Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C. Year 3: Core Drugs > Bronchodilators: Beta adrenergic agonists > Flashcards

Bronchodilators: Beta adrenergic agonists Flashcards

1
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is released at the preganglionic neuron at the pre-synapse?

1 - acetylcholine
2 - noradrenaline
3 - dopamine
4 - serotonin

A

1 - acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acetylcholine is released at the preganglionic neuron. Which receptor does acetylcholine bind with at the post synapse of a neuron?

1 - nicotinic receptors
2 - adrenergic receptors
3 - muscarinic receptors
4 - GABA receptors

A

1 - nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is released at the postganglionic neuron at the pre-synapse in most cases?

1 - acetylcholine
2 - noradrenaline
3 - dopamine
4 - adrenaline

A

2 - noradrenaline
4 - adrenaline

  • these are called catecholamines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Noradrenaline and adrenaline are released at the postganglionic neuron. Which receptor does noradrenaline and adrenaline bind with at the post synapse of their target tissue?

1 - nicotinic receptors
2 - adrenergic receptors
3 - muscarinic receptors
4 - GABA receptors

A

2 - adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which GPCR are all B-adrenergic receptors?

1 - Gaq
2 - Gai
3 - Gas

A

3 - Gas
- B1 can bind noradrenaline and adrenaline

  • B2 and B3 can bind just adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gas GPCR are present on all B-adrenergic receptors. Organise the following intracellular pathway that occurs when these receptors become active?

1 - pKA moves around cell and phosphorylates target proteins triggering a cellular response
2 - adenylyl cyclase (AC) becomes active
3 - cAMP binds and activates protein kinase A (pKa)
4 - AC takes 2 phosphates from ATP and becomes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

A

2 - adenylyl cyclase (AC) becomes active
4 - AC takes 2 phosphates from ATP and becomes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
3 - cAMP binds and activates protein kinase A (pKa)
1 - pKA moves around cell and phosphorylates target proteins triggering a cellular response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gaq GPCR are present on alpha 1 receptors and become active when binding with adrenaline and/or noradrenaline. Organise the following intracellular pathway that occurs when these receptors become active?

1 - IP3 binds with the endoplasmic reticulum and opens Ca2+ channels, leading to increased intracellular Ca2+ and depolarisation
2 - pKC can then phosphorylate target proteins and induce cellular activity
3 - phospholipase C (PLC) becomes activated located in the cell membrane
4 - DAG binds protein kinase C (pKC) which becomes active due to increased Ca2+
5 - PLC cleaves hospholipid called phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) forming inositol trisphosphate (IP3), which is soluble and diffuses freely in the cytoplasm, and the other part is diacylglycerol (DAG), bound to the cell membrane

A

3 - phospholipase C (PLC) becomes activated located in the cell membrane

5 - PLC cleaves hospholipid called phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) forming inositol trisphosphate (IP3), which is soluble and diffuses freely in the cytoplasm, and the other part is diacylglycerol (DAG), bound to the cell membrane

1 - IP3 binds with the endoplasmic reticulum and opens Ca2+ channels, leading to increased intracellular Ca2+ and depolarisation

4 - DAG binds protein kinase C (pKC) which becomes active due to increased Ca2+

2 - pKC can then phosphorylate target proteins and induce cellular activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are B-adrenergic receptors located in the lungs?

1 - arterioles
2 - smooth muscle
3 - trachea to bronchi
4 - smooth muscle of trachea down to terminal bronchioles

A

4 - smooth muscle of trachea down to terminal bronchioles

  • binds noradrenaline and adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory condition that causes narrowing of the lungs and difficult breathing. Which of the following can cause an asthma exacerbation?

1 - allergies
2 - air pollution
3 - airborne irritants
4 - respiratory infections
5 - exercise or physical activity
6 - weather and air temperature
7 - strong emotions
8 - medication
9 - all of the above

A

9 - all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are asthma and COPD obstructive or restrictive?

