BSC + CCS: WK7-8 Flashcards
true or false: constriction of the bronchial tubules is caused by the sympathetic nervous system
false: parasympathetic
what is responsible for the rapid remodelling of membrane lipids to generate biologically active lipid mediators that serve as intracellular and extracellular signals?
arachidonic acid metabolites
two most common types of viral gastroenteritis are:
rotavirus
norovirus
what is produced by endothelial cells with a half-life of seconds, acts localled to cause vasodilation by relaxation fo smooth muscle and reduces neutrophil extravasation?
nitrous oxide
what artery is found next to the portal vein?
a) cystic artery
b) hepatic artery
c) IVC
d) right renal artery
b
volume of distribution is:
the extent to which the drug leaves the blood and distributes into the tissue.
regarding the brachial plexus, the psoterior cord is:
a) behind the axillary artery and contains all three posterior division branches
b) behind the axillary artery and contains the superior and middle division branches
c) in the middle and contains all three posterior division branches
d) in the middle and contains the superior and middle division branches
c
saliva is a filtrate derived from _____. intrinsic salivary glands are scattered through the oral cavity and prouce a ___ amount of saliva at a relatively ____ rate e.g. buccal glands. Extrinsic salivary glands are regulated based on the body’s demands and include ______, _______, ______
plasma, small, constant, parotid, submandibular, sublingual
first line treatment for H. Pylori is PPI-based triple therapy. What is the role of the proton pump inhibitor?
a) reduces the pH of stomach to make the proteins it produces to destroy the epithelium non-viable
b) bacteriocidal effect on H. Pylori
c) bacteriostatic effect on H. Pylori
d) supress H. pylori by reducing acid production of parietal cells
d
which structures are secondary retroperitoneal embryonically? (multiple answers)
a) ascending colon
b) rectum
c) duodenum
d) pancreas
a, c, d
b) primary retroperitoneal
killing and degradation via phagocytosis is largely accompished by ____ ____ _____ within the lysosome and degranulation
reaction oxygen intermediates
the spleen is related to ribs __ to ___ and its long axis is parallel with rib ___
9-11, 10
there are four impressions on the spleen. they are:
- colic (splenic flexure)
- renal
- gastric
- pancreatic
oesophageal varices is life-threatening. what is the cause?
a) renal hypertension
b) pulmonary hypertension
c) portal hypertension
d) all of the above are possible causes
c
which of the following regarding PPIs is false?
a) weak base
b) becomes active via protonation (addition of a proton)
c) binds directly to the H+/K+ pump
d) none of the above
d
state which statement is true or false:
1. drugs in a conjugated form will be excreted via faeces and drugs in the deconjugated form will be reabsorbed via enterohepatic circulation
- conjugation occurs via phase II metabolism in the liver and deconjugation occurs via gut bacteria in the ileum and large intestines
a) 1 is true
b) 2 is true
c) 1 and 2 are both true
d) 1 and 2 are both false
c
true or false: neurons may lack dendrites but they will always have an axon
false: may lack dendrites or have no axon
the pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ. the tail however, is suspending by what ligament?
splenorenal (spleen to tail of pancreas)
the ulnar nerve of the brachial plexus comes from the:
a) medial cord
b) posterior cord
c) lateral cord
a
Bile salts are amphipathic and tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids to form ______. The hydrophilic side is ______ charged and prevents re-aggregation of fat
micelles, negatively
Jim is renally-impaired. what what you use to determine his kidney function before dosing him with drug X?
cockcroft-gault equation
bile duct is formed by ______ _______ + _______ _________ narrowing
hepatic diverticulum + foregut (duodenal)
what are the 4 P’s of pancreatic cancer?
