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BRM2016Q6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are typical mistakes in setting research questions and objectives?

A
  • Having too broad questions that you will have to work a lifetime to answer
  • Aims as “to investigate” and “to study” are not aims in themselves and need to be avoided
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2
Q

What is mode 1 and 2 research?

A
  • Mode 1: focusing on theoretical questions and problems ⇒ Theoretical and academics
  • Mode 2: direct engagement with social practice and problems ⇒ Practical and typically management research
  • Mode 1.5: a compromise of mode 1 and 2 ⇒ business students (can also use mode 2 but is typically this compromised mode 1.5 approach).
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3
Q

What is action research?

A

An approach to research that seeks understanding through attempting to change the situation under investigation

Characteristics of Action research on page 173-174

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4
Q

What is applied research?

A

Studies that focus on tackling practical problems in organizations where the desired outcome will be knowledge about how to solve the problem

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5
Q

What is content analysis?

A

A relatively deductive method of analysis where codes (or con¬structs) are almost all predetermined and where they are systematically searched for within the data collected

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6
Q

What is engaged research?

A

Involves close collaboration between academics and practitioners in determining the research aims, its implementation, and the practical implications

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7
Q

What is epistemology?

A

Views about the most appropriate ways of enquiring into the nature of the world.

What can we know about reality? What is knowledge? How does knowledge differ from beliefs, opinions and superstition?

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8
Q

What is evaluation research?

A

is research which has, as its focus, the systemic and rigorous assessment of an activity or object such that the information and insights gleaned can provide useful feedback

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9
Q

What is grounded analysis?

A

The linking of key variables (theoretical codes) into a more holistic theory that makes a contribution to knowledge in a particular field or domain

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10
Q

What is methods and techniques?

A

The instruments and processes for gathering research data, analyzing it and drawing conclusions from it.

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11
Q

What is mode 1 research?

A

The generation of theoretical knowledge through detached scientific research

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12
Q

What is mode 1½ research?

A

The generation of useful knowledge through combining scientific research methods with practical engagement

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13
Q

What is mode 2 research?

A

The generation of practical knowledge through direct engagement with practice

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14
Q

What is ontology?

A

Views about the nature of reality.

What does it mean to say that something exists? That god exists vs. that the color green exists

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15
Q

What is participant observation?

A

A form of ethnography where there is close involvement in the organization in order to gain a detailed understanding of other people’s realities

Primary data new information that is collected directly by the researcher

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16
Q

What is pure research?

A

Research for which the primary objective/output is the development of theory

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17
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

The authors of this book see the logic or framing that defines the research questions of social scientists as little different whether structural equation models are used or methods of discourse analysis. Qualitative data requires relevance to be identified, categories and concepts to be defined and theories developed, as well as the development of particular truths. In addition, data is usually (but not always) gathered through the engagement of the researcher

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18
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

Where researchers think about the effects they have had or may have on the outcome and process of research

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19
Q

What is secondary data?

A

research information that already exists in the form of publications or other electronic media, which is collected by the researcher

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20
Q

What is a literature review and its purpose?

A

An analytical summary of an existing body of research.

  • helps researcher to learn from previous research
  • to provide a context and help it to refine its topic
  • to highlight flaws in previous research and outline gaps in the knowledge
  • indicate what the research adds to the field
  • justifying why research is undertaken
  • ensure that the research has undertaken fits within the subject area
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21
Q

What are sources of information?

A

Listed by acknowledgment, with most acknowledged first:

  • peer-reviewed journal articles
  • academic books
  • reference works
  • working papers and theses
  • academic websites, research blogs and podcasts

“Grey” literature

  • governmental publications and websites
  • websites, email lists, newsletters and online forums run på expert groups
  • the internet
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22
Q

What are the criterias for evaluation sources of information?

A

table 2.1 for more information

  • Purpose
  • Authorship
  • Credibility and accuracy
  • Timeliness
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23
Q

What are the two types of literature review?

A
  • traditional literature review:
  • systematic literature review: very strict in the use of literature; more or less ONLY academic journal articles
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24
Q

What are the pros and cons of systematic literature review?

A

table 2.2

What are the pros and cons of different sources?

table x.x

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25
Q

What are some leading questions to start your literature review?

A
  • what is the topic of my research?
  • why is this topic relevant, important or interesting?
  • how does this project relate to past research in this field?
  • what are the main concepts and theories that would be relevant?
  • what is the aim of the literature review, and how does it relate to the aim of my research?
  • what could be an appropriate working title for this review?
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26
Q

What are different kinds of reviews?

A
  • critical review: assess value of existing research in critical light
  • theoretical review: evaluates and synthesizes a corpus of theory that has accumulated around a concept, theory, or phenomenon
  • scoping review: maps the territory for future research and develops a new research agenda
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27
Q

How is a literature review structured?

A
  1. Introduction: topic, aim, and the scope of the review, why topic is of interest, organization of review
  2. Main body: methodological and conceptual issues, sub-topics or themes, ended by a discussion leading to the identification of key findings
  3. Conclusion: summary of review. Flaws and gaps in literature are identified which motivate and justify future research.
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28
Q

What are the main viewpoints of the philosophical debate?

A
  • Deriving theories from data vs. deriving theory and afterwards looking at data
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29
Q

What is ontology, epistemology, methodology and methods and techniques?

A
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30
Q

What are the main viewpoints of the philosophical debate on ontology?

A

Fx: Corporate profit

  • Realist: interested in a single figure that represents the difference between income and expenditure
  • Internal realist: will see a more complex position; what acquisitions and divestments have been taking place
  • Relativist: profit is just one of many indicators of corporate health (sales growth, innovation, stock-market valuations etc. also important).
  • Nominalist: how has the profit figures been constructed? are the management trying to hide or show particular things, have they tried to minimize tax liabilities to maximize their annual bonus payments etc.?
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31
Q

What has been the trend since the 1980s in management research?

A

A gradual trend towards social constructionism from positivism.

More mixed approaches of relatively weak positivism and relatively weak social constructionism in being used.

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32
Q

What are the differences between social constructionism and positivism?

A
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33
Q

What are some of the methodological implications of different epistemologies? (strong positivism, positivism, constructionism, strong constructionism)

A
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34
Q

In regards to epistemology and research we have a dimension of positivism vs. constructivism, what is the other dimension?

A

How engaged vs. detached the researchers is.

Some argue that a researcher should strive to be independent and DETACHED from the people and processes that they are studying, whereas others argue that when studying social systems like complex organizations, there is positive value in getting closer to the things they are studying, and this is increasingly known as an ENGAGED style of research.

(page 58-63)

Quadrant A: Detached positivism; critical realism

Quadrant B: Detached constructionism; hermeneutics, postmodernism,

Quadrant C: Engaged constructivism; pragmatism, critical theory,

Quadrant D: Engaged positivism;

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35
Q

What is the experimenter effect?

A

The concept that human behavior can be affected and potentially “distorted” by the presence of an observer.

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36
Q

What are the four different types of quasi-experimental designs? (p. 70-73)

A
  • Cross-sectional comparison:
    • post-test only design. Comparing two groups (proportions or means). This is not very strong as we would often be tempted to conclude causality on a variable on the difference seen between the two groups. However, we have to check for lurking and confounding variables, which is not necessarily possible
  • Longitudinal design
    • Before/After test of 1 group where “after” is taking our intervention into account (fx. giving a certain drug)
      • Problem is history effects (some other event has influenced the group) + maturation (getting smarter, healthier etc. during the period anyway) + testing effect (people might answer differently when asked the second time simply due to higher awareness)
  • Randomized control group
    • Comparing two groups that have been randomized. We compare before/after where one randomized group has been influenced by our intervention during the study and one has not been influenced by our intervention. Is there any different?
      • This makes sure that the risks of history effect and maturation effect are removed
  • Nonequivalent control group
    • Before/After test of two groups. However, the two groups are not randomized but created on some other criterion.
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37
Q

What is internal and external validity?

A

How can you generalize your results? If it is true in all situations (external), or if it only true within your organization (internal).

E.g. Newton’s law of motion applies for the rest of the world, not only one country.

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38
Q

In a trade-off of designing a sample, which is better?: Imprecisely right or precisely right?

A

Imprecisely right (low bias, but low precision)

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39
Q

What are different ways of sampling data? (probability sampling)

A
  • Simple random sampling
  • Stratified random sampling
  • Systematic random sampling
  • Cluster sampling
  • Multi-stage sampling (combines the use of the other methods to achieve higher operational and technical efficiency).
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40
Q

What are different ways of sampling data? (NON-probability sampling) (p. 82)

A
  • Convenience sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Snowball sampling
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41
Q

What does archival research refer to?

A

Textual information and the analysis thereof.

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42
Q

What is action research?

A
  1. The best way of learning about an organization or social system is through attempting to change it, and this, therefore, should be an objective of the action researcher
  2. The people most likely to be affected by, or involved in implementing, these changes should as far as possible become involved in the research process itself.
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43
Q

What is co-operative inquiry?

A

A term used for action research where the researcher’s involvement in the process is taken a stage further.

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44
Q

What is the principle of ethnography when used in research? (constructionism)

A

That the researcher should “immerse” him or herself in a setting, and become part of the group under study in order to understand the meanings and significances that people give to their behavior and that of other ⇒ Strong form of constructionism.

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45
Q

What is the difference between emic and etic perspectives?

A
  • Emic: sounds within a language which can only be distinguished by speaker of that language: fx. four tones in Mandarin
  • Etic: American english sounding monotonic from the viewpoint of French and Italian speakers (they can hear that it is monotonous, whereas Americans often are unaware)
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46
Q

What characterizes the case method?

A

Originally from dominant positivist texts but can be constructed and used as a more mixed method.

The case study looks into depth at one, or a small number of, organizations, events, or individuals, generally over time.

Social constructionism epistemology often advocates for single cases

Positivist epistemology often advocates for multiple cases.

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47
Q

What characterizes grounded theory? (p. 92-94)

A

“Comparative method” ⇒ looking at the same event/process in different settings or situations.

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48
Q

What are the primary choices when designing mixed research methods?

A
  • Sequence of methods: qualitative first, quantitative first or both at the same time?
  • Dominance of methods: dominantly qualitative, or quantitative or balanced?
  • How do we analyze the mix of numerical and categorical data?

See arguments for and against mixed methods at p. 97.

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49
Q

What are the 5 common design dilemmas?

A
  1. Identifying the unit of analysis
  2. Universal theory or local knowledge?
  3. Theory or data first?
  4. Cross-sectional or longitudinal?
  5. Verification or falsification?

p. 98-101

50
Q

Where can you find the research design template?

A

Chapter 4 on page 104-105 together with the conclusion.

Takes you through everything from background, rationale, research aims, data, sampling, access, ethics, unit of analysis, analysis, process, practicalities, theory, and outputs

⇒ Fort both strong positivist, positivist, constructionist, and strong constructionism

51
Q

What are the main stages and ethics issues that might arise in a research project?

A
52
Q

What are some of the most important ethical aspects in business research? (point from the lecture)

A
  • Do not force participation
  • Do not make up data
  • Do not misinterpret data to your study’s benefit
  • Do not forget to cite other reports, especially if you do a replication study ⇒ plagiarism
  • Do not overpromise/oversell your study
53
Q

What are secondary and primary within qualitative data?

A
  • Primary: interview and field diaries
  • Secondary: company reports, letters, government reports, archival data, advertisements, newspaper articles, books and blog.
54
Q

What is the aim of a qualitative interview?

A

To collect information that captures the meaning and interpretation of phenomena in relation to interviewees’ worldviews.

55
Q

What are remote interviewing?

A

Interviews not conducted face-to-face, but through email or phone.

56
Q

What are the two types of remote interviewing?

A
  • Synchronous (e.g. telephone or chat)
  • Asynchronous (e.g. email or internet forums) - disadvantage is that people can reflect and have better time to think, or they might drop out.
57
Q

What is the critical incident technique?

A

A technique used to get data on past incidents through an interview or questionnaire. The technique is used to get the respondents to report of something in the past, e.g. way a company failed. The disadvantage is that respondents often think in hindsight.

58
Q

What are the three types of interviews?

A
  • Highly structured (market research) more standardized
  • Semi-structured (guided open interview)
  • Unstructured (ethnographic interview) more confidentiality

However, have in mind that a totally unstructured interview, where the interviewee just speaks freely is likely not to produce any picture, and is often not recommended!

59
Q

How do you create a topic guide?

A
  • First; revisit research questions, research design and sampling strategy
  • Second; have in mind how respondents might feel about your questions
  • Third; avoid theoretical concepts, jargons and scholarly talk. They should be clear and easy to understand
  • Fourth; questions should be open-ended, and should not be leading
  • Fifth; topic guides should follow the structure of opening question, questions around key topics and closing questions
  • Sixth; ask if they have anything to add
60
Q

What is laddering up and down?

A
  • Laddering up: interviewer explores why a particular construct is important to the person through exploring the person’s value system ⇒ Starts with a simple answer and then tries to dig into the “WHY” behind the answer.
  • Laddering down (pyramiding): interviewer explores a person’s understanding of a particular construct by asking for examples, elaborations, and stories of experience.
61
Q

How can you avoid bias in interviews?

A

Probes can be useful:

  • Repeating question
  • Explanatory probes ‘what did you mean by that?’
  • Focused probes ‘what sort of…?’
  • Silence - let them break the silence
  • Repeat the last few words they said
  • Give ideas or suggestions
  • Mirroring ‘what you seem to be saying is…’
62
Q

What are the six important practical issues in conducting interviews?

A
  • obtaining trust
  • being aware of social interaction between interviewer and interviewee
  • appropriate attitude and language
  • getting access
  • choosing location for interview (quiet and with limited distractions)
  • recording interviews
63
Q

What is the repertory-grid technique?

A

A technique that is used to identify the ways in which respondents interpret their experience, draw conclusion about patterns of cause and effect, and behave according to those conclusions.

Can be survey based on ratings (from 1-7 or 1-10 etc.) or visuals: fx. showing people different pictures to get their opinion on something. You might not be able to explain why the one is better than the other due to the complexity of how humans perceive the world (fx. within design)

figure 6.2

I don’t understand this fully

64
Q

What is a principal component analysis?

A

A way of mapping data (that can also be set into a repertory grid) into dimensions and axes. Software will definitely be doing this for you (I can’t see how it is done otherwise).

figure 6.3

65
Q

What is a dendrogram?

A

A dendrogram main objective is to show how close the “constructs” are to one another in terms of how they have been scored ⇒ think of this as comparing means in Statistics; which letters connect. A, A, B, B, C, D

This is in figure 6.4 added to the repertory grid.

figure 6.4

66
Q

What is cognitive mapping?

A

‘a modelling technique that aims to portray managers’ ideas, beliefs, values and attitudes - and to show how they interrelate.

67
Q

What does an individual cognitive map look like?

A

figure 6.5

68
Q

How is group mapping performed?

A

Used to help groups think around issues as well as formulate plans

figure 6.6

69
Q

What are the four types of observational research?

A
  1. complete observer (avoid direct engagement)
  2. observer-as-participant (engaging passively)
  3. participant-as-observer (most common in business and management research)
  4. complete participant (e.g. employee)
70
Q

What is the difference between participant observation and ethnography?

A
  • Participant observation: only sporadically present, moving in and out, answer very specific questions.
  • Ethnography: more long-term oriented, also observe themselves, in-depth, understand entire social system or culture.
71
Q

What is complete participation?

A

A worker in a firm conducting research, and ‘implies that researcher participants are unaware of the fact that a particular co-worker conduct research’.

May find themselves dealing with a lot of ethical issues.

72
Q

What is semi-concealed research?

A

E.g. researching in a company with permission, but you don’t necessarily tell what you are researching, or research of employees with permission from management without the workers’ knowledge.

73
Q

What is an auto-ethnography?

A

Where you reflect on your own role as an ‘insider’.

74
Q

What is reflexivity?

A

That researchers need to think about their roles and the way they affect the research process, Alvesson and Skölberg define it as a ‘continuous awareness and attention to the way different kinds of linguistic, social, political and theoretical elements are woven together in the process of knowledge development, during which empirical material is constructed, interpreted and written’.

75
Q

What are the three ways to increase trust by respondents?

A
  1. obtain sponsorship by a legitimate authority (e.g. if you are a student, it may be better to tell that your survey is a part of research carried out by your supervisor)
  2. make the current task appear important (show how previous findings have made huge impacts)
  3. ensuring confidentiality and security of information
76
Q

What are the ways to increase the rewards for participation?

A

table 9.1

77
Q

What are the ways to decrease costs of participation?

A

table 9.2

78
Q

What is the observer’s effect?

A

That most people behave differently when we know (or think) that we are being observed.

79
Q

What are the five principles of good design to word questions?

A
  1. Each item should only express one idea
  2. Avoid jargon and colloquialisms
  3. Use simple expressions (active tense is better than passive tense), and divide longer statements into a series of simple steps
  4. Avoid the use of negatives (you can miss the negative words and it is confusing to respond disagree to a negative statement)
  5. Avoid leading questions
80
Q

What are the guidelines for ordering questions?

A
  1. Group together related questions that cover similar topics
  2. Ask about facts before opinions
  3. Place sensitive or objectionable questions near the end
  4. It is usually better to ask questions about events in the order that they occurred (either from no and work backwards, or from the past and work forwards)
81
Q

What is a measurement model?

A

The relationship between a set of observed variables and the construct that they are intended to measure.

82
Q

What are observed and latent variables?

A

Observed variables: those that are measured directly by the researcher

Latent variables: the constructs that the researcher assumes are causal factors influencing how sample members respond to the observed variables.

83
Q

What is Cronbach’s alpha coefficient?

A

Skal vi lige have styre på

84
Q

What is EFA and CFA?

A

EFA: Method of choice for analyzing the measurement model when you have no clear idea what constructs might underlie you questionnaire

CFA: When you have a clear idea what construct might underlie you questionnaire, you use CFA to confirm a structure.

85
Q

Two people looking at the same object/fact/data from the same place under the same physical circumstances, would they see the same thing?

A

Not necessarily - or not likely.

“there is more to seeing than meets the eyeball”.

What people see is affected by their perceptions of the world (experiences, knowledge, cultural upbringing).

86
Q

What are some of the difficulties for the statement of “science is derived from the facts”?

A
  • Perceptions influence the observations
  • To what extent judgment about an observation, depend on what is already known/assumed

In other words, science is facts as they have been observed and perceived until now but it is not necessarily a law of nature.

87
Q

What is a deductive argument?

A

An argument where you without logic (in a scientific matter) extrapolate events to conclude that something always holds true such as being fed every day at 9am or that all metals expand when heated because the first 10 metals did so.

88
Q

What is an inductive argument?

A

A logically derived argument.

89
Q

What is the general model explaining the relationship between facts acquired through observation, laws and theories and predictions and explanations?

A
90
Q

What are the conditions that should be satisfied for an inductive argument to hold true?

A
  • Condition 1: Large number of observations (necessary)
    • Problem: ‘large’ is a vague term - how much is ‘large’?
  • Condition 2: Observations must be repeated under a wide variety of conditions (necessary)
    • Problem: what counts as a significant variation?
  • Condition 3: No accepted observation statement should conflict with the derived law (essential)
    • Problem: little scientific knowledge will survive this

“If a larger numbers of As have been observed under a variety of conditions, and if all those As without exception possess the property B, then all As have the property B.

91
Q

How is an argument typically build?

A
  1. Premise: All books on philosophy are boring
  2. Premise: This book is a book on philosophy
  3. Conclusion: This book is boring

And it follows that: if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true.

92
Q

What is falsificationism?

A

The alternative to inductivism.

Scientific theories are falsifiable and the most falsifiable theory is preferred until it is falsified.

  • Mars moves in an ellipse around the sun
  • All planets move in ellipses around the sun

We prefer (b) until it is falsified and we conclude that it does not hold true.

93
Q

What is an ad hoc hypothesis and what should be used instead?

A

Whenever, a fact is falsified, you have to renew the fact statement.

Fx. all bread nourishes

After people getting ill from eating bread in a French village, an ad hoc adjustment to the statement would be “All bead, with the exception of that particular batch of bread produced in the French village in questions, nourishes’”

⇒ The hypothesis/statement above does not lead to new tests.

Instead, the statement should be rewritten into an acceptable fact such as: “all bread nourishes except bread made from wheat contaminated by a particular kind of fungus (followed by a specification of the fungus and some of its characteristics)”.

94
Q

What is the biggest flaw of falsificationism?

A

If we had only used the idea of falsificationism, some of the most prominent scientific facts would never have been found such as gravity (Newton), Atom theory (Bohr).

95
Q

What are the four main issues?

A
  1. balance between focus and depth vs. interdisciplinary approaches and breadth
  2. question of the rigor and appropriateness used
  3. the role of macroeconomic issues vis-á-vis microeconomic ones
  4. broader geographical focus (not just focusing on US)
96
Q

What does the Leximancer determine mathematically?

A
  1. most frequently used concepts within a body of text
  2. relationship between these concepts
97
Q

What is the first phase in a Leximancer analysis?

A

A semantic extraction designed to:

  1. construct classifiers for multiple concepts able to predict whether a text contains the concept
  2. provide a name for each concept
  3. characterize the message conveyed by the text
  4. allow manual customization of the concept set prior to learning of the representation
98
Q

What is the second phase in a Leximancer analysis?

A

Construction of a map showing the concepts’ relational characteristics through a co-occurrence matrix:

  1. concept frequency
  2. concept connectedness
  3. direct inter-concept relative co-occurrence frequency
  4. total inter-concept co-occurrence
99
Q

What are the five distinct clusters in the “All editors” map?

A
  • methods
  • performance
  • strategy
  • manufacturing
  • exchange rates
100
Q
A
101
Q

What is interdisciplinary research?

A
  1. research drawn on ideas from two or more disciplines
  2. disciplines mixed in a way such that they together produce something new and useful
  3. the result could not have been obtained to using one discipline alone

(it is not necessarily team-based, you can research interdisciplinary alone as well)

102
Q

What is multidisciplinary research?

A

Researchers from different disciplines working independently on the same problem

103
Q

What is the text from Buckley (2001) about?

A

It is an old text that raises question to the future of international business research, as there has previously existed 3 main research areas:

  • FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) - Post WWII - 1970
  • MNE (Multinational Enterprises) - 1970 - 1990
  • Globalisation - 1980 - 2000

His question is: what is the next big question in international business research? He also question if we even need a big question, and set up the following topics to be potential questions:

  • M&A
  • Knowledge management
  • Geography and Location
  • Globalisation
  • Fragmentation
  • New Institutions (NGO)
104
Q

What are the different forms a dramaturgical interview can take?

A
105
Q

What are things to consider when constructing an interview script or guideline?

A
  • Objectives of research
  • A kind outline, listing all the broad categories you feel may be relevant
  • First, start with casual small-talk before beginning the interview, where you always should start with a few easy/non-threatening questions before going into the serious and sensitive questions, that you should restate/rephrase (probing) later on to get answers to the sensitive questions.
  • Avoid double-barreled questions (Questions where you ask for two things at once)
  • Face-to-face, paper-, e-mail, web-, telephone- interview, CATI, or CAPI (or CASI)
    • Voice capture or note taking?
  • Have answers ready to informant statements such as “I don’t know much about this”, “maybe you should interview someone else as I don’t know” and “why was I picked?”.
106
Q

How do you start the process?

A
  1. outlining: list all broad categories that might be relevant
    • Be aware: what subjects occur ‘naturally’ and what subjects do you have to ‘force’
    • For each area 3-5 specific data items
    • Create a semistructured interview guideline for at least 6 items
  2. sequencing: p. 119 shows a structure for semi standardized interviews
    • Have in mind if the topic is sensitive
    • Use transitions when changing topics
  3. Pretesting:
    • The schedule should be critically examined by people familiar with the topic
    • Several practice interviews - do you get the right information? Does the respondent perceive the question as intentioned?
    • Analyze the practise data.
107
Q

What is an essential question?

A

The central focus of the study and are geared towards eliciting specific desired information

108
Q

What is an extra question?

A

Roughly equivalent to essential ones, but are worded slightly differently, and are included in order to check on the reliability of responses.

109
Q

What is a throwaway question?

A

May be essential demographic or general questions, that are unnecessary for gathering the important information, but can be invaluable for drawing out a complete story from a respondent.

May also something work as a question to move away from sensitive topics and ‘cool’ down the respondent and remind him that you are not judging, but only want to gather information.

110
Q

What is a probing question?

A

Is a question to draw a more complete story and make the respondent elaborate. E.g. questions as ‘what happened next?’ or ‘could you tell me more about that?’.

111
Q

What is the zero-order level of communication?

A

That you ask questions simplified to the level of the least sophisticated of all potential respondents

112
Q

What is an affectively worded question?

A

Questions that are asked in a way such that they close down or inhibit interview subjects.

The word ‘why’ tend to produce mostly negative responses in American culture.

Examples:

‘Do you masturbate?’ can instead be asked: ‘About how many times a week would you say you masturbate?’.

113
Q

What is a double-barreled question?

A

When you ask to questions in the same question. Solution is to separate the questions.

114
Q

What is a complex question?

A

When you ask a long and complex question such that the respondent may not really hear the question in its entity.

115
Q

What are evasion tactics?

A

When specific words or answers are avoided (politics!).

Among the most serious obstacles to overcome for an interviewer.

116
Q

What is uncomfortable silence?

A

Asking a question and pausing consciously, to let the respondent answer my elaborately.

117
Q

What is echoing?

A

When you try to convey that you listen and understand what the respondent says.

118
Q

What does it mean to let people talk?

A

That people speak in different paces, and you should avoid unintentional interruptions.

119
Q

Why acknowledge sources?

A
  • Support arguments referring to authorities
  • Enable others to consult sources with ease to for example get a deeper understanding of the issue you are addressing or to confirm your interpretation
  • to provide evidence of wide reading and research
  • Academic courtesy and indication of academic honesty ⇒ Avoiding plagiarism
120
Q

What are the primary ways of researching?

A
  • Subject search (fx through Google Scholar)
  • Citation trawling (Scopus)
  • Relation searching
  • Author stalking
121
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

Seeing an effect on employee productivity simply from being observed by the experimenter (researcher, management or whatever)

122
Q

Difference between inductive and deductive?

A
  • Inductive: Empirical knowledge, information, focus on from specific to general
  • Deductive: rationalism, from general to specific

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