A
  • obstructive
  • basically means airways are obstructed
  • elastic tissue of lungs is lower reducing the recoil (snap back) but increasing the compliance (stretching the lungs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of an obstructive airway disease?

1 - increased lung compliance (lungs can expand well)
2 - narrowing of all size of airways (small, medium and large)
3 - decreased recoil (ability to snap back to normal size and remove air from lungs)
4 - ok to inhale, but difficult to exhale
5 - all of the above

A

5 - all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is COPD reversible?

A
  • generally no
  • narrowing of airways caused by progressive airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is asthma reversible?

A
  • generally yes
  • chronic asthma can lead to permanent airway narrowing though
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the FEV1 to diagnose a patient with an obstructive lung disease such as asthma and COPD?

1 - <100%
2 - <90%
3 - <80%
4 - <70%

A

4 - <70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following is not a layer of the lumen in the respiratory airways?

1 - smooth muscle
2 - lamina propria
3 - epithelial cells
4 - endothelium cells

A

4 - endothelium cells
- present in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Delivering drugs to the lungs is very difficult. Which of the following are factors that contribute the amount of a drug that reaches the lungs?

1 - Size of the particle
2 - Inspiratory flow rate
3 - Distance needed for the particle to travel (determined by the method of inhalation)
4 - all of the above

A

4 - all of the above

17
Q

Which short acting beta agonist (SABA) drug is a core drug we need to be aware of?

1 - Formoterol
2 - Ipratropium bromide
3 - Salbutamol
4 - Serevent

A

1 - salbutamol

  • commercial name is ventolin
18
Q

Which 2 of the following is Salbutamol indicated in the use of?

1 - asthma
2 - COPD
3 - pneumonia
4 - cystic fibrosis

A

1 - asthma
2 - COPD

19
Q

Is the SABA salbutamol recognised as a reliever or preventer for the treatment of asthma?

A
  • reliever
  • used to relieve bronchospasm in acute asthma attacks
  • also helpful for breathlessness and wheezing in chronic asthma
20
Q

Which 2 of the following are the long acting beta agonist (LABA) drugs that we need to be aware of?

1 - Formoterol
2 - Ipratropium bromide
3 - Salmeterol
4 - Serevent

A

1 - Formoterol
3 - Salmeterol

21
Q

Formoterol and Salmeterol are the 2 LABA that we need to be aware of. What are the 2 indications for the use of these 2 LABAs?

1 - chronic asthma
2 - COPD
3 - pneumonia
4 - cystic fibrosis

A

1 - chronic asthma
2 - COPD

  • theses LABAs 1st line in patients if Salbutamol (SABA) is ineffective at relieving symptoms
22
Q

In a patient with chronic asthma or COPD, Formoterol and Salmeterol (LABAs) are indicated. However, depending on the patients responsiveness, which 2 of the following are these LABAs typically combined with?

1 - anti-histamines
2 - inhaled corticosteroid
3 - montelukast
4 - tiotropium or aclidinium (LAMA)

A

2 - inhaled corticosteroid
4 - tiotropium or aclidinium (LAMA)

  • it can be the following:

LABA + LAMA +/or inhaled corticosteroid

23
Q

In asthma, Formoterol and Salmeterol (LABAs) can be used with SABA. But if a LABA is used the patient must also be prescribed an inhaled corticosteroid. Why is this?

1 - increases effectiveness of LABA
2 - LABAs do not work in isolation
3 - LABAs with inhaled corticosteroids is associated with increased asthma deaths

A

3 - LABAs with inhaled corticosteroids is associated with increased asthma deaths

24
Q

What is the mechanisms of action for SABA and LABA medications?

