? How many points is the normal, and what is the standard deviation? How many points is special school category and how many points will affect reading?

Answer 3

WISC-R
-cutural bias
100 is normal, ±15 SD
<70 is special school category
<80 will affect early reading

Question 4

What do studies suggest of IQ being an indicator of early reading ability? Does it predict who will or will not respond to reading intervention?

Answer 4

Poor predictor

Doesnt predict who will respond to intervention

Question 5

What percentage of the variance in early reading does IQ account for?

Answer 5

15%

Question 6

What is meant by perception?

Answer 6

Ability to extract and see information from the environment

Question 7

What is meant by learning (2)?

Answer 7

Acquiring information through experience and storing this information
Acquired and stored data are compared

Question 8

What is learning affected by in children (2)?

Answer 8

Intelligence and experiences

Question 9

What is meant by learning difficulty and what is the incidence in western countries? Explain the incidence by the type/cause (3).

Answer 9

Difficulty in educational acquisition
Incidence 15%
-2% dyslexic
-3% IQ
-10% other (physical causes, ADD, delayed development with normal IQ)

Question 10

What percentage of learning difficulties will have VIP delays?

Answer 10

30% have VIP delays that contribute to difficulty

Question 11

What is the most severe type of reading problem?

Answer 11

Dyslexia

Question 12

What is the reading age of a dyslexic individual like compared to their chronological age?

Answer 12

At least 2 years behind

Question 13

What is the incidence of dyslexia?

Answer 13

2%

Question 14

What is involved in the task of ‘learning to read’ (4)?

Answer 14

Breaking the code
-phonics
-eidetic recall
Large print type
Short spans of reading

Question 15

What are the visual requirements for ‘learning to read’ (3)?

Answer 15

Visual discrimination/directionality
Visual memory
L>R scan path

Question 16

What is involved in the task of ‘reading to learn’ (3)?

Answer 16

Automatic word analysis
-eidetic recall
Smaller print
Longer spans of reading

Question 17

What are the visual requirements for ‘learning to read’ (3)?

Answer 17

Vergence control
Accommodative control
Oculomotor control

Question 18

Give an example for the following VIP skills
Spatial analysis
Visual analysis
Visual motor skills
Reading saccades
Visual auditory coding

Answer 18

Spatial analysis - is it facing the same way
Visual analysis - does it look the same or different
Visual motor skills - can you plan and steer a pencil around a page
Reading saccades - can you keep place on the page
Visual auditory coding - does it sound like it looks

Question 19

What is the reading recovery program and how long does it span for? During what grade? What are the outcomes like (3)?

Answer 19

Child is given more educational instructions on a 1:1 basis for 1-2 terms in grade 1

• 30% have no reading problems after this
• 30% get better but still delayed
• 30% are no better

Question 20

Is repeating a year level an option for slow development?

Answer 20

Yes, but a once only offer

Question 21

What are three visual symptoms of patients with a VIP delay. During what year levels is it generally seen? Give three non-visual symptoms.

Answer 21

Prep, 1, and 2
Visual symptoms
-poor letter recognition
-poor letter formation
-reversals
Non-visual symptoms
-poor attention
-disorganised
-speech delay

Question 22

Is there a high or poor correlation between VIP skills and reading performance?

Answer 22

High

Question 23

What magnitiude of hyperopia (and higher) is thought to contribute to VIP delay? What is the implication of this in terms of having a case of reading disability? What if there are no visual symptoms?

Answer 23

+1.50D

Hyperopia over this amount should be corrected, even when there are no visual symptoms

Question 24

Do children corrected for hyperopia before the age of 4 show better VIP skills vs those corrected after 4 or is the age of patient when corrected negligible?

Answer 24

Children corrected before 4 show better VIP skills

Question 25

Compare the predictive ability of developmental delays (such as VIP delay) for early reading to IQ.

Answer 25

Developmental delays are better predictors of early reading than IQ

Question 26

Does having a reading disability mean having a low IQ? Explain.

Answer 26

No, not necessarily

-a significant IQ deficit will cause reading delay and VIP delay

Question 27

What percentage of variance of reading performance do VIP skills account for at prep, grade 1, and 2 level? What is the remaining percentage accounted by (4)?

Answer 27

VIP skills - 50%
Remaining 50%:
Perceptual skills
Verbal IQ
Language and cognitive skills

Question 28

What percentage of variance reading performance do VIP skills account for beyond grade 2?

Answer 28

25% or less

Question 29

When is developmental testing most useful? What grades should they be considered for (4)?

Answer 29

When investigating pre-reading and early reading

-consider them from prep to grade 3

Question 30

Describe what is meant by the minimum competency model (3).

Answer 30

The level of skill is just as important as the delay
If skills are beyond grade 2 level, then law of decreasing returns applies beyond this
VIP skills training less likely to be successful after the end of grade 2

Question 31

Are VIP skills trainable?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

Is there a strong or weak correlation between VIP and early academic progress?

Answer 32

Strong

Question 33

What assumption do schools make of shildren when they begin?

Answer 33

Placement is based on chronological age

-assumes a child is ready for the classrom demands only because they are 6 years old

Question 34

What does the rosner test assess?

Answer 34

Visual analysis skills

Question 35

Does the rosner test have a high or low correlation with early academic performance? Do retests have high or low reliability?

Answer 35

High correlation with early academic performance

High test/retest reliability

Question 36

What is the false positive rate of the rosner test like?

Answer 36

Anecdotally very low

Question 37

For what grades is the rosner test typically given?

Answer 37

Prep to grade 3

Question 38

Describe the rosner test. Are corrections allowed?

Answer 38

A plate is copied with a pencil
-an array of dots with some connected by lines, the pattern is copied onto a blank
Corrections are allowed

Question 39

Is training possible for the rosner test?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

When do you stop the rosner test?

Answer 40

Stop after 2 consecutive fails and score from the last correct plate

Question 41

What is a fail on a developmental test? Give another answer based on percentiles (2).

Answer 41

There is no definitive answer
Some use below 30 percentile
General consensus is that below 16 percentile is highly at risk

Question 42

Describe the visual motor integration test of beary.

Answer 42

Child copies a range of geometric shapes

Accuracy of the drawings are rated and a score provided

Question 43

List four considerations when giving a visual motor integration test of bleary.

Answer 43

Hand used
Working distance
Grip
Use of non-dominant hand to support

Question 44

What three practitioners can administer developmental vision training?

Answer 44

Optometrist
Orthoptist
Therapist
*with an appropriate background

Question 45

How long are developmental vision training sessions at home and in office? How many sessions? Does it replace educational intervention?

Answer 45

Child attends every week for 30-60 mins
15-30 minutes therapy at home
Compliments educational intervention, not replace

Question 46

Over what timeframe do developmental vision training sessions last?

Answer 46

3+ months