Painless
Palpable gallbladder
Persistent
Progressive jaundice
The pouch of dorsal mesogastrium forming the left lateral boundary of the lesser sac subsequently undergoes voluminous expansion, giving rise to the ________ _______
lesser omentum
the glomerulus is contained in:
bowman’s capsule
the gastric oxyntic gland has surface epithelial cells which secrete visible ____. Mucous neck cells secrete soluble mucus and this region contains the ______ cells as well as stem cells.
mucus, proliferative
true or false: the duodenum is completely retroperitoneal
false: first part is suspended by the greater and lesser omentum
The lining of the stomach is _____ ______ epithelium which secretes bicarbonate-buffered mucus to protect the stomach.
simple columnar
splenic vessels run along what border of the pancreas?
a) superior
b) inferior
c) visceral
d) diaphragmatic
a
which brain region is the major control centre of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.
a) medulla oblongata
b) hypothalamus
c) pons
d) corpus callosum
b
which of these regarding the falciform ligament is false?
a) boundary between left and right anatomical lobes
b) double layer of peritoneum
c) attaches to anterior abdominal wall at umbilicus
d) all are true
d
all are true of bile except:
a) basic and neutralises chyme from the stomach (pH 7.6-8.6)
b) aids in digestion of lipids
c) produced in the gallbladder and pancreas
d) prevents reaggregation of fat
c
By the __ week, the abdominal portion of the foregut is visibly divided into the oesophagus, ______, and ______ duodenum.
5th, stomach, proximal
the hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal ____ and the hepatogastric ligament connects the liver to the ____ curvature of the stomach
triad, lesser
there are three major salivary glands. what are they? list them from largest to smallest
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
the primary gut tube contains 3 parts. which of these is false?
a) caudal hindgut opened to notochord and future rectum
b) midgut opened to the yolk sac via the vitelline duct
c) blind-ended caudal hindgut
d) blind-ended cranial foregut
a
true or false: innervation of the phrenic nerve causes right shoulder pain when the gallbladder is inflammed
false: phrenic nerve innervates surrounding peritoneum, eventually the inflammation of the liver will place pressure on the peritoneum, sending pain signals to the brain
which part of the primary gut tube is opened to the yolk sac via the vitelline duct?
a) foregut
b) midgut
c) hindgut
b
which statement is false regarding the liver?
a) is completely covered by peritoneum
b) has the falciform ligament with ligamentum teres at its free edge
c) has the visceral surface of the upper left lobe overlapping the lesser omentum
d) quadrate lobe lies between the falciform ligament and fossa for the gallbladder
a
true or false: the brachial plexus is a network of nerves that come from anterior rami
true
true or false: each root of the spinal cord is strictly dorsal or ventral
true. the dorsal + ventral roots come together to form the spinal nerve
what is the condition caused by invagination or telescoping of one bowel segment into a contiguous distal segment.
intussusception
in the autonomic nervous system, the cell body of the preganglionic neuron resides in the CNS/PNS and it synapses with the second motor neuron called the _________ neuron whose cell body is in an autonomic ganglion in the CNS/PNS. The postganglionic axon extends to the ______ organ.
CNS, postganglionic, PNS, effector
four signs of acute inflammation are:
redness, heat, swelling, pain
ependymal cells:
a) form myelin in CNS
b) send processes to blood vessels, where they induce capillaries to form tight junctions making the blood brain barrier. Also send processes that envelop synapses and the surfaces of neurons
c) Line the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
d) are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury, infection and disease
c
true or false: most invasive gastroenterotitis causing bacteria are gram-negative?
true
what is the bacteria that causes typhoid fever?
salmonella typhi
true or false: water soluble vitamins can be readily absorbed across the intestinal epithelium
true
when the amount of drug taken by the patient is equal to the amount of drug eliminated, this is called:
a) half-life
b) first order kinetics
c) zero order kinetics
d) steady state
d
what are the three first line drugs used to treat H. pylori?
PPI (omeprazole)
amoxicillin
clarithromycin
true or false: neutrophils are a granulocyte that is capable of ingesting and killing microbes
true
projection fibres are:
a) from grey matter to white matter
b) from cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain
c) from one part of the cerebral cortex to the other part of the cerebral cortex
d) from white matter to grey matter
b
is it possible for someone to have normal creatinine levels but abnormal renal function?
yes - common in elderly
what is the most common cause of diarrhoea in Australia?
a) salmonella enterica
b) E. Coli
c) staphylococcus aureus
d) cambylobacteri jejuni
d
the thoracic lymph duct drains into the left __________ vein
jugulosubclavian
A small ventral outgrowth is formed by the bile duct which gives rise to the _____ _____ and ________
cystic duct, gallbladder
apart from endothelial cells, which cells are important in maintaining the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
true or false: Between week 8 and 10, intestinal loop starts retracting into the abdominal cavity and rotates through an additional 180 degrees anticlockwise to produce the definitive configure of the small and large intestines.
false: during week 10-12
true or false: mannose and scavenger receptors expressed by neutrophils and macrophages recognise bacterial cell wall products
true
a bee sting on your back will give sensory input via:
a) ventral ramus
b) dorsal ramus
c) either
d) none of the above
b
best treatment for entamoeba is:
a) metranidazole
b) penicillin
c) vancomycin
d) PPIs
a
cyclooxygenase (COX) exists in two forms - COX1 and COX2. which one is involved in pain and inflammation and which is involved in constitiutive expression?
COX1 - constitutive
COX2 - inlfmmation + pain
drug X has been reabsorbed in the gastrointestinal system and travelled back to the liver via the portal vein. it later enters the gastrointestinal tract with bile. what is this process called?
a) first pass metabolism
b) second pass metabolism
c) enterohepatic circulation
d) oral absorption percent
c
bile is made in the liver, what is the duct called that lets it exit the liver?
common hepatic duct
what are the three features of Calot’s Triangle?
cystic duct (laterally), common hepatic duct (medially), and inferior liver (superiorly).
____ cells convert pepsinogen to pepsin which digests _____
chief, proteins
true or false: After use of a PPI, the return of acid secretion in the stomach is dependent on the synthesis of new proton pumps. A single dose of a PPI inhibitors acid production by up to 90% for approximately 24hrs.
true
regarding the cords of the brachial plexus, the lateral cord is:
a) at the top and contains the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunk
b) at the top and contains the anterior divisions of all trunks
c) in the middle and contains the posterior divisions of the superior and middle trunk
d) in the middle and contains the posterior divisions of all trunks
a
what consists of a small protrusion of bowel through the umbilical ring, which is covered by skin?
a) umbilical hernia
b) omphalocele
c) gastroschisis
d) merkels diverticulum
a
true or false: the dorsal mesogastrium forms the dorsal mesoduodenum, the dorsal mesocolon and the mesentery proper
true
majority of input into a neuron occurs at the:
a) soma
b) axon termianl
c) axon hillock
d) dendritic spine
d
what is the condition called that is a result of the vitelline duct not disappearing at the 5-8th week mark?
a) umbilical hernia
b) omphalocele
c) gastroschisis
d) meckels diverticulum
d
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
12 cranial pairs, 31 spinal pairs
During the 10th week, herniated intestinal loops begin to return to the abdominal cavity. Rotation occurs during herniation as well as during return of the intestinal loops into the abdominal cavity. What does NOT happen during this week?
a) appendix differentiates
b) caecum differentiates
c) jejunum and ileum continue to elongate
d) large intestines continue to elongate
d - this happened in week 6-8
_______ ______ anteriorly marks the boundary between the anatomical left and right lobes of the liver.
falciform ligament
Bill has been recently hospitalised with antibiotic-resistant pneumonia and has been on a strong course of multiple antibiotics for the last 3 months. Recently he has been experiencing watery diarrhoea up to 10 times a day. What is the likely bacteria that has caused this?
Clostridium difficile
true or false: relaxation of the bladder is caused by the parasympathetic system
false: sympathetic
with regards to the common bile duct, which of the following statement is false?
a) is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts and cystic duct
b) enters the middle part of the 2nd duodenum region
c) lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum
d) passes behind the head of the pancreas
e) is accompanied by the common hepatic artery
e
what virus is typically called “cruise ship virus”?
norovirus
most sensory neurons are bipolar. which of the following definitions is that of a bipolar neuron?
a) 1 axon and 2 or more dendrites
b) 1 axon 1 dendrite
c) 1 process which then branches to form a dendritic and axonal process.
d) 1 process which then serves as both an axon and dendrite
b
traditional NSAIDS block both COX1 and COX2. which of the following drugs only blocks COX2:
a) meloxicam
b) naproxen
c) aspirin
d) diclofenac
a
list the major steps of neutrophil extravasation in order:
- margination, rolling, pavementing, and adhesion to endothelium
- migration in interstitial tissue toward a chemotactic stimulus (chemotaxis)
- transmigration across the endothelium (diapedesis)
1, 3, 2
true or false: the main pancreatic duct develops from the dorsal pancreatic duct
false: ventral pancreatic duct
B12 absorption requires two steps. the first is the production of haptocortin by the _____ ____ which projects the B12 from acid digestion. the second is the secretion of intrinsic factor by ______ cells which complexes with B12 so it can be absorbed.
salivary glands, parietal
the four impressions on the posterior surface of the liver are:
- gastric
- oesophageal
- colic
- renal
what is the name of the macrophage cell of the CNS?
a) microglia
b) ependymal cells
c) olgiodendrocytes
d) satellite cells
a
anteriorly, the liver has costal impressions of:
a) rib 4-8
b) rib 5-8
c) rib 6-9
d) rib 8-10
b
the caudate and quadrate lobe are anatomical lobes. what functional lobe do they belong to?
left
what shortens the taenia coli of the large intestines?
a) haustra
b) epiploic appendices
c) faecal evacuation
d) peristalsis
a
what two cranial nerves are involved in salviary gland salvation?
a) IV and VII
b) IX and X
c) VII and X
d) VII and IX
d
An endodermal thickening known as hepatic diverticulum gives rise to ramifying cords of hepatoblasts. what other structure in addition to the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the bile duct?
a) narrowing of the lesser omentum from the stomach
b) narrowing of the duodenum in the foregut
c) lateral side of the mesogastrium
d) narrowing of the hepatoduodenal ligament
b
which part of the duodenum has the superior mesenteric vessels anteriorly?
a) superior (1st)
b) descending (2nd)
c) horiztonal (3rd)
d) ascending (4th)
c
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the craniosacral region because outflow is from 4 cranial nerves and the intermediolateral region of the spinal cord. What are the 4 cranial nerves?
III 3, VII 7, IX 9, X 10
schwann cells:
a) form myelin in CNS
b) cover the neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system
c) form myelin in the PNS
d) are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury, infection and disease
c
five lobes of the brain are:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
regarding the trunks of the brachial plexus:
a) superior trunk is fomed by:
b) middle trunk is fomed by:
c) inferior trunk is fomed by:
a) superior: C5+C6
b) middle: C7
c) inferior: C8 + T1
by birth, what are the four mesenteries of the body?
- mesentery proper
- transverse mesocolon
- sigmoid mesocolon
- mesoappendix
true or false: Broad spectrum antibacterial agents may reduce the number of intestinal bacteria and thus reduce the hydrolysis of the oestrogen conjugate. This may reduce the oestrogen blood level and potentially lead to reduced efficacy, bleeding and possible pregnancy.
true
Botulism is found in honey or soil with spores. The toxisn are produced by a gram positive rod spore former. What is the bacteria called?
clostridium botulinum
Vibrio cholerae produces massive fluid and electrolyte loss due to an endotoxin/exotoxin
exotoxin
what are the two features that are essential for B12 absorption?
haptocortin from salivary glands
intrinsic factor from parietal cells
which of these is false regarding the peripheral somatic nervous system?
a) pre and post ganglionic neurons
b) acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter
c) effects skeletal muscle
d) senses touch
a) one neuron
The average person can metabolise around ___ grams of alcohol per hour. A standard drink contains __ grams of alcohol.
8-10, 10
astrocytes:
a) form myelin in CNS
b) send processes to blood vessels, where they induce capillaries to form tight junctions making the blood brain barrier. Also send processes that envelop synapses and the surfaces of neurons
c) Line the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
d) are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury, infection and disease
b
in the spinal cord, motor neurons come from the ____ horn and consist of ____ fibres. Motor neurons are a somatic neuron that initiates movement and thus is _______
ventral, efferent, voluntary
how many essential amino acids are there?
a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 12
c
active transport of sodium from the cytosol into the interstitial space plays an important role in electrolyte reabsorption in the GIT. which of the following statements is false:
a) drives sodium reabsorption from the lumen of the tract alongside glucose and amino acids
b) drives chloride transport from the lumen into the interstitial space
c) bicarbonate is secreted
d) calcium is transported from the lumen into the interstitial space
d) calium is regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
true or false: the jejunum and ileum are suspended organs which attach to the posterior body wall via the mesentery
true
the shiny outer anterior and posterior layers of the omentum are called:
mesothelium
true or false: pain from gallbladder is referred to the right hypochondrium and epigastric regions and can radiate around the back inferior to the right scapula
true
a drug that has a low volume of distribution will:
a) be highly protein bound
b) require lower dosage due to extended half-life
c) reside primarily in the tissue itself
d) all of the above
a
in the embryo, what is the principle body cavity located between the intestinal canal and the body wall called?
coelom
true or false: the medial cord of the brachial plexus ia a continuation of the inferior trunk
true
the oesphagus enters 2-3cm ___ of the midline at T__ where it enters the cardiac orifice of the stomach. The left and right _____ nerve accompanies it through the diaphragm where it forms the ______ and ______ ____ trunks.
left, T10, vagus, anterior posterior vagal
true or false: spinal nerves from T1 and below leave immediately below the responding vertebrae
true
The stomach rotates around the longitudinal and dorsoventral axes so that the greater curvature is finally directed to the _____ and slightly _____. This rotation shifts the liver to the ____ and brings the duodenum and pancreas into contact with the _____ _____ ____ where they become fixed
right, caudal, right, posterior body wall
which of these is false regarding norovirus?
a) very infective, <10 particles cause symptoms
b) causes nausea and explosive vomiting
c) incubation period is about 2-3 days
d) viral shedding may continue up to 2 weeks after symptoms
e) can survive freezing temperatures and up to 60 degrees
c) 24-48hrs
Mesoderm initially forms a multilayered cellular layer separating _______ and ________. It lies outside the embryo as extra-embryonic mesoderm. Embryonic mesoderm will form most of the adult ______ _______ and _______.
endoderm, ectoderm, connective tissue, muscle
true or false: the mesogastrium has four main parts
true
two main causes of peptic ulcers are:
- infection with H. Pylori
- long-term use of non-seroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. how many in each part of the spine:
a) cervical:
b) thoracic:
c) lumbar:
d) sacral:
e) coccygeal:
a) cervical: 8
b) thoracic: 12
c) lumbar: 5
d) sacral: 5
e) coccygeal: 1
the elongated body cylinder contains the gut tube in the embryo. the outer layer is _______ (skin), the middle layer is ______ (muscle) and contains the _______. the innermost layer is the _________ primary gut tube
ectoderm, mesoderm, coelom, endodermal
glomerulus + bowman’s capsule =
renal corpuscle
The half-life (t1/2) is the time taken for the ____ _____ of the drug to halve. Important for dosage intervals.
blood level
the oesophagus enters the stomach at the _____ ____, roughly at the 7th costal cartilage. the pyloric sphincter is at the transpyloric plane which is at __, approximately halfway between ______ ____ and pubic symphysis.
cardiac orifice, L1, suprasternal notch
list the three major extrinsic salivary glands:
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
true or false: Most polar drugs and drug metabolites will end up in the urine as a polar-conjugated drug, but some can end up in the bile
true
the spinal cord ends at ___ vertebrae in adults and __ vertebrae in children as the conus medullaris. The spinal dura mater ends at __ and continues as an outer layer of ____ ______ to the coccyx
L1, L2, S2, filum terminale
which lobe is involved in perception and making sense of the world?
a) temporal
b) occipital
c) parietal
d) frontal
c
what nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual glands?
a) glossopharyngeal nerve
b) recurrent laryngeal nerves
c) superior laryngeal nerve
d) chorda typani from facial nerve
d
true or false: giardia can alter its surface proteins to avoid detection of the host’s immune system
true
satellite cells:
a) form myelin in CNS
b) cover the neuron cell bodies in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system
c) form myelin in the PNS
d) are scavenger cells that resemble tissue macrophages and remove debris resulting from injury, infection and disease
b
true or false: the forebrain eventually forms the cerebrum and the diencephalon
true
which of these structures does not come from the dorsal mesentery?
a) foregut
b) peritoneum
c) greater omentum
d) spleen
a
true or false: the round ligament is a posterior extension of the ligamentum teres and falciform ligament (found anteriorly)
true
association fibres are:
a) from grey matter to white matter
b) from cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain
c) from one part of the cerebral cortex to the other part of the cerebral cortex
d) from white matter to grey matter
c
what is the hollow sac-like structure filled with clear fluid that forms part of a develop foetus. It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste.
a) vitelline duct
b) coelom
c) yolk sac
d) allantois
d
there are 3 major types of salmonella enterica which cause invasive gastroenteritis. which of the following is the most common cause of food poisoning?
a) salmonella typhi
b) salmonella typhimurium
c) salmonella paratyphoid
b
the peripheral nervous system is broken up into the sensory division and motor division. each division has a visceral and somatic part. which division does the autonomic nervous system belong to?
a) visceral sensory division
b) visceral motor division
c) somatic sensory division
d) somatic motor division
b
gastrin is secreted by ____ cells which promotes HCl secretion and D cells secrete ______ which inhibits HCl secretion
G, somatostatin
where does the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach originate from in the embryo?
greater - dorsal
lesser - ventral
list the six major parts of the nephron in order:
- Bowman’s capsule containing the glomerulus
- Proximal convoluted tubule
- Ascending loop of Henle
- Descending loop of Henle
- Distal convoluted tubule
- Collection duct
true or false: the dorsal pancreatic bud forms the body of the pancreas, whilst the ventral pancreatic bud forms the inferior head and uncinate process
true
true or false: the gastric mucosal barrier also extends into the duodenum
true
right thoracic lymphatic duct drains into junction of right _____ _______ vein and right ______ vein
internal jugular, subclavian
what ligament separates the left lobe and caudate lobe? what ligament separates the left lobe and quadrate lobe?
left & caudate - ligamentum venosum
left & quadrate - round ligament
the three parts of a neuron are the:
- soma (cell body)
- axon
- dendrite
true or false: giardia trophozoites are motile and can adhere to the intestinal epithelium whereas giardia cysts remain dormant until they enter a new host
true
true or false: in the cerebral cortex, the gyrus are the grooves of the brain and the sulcus are the folds
false: gyrus are the folds, sulcus are the grooves
first line treatment for H. Pylori is PPI-based triple therapy. What is the role of the amoxicillin?
a) reduces the pH of stomach to make the proteins it produces to destroy the epithelium non-viable
b) bacteriocidal effect on H. Pylori
c) bacteriostatic effect on H. Pylori
d) supress H. pylori by reducing acid production of parietal cells
b
the gut parasympathetic innervation is primarily by the ____ nerve. _____ ganglia are found in teh walls of the gut as teh submucosal _______ plexus and the mucosal myenteric ______ plexus.
vagal, vagal, Meissner’s, Auerbach’s
starch breakdown begins in the mouth via:
a) amylase
b) HCl
c) pepsin
d) peptidase
a
the two cerebral hemispheres are defined by a longitudinal fissure called the _________ ______. Each hemisphere has an outer layer of ___ ____ and an inner layer of ____ ____.
corpus callosum, grey matter, white matter
cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine are all types of:
histamine (H2) blockers
relaxation of the eye muscle is caused by what neurotransmitter?
a) acetylcholine
b) norepinephrine
c) epinephrine
d) GABA
b
match the names and definitions regarding gut motility: migratory motor complex, peristalsis, segmentation
a) same segements cycle between contraction and relaxation
b) made up of waves of contraction from the stomach to the large intestines which occur when the tract is empty
c) waves of muscle contraction behind the mass of food moving, unidirectional
migratory motor complex: b
peristalsis: c
segmentation: a
what causes a defect of the anterior abdominal wall in which bowel protrudes without a covering sac between the developing rectus muscles just lateral to, and usually to the right of the umbilicus.
a) umbilical hernia
b) omphalocele
c) gastroschisis
d) merkels diverticulum
c
travellers diarrhoea is typically caused by:
a) vibrio cholerae
b) enterotoxigenic E. Coli
c) clostridium difficile
d) staphylococcus aueus
b
4 of the 6 lumbar plexus nerves emerge laterally from the psoas major. which two do not? where do they emerge?
4 lateral nerves - iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral
genitofemoral - anteriorly from psoas major
obturator nerve - medially from psoas major
digoxin has a ____ therapeutic index, meaning there is a ___ margin of safety. benzodiazapines has a _____ therapeutic index, meaning there is a ____ margin of safety
low, low, high, high
villous capillaries collect amino acids and ____ _____ whilst villous lacteals collect absorbed _______
simple sugars, chylomicrons
true or false: the basal ganglia is found in the base of the forebrain and responsible for fine motor control, dopamine release, and reward functions
true
The villi are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestines. Each villus has many ________ projecting from the enterocytes of its epithelium which form _______ ______.
microvilli, brush borders
neutrophils are produced in the _____ ____ and have a half-life in blood for _____ but they mat survive in the tissue for 1-2 days.
bone marrow, 4-10hrs
what passes through the diaphragm and enters the aorta at T8, T10, & T12
T8: IVC
T10: oesophagus
T12: aorta
which of the following is not a function of prostaglandins in the stomach:
a) increase mucosal blood flow
b) increase mucus secretion
c) increase bicarbonate secretion
d) increase gastric acid secretion
d) decreases it
sympathetic afferent fibres of the gallbladder have cell bodies in:
a) C3-C5
b) T12
c) T4-T6
d) T7-T9
d
the dorsal mesogastrium fuses with the posterior wall to make what two structures secondary retroperitoneal. what are they?
a) proximal duodenum + head of pancreas
b) proximal duodenum + transverse colon
c) head of pancreas + spleen
d) tail of pancreas + spleen
a
The submucosal ______ plexus regulates the secretion, absorption and the smooth muscle cells in the submucosa.
The muscularis ______ plexus regulates motility via the muscles of the muscularis.
Meissner’s
Mytenteric/Auerbach’s
label the following:
a) a low volume of distribution will reside:
b) an intermediate volume of distribution will reside:
c) a high volume of distribution will reside:
a) bloodstream
b) extracellular fluid
c) in the tissue itself (stored)/distributed freely
true or false: the spleen is entirely retroperitoneal, covered completely in peritoneum except at the hilum
false: it is intraperitoneal, rest is true
the ileocaecal valve consists of two ____ with muscular extensions called _______
valves, frenulae
claire’s renal function test showed a cockcroft-gault score of 33 ml/min. is this:
a) mild
b) moderate
c) severe
d) kidney failure
b
the peripheral autonomic nervous system is involved in involuntary movement. which of the following is false:
a) all preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine
b) postganglionic sympathetic neurons release acetylcholine, whilst postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release norepinephrine
c) composed of two neurons, pre and post ganglionic
d) effects smooth muscle, cardiac, and sweat glands
b) postganglionic sympathetic = norepinephrine and postganglionic parasympathetic = acetylcholine
what is functional excretion unit of the kidneys called?
a) glomerulus
b) papillary
c) nephron
d) renal tubules
c
the muscularis propria/muscularis of the gut consists of two layers, what are they?
- inner circular muscle
- outer longitudinal muscle
why are one of the first signs of pancreatic cancer obstructive jaundice?
the head of the pancreas causes pressure and obstruction of the common bile duct
when the rate of elimination of a drug is proportional to the drug concentration, this is called:
a) half-life
b) first order kinetics
c) zero order kinetics
d) steady state
b
Pancreatic duct + ______ ____ duct = hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater) = ______ ______ papilla
common bile, major duodenal
The spleen remains intraperitoneal and is connected to the body wall by what two ligaments? explain the attachment.
splenorenal: spleen to top of left kidney
gastrosplenic: spleen to greater curvature of stomach
in the spinal cord, sensory neurons come from the ____ horn and receive information that is relayed to the brain. the roots terminate in the ___ ____ ___ which is composed of the cell bodies of corresponding neurons.
dorsal, dorsal root ganglia
which lobe is involved in executive functions, planning, emotional and behaviour control?
a) temporal
b) occipital
c) parietal
d) frontal
d
behind the ectoderm of the primary gut tube is:
notochord and neural tube
the left anatomical lobe is defined by all these features except:
a) left hepatic artery
b) middle hepatic vein
c) falciform ligament
d) imaginary line between gallbladder and IVC
e) all of the above are true
e
what three things are carried through the free edge of the lesser omentum?
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
which of the following is false regarding giardia?
a) protozoa
b) infects the large intestines
c) anaerobic
d) outer membrane can make it tolerant to chlorine disinfection
b) infects small intestines
list whether the following is a type A or type B adverse drug reaction:
a) insulin producing hypoglycaemia
b) antihypertensive causing dizziness
c) anaphylaxis from penicillin
d) antibiotics producing nausea
a) A
b) A
c) B
d) A
why is it important to take multiple stool samples over several days if you suspect someone has giardia?
the cysts are not constantly shed, depends on lifecycle
list 6 structures that pass behind the head of the pancreas
- common bile uct
- IVC
- superior mesenteric artery
- portal vein
- aorta
- superior mesenteric vein
when there is little of light, the iris sphincter muscle will dilate. is this a parasympathetic or sympathetic response?
sympathetic
what are the side to side anastomoses that join up vasa recta called?
arcades
the brachial plexus is formed by what nerves?
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
first line treatment for H. Pylori is PPI-based triple therapy. What is the role of clarithromycin?
a) reduces the pH of stomach to make the proteins it produces to destroy the epithelium non-viable
b) bacteriocidal effect on H. Pylori
c) bacteriostatic effect on H. Pylori
d) supress H. pylori by reducing acid production of parietal cells
c
creatinine is produced by metabolism of _______ _______ which is used by skeletal muscle as an energy source. Because skeletal muscle mass in the body is relatively constant, the creatinine production normally remains essentially unchanged on a daily basis. Creatinine is not bound to plasma proteins and is excreted almost exclusively by ________ _______.
creatine phosphate, glomerular filtrration
three major branches of the coeliac trunk are:
left gastric
splenic
common hepatic