1 - inhibit Gas GPCR
2 - inhibit Gaq GPCR
3 - agonist of Gas GPCR
4 - agonist of Gaq GPCR

A

3 - agonist of Gas GPCR
- all Beta receptors are Gas
- induce relaxation of smooth muscles in the lungs causing bronchodilation

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of Beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

1 - bronchodilation
2 - vasodilation of blood to smooth muscle
3 - ionotropic
4 - gluconeogenesis

A

3 - ionotropic

  • increases heart contraction force
26
Q

In addition to bronchodilation, short acting beta agonist (SABA) posses other useful therapeutic effects on the lungs. Which of the following is NOT one of the therapeutic effects of SABA?

1 - stabilise mast cells, inhibiting inflammation
2 - enhance mucociliary clearance
3 - ⬇️ vascular permeability
4 - inhibit IgE production

A

4 - inhibit IgE production

27
Q

Salbutamol is the short acting beta agonist (SABA) drug we need to know. This is thought of as a reliever as it is fast acting, but doesn’t last for long. How quickly does this

1 - start in 30 mins and last for 1 hour
2 - start immediately and last for 1 hour
3 - start in 10 mins and last for 3-5 hours
4 - start in 10 mins and last for 10 hours hour

A

3 - start in 10 mins and last for 3-5 hours

  • administered as an inhaler
28
Q

Formoterol and Salmeterol are the 2 LABA we need to be aware of. How quickly do long acting beta agonist (LABA) drugs take to work and last for?

1 - start in 10 mins and last for 10 hours hour
2 - start immediately and last for 10-12 hours hour
3 - start in 30 mins and last for 3-5 hours
4 - start in 30 mins and last for 10-12 hours hour

A

4 - start in 30 mins and last for 10-12 hours hour

29
Q

Beta receptors are involved in the fight or flight response. Therefore B-agonists such as the SABA and LABAs can have adverse events. Which of the following is NOT an adverse event of SABA and LABAs when administered via an inhaler?

1 - muscle tremors (B2 receptors)
2 - dry cough
3 - tachycardia and palpitations (B1 receptors)
4 - angina
5 - anxiety and agitation
6 - hypokalaemia and raised lactate

A

4 - angina

  • LABAs can also cause muscle cramps
  • increased lactate is due to gluconeogensis and pyruvate utilisation
  • can also lead to hyperglycaemia
30
Q

B-agonist such as Salbutamol (SABA), Formoterol and Salmeterol (LABAs) also cause hypokalaemia. How does this occur?

1 - activated Beta receptors cause K+ to move extracellularly
2 - activated alpha receptors leads to K+ moving into cells via K+ channels
3 - Na+/K+ ATPase are stimulated by B agonists causing K+ to flood into cells

A

3 - Na+/K+ ATPase are stimulated by B agonists causing K+ to flood into cells

31
Q

Salbutamol (SABA), Formoterol and Salmeterol (LABAs) are the core B-agonists we need to be aware of. Which of the following is NOT a symptom that patients with asthma/COPD present with and need to use the SABA and LABA?

1 - breathlessness
2 - tachycardia
3 - chest tightness
4 - wheeze

A

2 - tachycardia

32
Q

If a patient has exacerbation of their asthma or COPD, the green inhaler for the delivery of the SABA Salbutamol may be insufficient. How is this alternatively delivered to a patient?

1 - nebuliser with 6 L oxygen for asthma and 6 L air for COPD
2 - nebuliser with 6 L air for asthma and 6 L oxygen for COPD
3 - gas re-breathe mask with 6 L air for asthma and 6 L oxygen for COPD
4 - gas re-breathe mask with 6 L O2 for asthma and 6 L air for COPD

A

1 - nebuliser with 6 L oxygen for asthma and 6 L air for COPD

33
Q

Although the SABA salbutamol is used through inhalation normally. Which of the following is NOT a method of administration in emergency or exacerbation of asthma or COPD?

1 - nebulised
2 - intravenous
3 - oral
4 - suppositories

A

4 - suppositories

34
Q

What is the only way LABA can be administered?

1 - intravenously
2 - subcutaneously
3 - inhaled
4 - orally

A

3 - inhaled

  • often called preventers

C. Year 3: Core Drugs (125 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions