Britian, Booklet 3, THE GROWTH OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY Flashcards

Question 1

Q

How does are Parliament work today?

Answer

A

~ Vote every 5 years.
~ Broken into 650 constituencies.
~ Secret ballots.
~ House of Lords. + House of commons.

Question 2

Q

Reasons for continuing the unreformed political system of 1780 (6) :

Answer

A

~ The rich maintained their power.
~ Parliament elites could keep their jobs.
~ Farmers + landowners continue to get bribed and gain money.
~ Most of the rural poor didn’t care.
~ Prevents opposition for the government (decisions made faster).
~ Fear of revolution (French+USA).

Question 3

Q

(Pre-Reform Electorate) The system was termed…

Answer

A

‘Old Corruption’ by the radicals who wanted it to changers
~ Still based on an archaic 17th century system when the government was based on the relationship between the king and an aristocratic parliament.

Question 4

Q

(Pre-reform electorate) Less than __% of the population could vote because the franchise was based on property, In 18___, _________ men had a right to vote out of ____.___ million…

Answer

A

Less than 5% of the population could vote.
~ 1831, 400,000 men had a right to vote out of a population of 13.89 million.

Question 5

Q

(The Constituencies) Counties :
- Whatevee the size, could send __ MP’s…
- Franchise dependent on occupying a…

Answer

A

~ Whatever the size, a county could send 2 MPs and to Parliament.
~ Here, the franchise was standard and dependent on occupying a freehold piece of land whose rental value was 40 shillings per year.

Question 6

Q

(The Constituencies) Boroughs :
- Important…
- Number of voters and MP’s
- Some boroughs were…
- Many new industrial…

Answer

A

~ Important county towns.
~ The number of voters and MPs returned to Parliament varied hugely.
~ Some boroughs were large cities, some decayed villages.
~ Many new industrial towns had no MPs because they didn’t exist in 17th century.

Question 7

Q

(The Constituencies, Boroughs) Which 4 large towns had no MPs because they were not boroughs?

Answer

A

Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield.

Question 8

Q

(The Constituencies, Boroughs) In 183__, Lancashire had a population of __.__ million and ___ MPs, Cornwall had a population of ___________ and ___ MPs…

Answer

A

1831.
Lanchashire had a population of 1.3 million and had 14 MPs, Cornwall had a population of 300,000 and 42 MPs.

Question 9

Q

(The Constituencies, Borough examples) Pocket boroughs :

Answer

A

Wealthy landowners owned all of the land and buildings which provided the occupiers with the right to vote.
~ These landowners nominated candidates and bribed or pressurised voters into voting for their favoured candidate.

Question 10

Q

(The Constituencies, Boroughs) Potwalloper Borough :

Answer

A

Men qualified to vote if they occupied a house which had a fireplace large enough to boil a pot e.g. Taunton and Somerset.

Question 11

Q

(What were elections like?) __/__ of elections were uncontested…

Answer

A

2/3, nobody stood against the successful candidate.

Question 12

Q

(What were the elections like?) There were no…

Answer

A

Secret ballots and voting took place on a platform (called the ‘Hustings’) with a carnival atmosphere.

Question 13

Q

(What were the elections like?) ‘Lambs’ were groups of…

Answer

A

Armed thugs who intimidated voters and ‘copping’ was the kidnapping of rivals’ supporters until the end of elections.
~ Corruption was common, voters were openly bribed.

Question 14

Q

Thomas Paine wrote… in _____, sold ___________ copies by 1793…

Answer

A

‘The Rights of Man’ in 1791.
~ Sold 200,000 copies by 1793.

Question 15

Q

What was Paine’s belief?

Answer

A

~ Supported American War of Independence.
~ Stated that each age has the right to establish a new political system.
~ Everyone should have the right to be involved in government.

Question 16

Q

Thomas Paine’s book was a response to…

Answer

A

Edmund Burkes ‘Reflections.

Question 17

Q

Edmund Burke, published ‘…’ in _____,

Answer

A

‘Reflections on the French Revolution’ in 1790.
~ Defended the status quo and argued that moderate reform could lead to violent revolution.
~ This view came to dominate thinking in the Tory party.

Question 18

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, Protest in Britian before the FR)
- Increasing resentment amongst the middle classes against the… whose policies had a…
- Opposition before the French Revolution was limited to…

Answer

A

Increasing resentment amongst middle class against the ruling elite whose policies had a profound effect on their economic welfare e.g. start or end wars.
Middle class businessmen who opposed expensive continental wars, higher taxes, corruption and 7 year parliaments.

Question 19

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, Protest before FR) Clubs, discussion groups and societies who became…
London had ___ daily’s.

Answer

A

Increasingly politicised from the 1780’s due to the increase in newspapers, London had 13 daily’s.

Question 20

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, Before FR) William pitt did propose to disenfranchise ___… but was defeated by ___ votes in commons…

Answer

A

36 of the worst boroughs and redistribute their seats to larger counties but it was defeated by 74 votes in the commons.

Question 21

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800)
- ‘Society for …’
- Supported… aimed to educate…
- Lacked…

Answer

A

‘Society for Constitutional Information’
- Universal suffrage and annual parliaments. They aimed to educate people about the need for reform through distributing pamphlets.
~ Lacked widespread support, amounted to very little.

Question 22

Q

Why did the unreformed system last so long? (3)

Answer

A

~ Ruling elite remained united in defence of the status quo.
~ Lack or revolutionary, or united, protest movement from below.
~ French Revolution of 1789 cemented the elites’ desire to keep Britain as it was and William Pitt crushed popular radicalism.

Question 23

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, Political Parties)
- The Tories, under Lord Liverpool…
- They argued that…
- Britian was…

Answer

A

~ Any attempt at reform was resisted.
~ They argued that reform would increase social tension by setting country against town and land against industry.
~ Britain was prosperous under the current system and so why change it?

Question 24

Q

When was the French Revolution?

Question 25

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800) Political parties, Whigs, they supported…
- Suggested carefull and…
- Failure to reform would…

Answer

A

~ Supported moderate reform. They weren’t, however, revolutionaries.
~ Suggested careful and controlled concessions to the middle class.
~ Failure to reform would cement an alliance between the workers and the middle classes where as reform would bring the MC to ally with the elites.

Question 26

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1785-1800, Radical Societies)
- London Corresponding Society was formed in 17___ and founded by Thomas __________, with around ______ members…
- Cost a…
- Distanced themselves from…
- Demonstrating in ____________17___ at… with ______________ people…

Answer

A

1792, founded by Thomas Hardy around 1,000 members.
It cost a penny a week to join and was therefore ‘open to all’.
Distanced themselves from violence and Paine’s ‘ROM’, focused on pamphlets.
October 1795, demonstration at Copenhagen Fields, attracted over 100,000 people.

Question 27

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Economic Problems) National debt increased from £_____ million to £______ million…
- Napoleon blockaded Britian from 180____.
- And following the war in the US, ___________ soldiers returned…

Answer

A

£238 million to £902 million.
- Napoleon blockaded Britain from 1806 and USA declared war in 1812, following the war 400,000 soldiers returned home and struggled to find jobs.

Question 28

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Economic Problems) Average earning was lower from 18___-__ than it had been in the 17___’s…
- Income tax was…

Answer

A

1815-19 than it had been in the 1780’s.
- Income tax was abolished, instead the government increased indirect tax such as duties on beer and sugar which affected many.

Question 29

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Population growth/problems) By 182_, ___% of Britons were under __ and concentrated in…
- More people were unemployed, meaning younger population…

Answer

A

1821, 48% of Britons were under 15, concentrated in industrial towns.
- More people were unemployed, meaning younger population were more inclined to accept radical views.

Question 30

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Emergence of Radical Press)
-Growth of cheap, radical papers encouraged people to make links between…
- William Cobbett began republishing ‘Weekly…’ as a __d pamphlet which created a…

Answer

A

Between economic distress, misgovernment and the need for political reform.
- Circulated through streets, coffee houses and pubs.
- ‘Weekly Political Register’, as a 2d pamphlet, created a large working class audience.

Question 31

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Clubs and Societies) Major John _________ set up first the H__________ Club. In 18___, he toured _____ miles and gained _________ signatures on various petitions.

Answer

A

Major John Cartwight, Hampden club.
- 1813, toured 900 miles and gained 130,000 signatures on various petitions.

Question 32

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1800-1820, Henry Hunt’s public speaking)
- He was a…
- He organised mass meetings which were designed to…

Answer

A

A wealthy landowner who was fed up with the corrupt political system.
Designed to provoke a violent response from the authorities so the ruling elite would loose credibility with the public. Culminated in Peterloo 1819.

Question 33

Q

ESSAY PLAN : MAIN REASONS FOR GROWTH IN REFORM AGITATION?
- Parliament’s unwillingness…
- Emergence of…
- The French Revolution and…
- Increasing…
- CONCLUSION :

Answer

A

ESSAY PLAN :
- Parliament’s unwillingness to modernise (including Edmund Burke).
- Emergence of radical societies.
- The French Revolution and Paine Thomas.
- Increasing problems/resentment.
- CONCLUSION : Inc resentment.

Question 34

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond)
- Intimidation, Between 179__-__ the gov relied on ‘…’ to…
- Taking away licenses from pubs who…

Answer

A

1790-93, Magistrates, to discourage radical action.
- Took away licenses from pubs who allowed radical meetings to be held there.

Question 35

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Intimidation, Reverend Thomas __________ was charged with… and was sentenced to __ years’ transportation.

Answer

A

Reverend Thomas Palmer was charged with encouraging others to read ‘The Rights of Man’ and was sentenced to 7 years’ transportation (hard-labour in Australia)

Question 36

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Legislation, Seditious Meetings Act of ______ and Treason Trials ______…

Answer

A

Seditious Meetings Act 1795, restricted the size of public meetings to fifty persons.
Treason Trials 1794 intended to cripple the British radical movement.

Question 37

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Legislation, In 179__, Habeas ________ (…) was suspended so…

Answer

A

1794, Habeas Corpus (guaranteeing a trial within a stated period) was suspended so political prisoners could be held indefinitely.

Question 38

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Propaganda, A number of conservative publications were printed in 17___’s to support… including…
- This gained Pitt support in…

Answer

A

1790’s, To support the government’s actions.
- e.g. ‘The Oracle’, ‘The Sun’, and ‘The True Briton’.
This gained Pitt support in Parliament and brought out people’s patriotism against the threat from France.

Question 39

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Loyalism, there was an increase in Loyalist groups who recognised Britain’s…

Answer

A

Recognised Britain’s prosperity and improvements in society, such as in the Poor Laws.

Question 40

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Loyalism, ‘Church and ______’ clubs developed in the early 17___’s and were…
- They used violence and…

Answer

A

‘Church and King’ clubs, early 1790’s and were staunchly Anglican and loyal to the crown and establishment.
- They used violence and intimidation to crush threats posed to the church from dissenters.

Question 41

Q

(Demands for Reform 1785-1800, how did the gov respond) Loyalism, By 179__ there were _______’s of Loyalist groups, one of the most famous was the APLP, had ________ branches nationwide, set up by John ________…

Answer

A

1793, 1,000’s groups.
- One of the most famous being APLP, had 2,000 branches nationwide, set up by John Reeves. One of the largest political organisations.

Question 42

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1785-1800) Policies of the Tory Party, From 18___, the Prime Minister was…
- Introduced laws which protected…

Answer

A

1812, Lord Liverpool, had already held important roles as foreign secretary and secretary for war and colonies. Also a gifted debater.
- Introduced laws which protected the interests of his party and aristocratic supporters.

Question 43

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1785-1800) Policies of the Tory Party,
-The Corn Law, 18___.
- Guaranteed protection for…
- Purpose was to ensure…
- Perceived as…

Answer

A

1815 Corn Law.
- Guaranteed protection for wheat prices for the agricultural or landowning interest from foreign imports of grain.
- Purpose was to ensure landowners could maintain the profits they had enjoyed during the Napoleonic War.
- Perceived as a piece of class legislation, made grain more expensive for consumers.

Question 44

Q

(Demands for Reform increasing 1785-1800) Policies of the Tory Party, Income Tax Repeal 18___, meant that indirect taxes…
- This harmed the common…

Answer

A

1816, increased on popular items such as beer and sugar.
- This harmed the common workers more than the wealthy because they noticed the increase in price of the goods they used everyday.

Question 45

Q

ESSAY PLAN : TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE STRENGTH OF GOVERNMENT RESOLVE EXPLAIN THE DECLINE IN DEMAND FOR REFORM IN 1785-1830?
- Government…
- Fear of…/Tory…
- Intimidation and…
- Loyalism…

Answer

A

ESSAY PLAN :
- Government resolve - legislation to solve increasing problems.
- Fear of revolution/Tory arguments.
- Intimidation and propaganda.
- Loyalism.

Question 46

Q

(Main forms of Protest) The Spa Fields Riot (London)
- In 18___, mass meetings became increasingly…
- First of ___ meetings saw ___________ people…
- In 1817, crowd threw…

Answer

A

1816, increasingly popular in an attempt to petition the king or Parliament.
First of 3 meetings saw 20,000 people attend, mostly peaceful.
1817, crowd threw stones at Prince Regent’s coach at the opening of parliament.

Question 47

Q

(Main forms of Protest) The Peterloo Massacre,
- January 18____, Henry Hunt spoke to a crowd at St. Peter’s Field, encouraging people…
- In August 1819, _________ people gathered at… __ killed, wounding around…

Answer

A

January 1819, Henry Hunt (powerful speaker), encouraging people to demand universal suffrage and annual parliaments.
August 1819, 60,000 people gathered at STPF to listen to HH again, but Yeomanry were sent to arrest him, they were swamped so the 15th Hussars were sent to rescue them, resulting in 11 deaths and 400-600 wounded.

Question 48

Q

(Main forms of Protest) The Cato Street Conspiracy,
- February 18___, group led by…
- Planned to assassinate…
- Aim was to…
- Government spy __________ ____________ knew of this plan…

Answer

A

February 1820, group led by Arthur Thistlewood (involved in Spa Fields), planned to assassinate Lord Liverpool’s cabinet as they gathered for dinner.
Aim was to trigger uprisings.
Government spy, George Edwards, knew of this plan, those involved were arrested and executed, 5 others transported.
WORRIED THE GOVERMENT.

Question 49

Q

(Governments reaction to uprisings) The Six Acts (following the 1819 Peterloo Massacre) :
- The Seizure…
- The Newspaper and…

Answer

A

The Seizure of Arms Act ; gave powers the right to search and seize arms.
The Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act ; greatly increased the taxes on printed matter, making them more expensive.

Question 50

Q

(Main forms of Protest)
- Swing Riots, a series of… which broke out in ______ in 18____ and spread to ___ counties, including in the _______.
- Between Feb & March 18____, _____ petitions sent to parliament…

Answer

A

Series of agricultural disturbances, broke out in Kent in 1830, spread to 20 counties (mostly involved machine breaking, arson and demands for higher wages).
Spread to the South and East which concerned the gov as revolts were usually in the North, they feared that Paternalism was breaking down.

Question 51

Q

(Main forms of Protest) Political Unions :
- e.g. BPU set up in 18____, it was a general…
- Main aim was for…
- Attracted _____________ during the ‘Days of _____’. in 18______

Answer

A

Most organised examples of protest.
Birmingham Political Union, set up in 1830, general political union between lower and middle classes.
Main aim was for middle-class suffrage, argument being that all workers would benefit if Parliament had middle-class MP’s.
Attracted 200,000 during ‘Days of May’ in 1832.

Question 52

Q

(Main forms of Protest)
- Trade Unions (employees wanting to improve conditions).
- There was an increase in TU activity after the ___________ Act was repealed in 18____.
-Short-lived but…
- Pro-union journals developed, e.g. …
- - D__________ was the leader of the _____________ spinners…

Answer

A

Combination Act was repealed in 1824..
Short-lived but alarmed the government.
Pro-Union Journals developed e.g. Doherty’s ‘Voice of the People’ which called for political reform.
Doherty was the leader of the Lanchasire spinners & founder of the General Union of the Operative Spinners of GB so spoke for many workers.

Question 53

Q

(Main forms of Protest) Outbreaks of violence,
- e.g. 182__-__.
- A depression in the cotton trade led to mass…
- ___ mills were attacked, ______ looms smashed.
- ___ machine-breakers killed at Chadderton. :

Answer

A

1825-26.
- Depression led to mass unemployment.
- 20 mills were attacked, 1,000 looms smashed.
- 7 machine-breakers were killed at Chadderton.

Question 54

Q

(Political demands of the Manufacturing interests)
- Continuing industrialisation of Britain led to the creation of the…
- They were…
- They were educated and employed…

Answer

A

Middle-Class by the end of 18th century.
They were factory owners, self-made me with commercial drive and desire to reform the political system to include them.
They were educated and employed thousands who were reliant on their prosperity.

Question 55

Q

(Political demands of the Manufacturing interests) Middle-classes views :
- Property :
- Business :

Answer

A

In terms of property, were conservative and sided with the gov to maintain their ownership and wealth
But, in terms of business they mostly believed in were laissez-faire, which was at odds with gov policy (particularly during Nap wars) when the gov intervened to restrict trade with certain countries.

Question 56

Q

(Political demands of the Manufacturing interests) It was the Corn Laws (18___) which increased criticism against the gov because…

Answer

A

Corn Laws 1815.
- Because it was seen as ‘looking after their own’.
- The laws benefitted the landowners where as employers had to increase wages to ensure the workers could afford bread and remain healthy enough to work.

Question 57

Q

(Political demands of the Manufacturing interests)
- In voicing their concerns, the commercial middle class began to…
- They also complained…

Answer

A

Assert their political dominance.
- They also complained about patronage which meant ineffective men were elected to Parliament because they had rich backers.

Question 58

Q

(Political demands of the Manufacturing interests) Many in the middle classes began to believe that…

Answer

A

Since they generated immense wealth for the country, both through paying taxes and wages, they should have more of a political say.

Question 59

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Government Instability)
- Lord Liverpool resigned and the Duke of ___________ became PM in 182__.
- Managed to split the party into…
- He angered the protestant ‘_____’ by supporting the ________________ Emancipation Act (18____) which allowed… (he did this because…)

Answer

A

Duke of Wellington, in 1828.
Split the party into opposing factions.
Angered the ‘Ultras’ by supporting the Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) which allowed Catholics to be MP’s (did this out of fear of a civil war in Ireland due to the actions of O’Connell’s Catholic Association).

Question 60

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Rise of the Whigs + death of George IV)
- The Whigs had been opposed by…
- The new King … supported the Whigs and invited… to form a new government in…

Answer

A

Opposed by George IIII & George IV when they had tried to introduce reform bills.
New King William IV (brother of George IV) supported, invited Earl Grey to form a new Gov in November 1830.

Question 61

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Rise of the Whigs + death of George IV)
- The Whigs wanted moderate…
- There were an increasing number from the…
- Earl Grey wanted to include ‘…’ in the runnning of the country.
- Also wanted to stop potential violence by…

Answer

A

Wanted moderate reform.
Increasing number from the middle classes.
Wanted to include ‘men of property’ in the running of the country.
Stop potential violence by including more people in the political system.

Question 62

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Collapse of the Tory Government)
- In June 18____, general election following the death of…
- Results were inconclusive and…
- November, Lord Grey (Whig leader) announced he would…
- As a result…

Answer

A

June 1830, death of George IV.
Wellington lost his majority.
Would introduce moderate reform and managed to win support of the Tory Canningite faction + Tory Ultras.
William IV invited Earl Grey to form a new government, included several canningites and an Ultra Tory in the cabinet.

Question 63

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Political Unions)
- From October 1830 to April 183__, over _________ petitions calling for reform were…
- Metropolitan Political Union, founded in London by _______ ______ was dominated by the…

Answer

A

October 1830-April 1831, over 3,000 petitions calling for reform were handed to parliament.
MPU founded by Henry Hunt, dominated by the middle class, e.g. artisans and craftsmen.

Question 64

Q

(Reasons for passing GRA 1832, Riots)
- Poor harvests, rising _______ and population, a shortage of _____ caused lots of riots.
- Thousands of swing riots were arrested and put on trial, over _____ transported for life.

Answer

A

Rising prices, a shortage of jobs, etc, caused lots of riots.
~ Over 450 we’re transported for life.

Answer 64

A

Liberal opposition in 1829.
Critics argued that if the French monarchy had fallen due to failure to recognise genuine poplar electoral grievances then surely this could happen in Britain.

Answer 65

A

Political Actions, made people angry e.g. Six Acts, Catholic Emancipation…
Economic unrest and riots.
The Growth and demands of the middle class.
CONCLUSION : Economic unrest…

Answer 66

A

Introduced by Lord John Russell, aimed to redistribute 100 rotten boroughs to the industrial North and Midlands.
After lengthy debate passed to 2nd reading by 302 votes to 301.
Was then amended against the government’s wishes, Grey called for a new election to enable the bill to pass more comfortably.

Answer 67

A

Due to new election in April 1831, Grey a majority and introduced the 2nd bill.
Rejected by the Lords (full of Tory supporters) by 41 votes, this decision triggered a wave of rioting acrpss the country.

Answer 68

A

In response to the Lord’s actions (denying the 2nd Bill).
Nottingham castle, home of Ultra Tory, the Duke of Newcastle, was burned.
Bristol was controlled for 3 days by rioters. When troops were sent to restore order, 12 rioters killed & over 100 injured.

Answer 69

A

Bill came up against the Lords, only 9 Lords in the way of it passing.
To fix this, Grey asked King William IV to create 50 Whig peers in the Lords, refused and Grey resigned in May 1831.
Wellington was asked to form a new government, triggered the ‘Days of May’.
After Wellington failed to gain support from the Commons, Grey returned as PM and William IV agreed to create new Whig peers.
This wasn’t actually necessary since the DOM had scared the Lords, so in JUNE 1832, THE REFORM ACT BECAME LAW.

Answer 70

A

Some historians believe this was the closest Britain ever came to revolution.
Meetings were held between leaders of BPU to discuss co-ordinated protests.
Plan drawn up by Francis Place (leading London radical) to withdraw money from banks simultaneously to trigger a banking crisis
Demonstrations were organised (BPU attracted 200,000 at a rally).

Answer 71

A

42 new boroughs were created.
62 seats were given to English counties.
Boroughs, vote was given to adult men who owned or rented property worth £10 a year providing they had owned it for a year and paid taxes.

Answer 72

A

Electorate rose from 366,000 to 650,000.
Increased involvement in politics by the middle classes, particularly in the local government.
Key figures emerged to represent the people in industrial areas because they had to right to vote and dealt with everyday issues e.g. public health.
Contested seats rose from 30% to 50% after 1832, meant voters had a real choice at elections.
Gave hope to reformers that further change could be possible.

Answer 73

A

Years between 1832-52, Tories in power for fewer than 7 years.
While Whigs were in power from 1835-41, Peel spent his time trying to reform the Conservative Party and demonstrate to the electorate that they weren’t divided and stuck in past. Suggests party was inherently flawed and divided.

Answer 74

A

~ After 1832, overall control was still in hands of landed elites.
~ Had to have an income of £600.
~ Voting still public until 1872, so bribery and intimidation continued.
~ Leeds, of a population of 125,000, only 5,000 were qualified to vote.
~ Still only 2 parties competing in elections.

Answer 75

A

Fairer representation of industrial cities.
Increased electorate size.
Two party systems and the decline of the Tories.
Rise of the Chartists

Answer 76

A

Gain support of the middle class by extending the franchise but avoiding a revolution and so the changes were moderate.

Answer 77

A

Founded by William Lovett in 1836 to gain representation for all men.
~ The other recent acts meant the working class felt ignored.

Answer 78

A

~ Universal suffrage for all men over 21.
~ A secret ballot.
~ Constituencies of equal size to deal with under-representation not dealt with in 1832.
etc.

Answer 79

A

~ 1833 Factory Act didn’t provide the 10 hour working day many wanted.
~ 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act punished the poor by placing them in workhouses.
~ In 1837, O’Connor established the Nothern Star in Leeds to campaign for the end to the Poor Law.

Answer 80

A

~ 6 leaders of the ‘Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers’, sentenced to 7 years’ deportation to Australia.
~ April 1834, 30,000 radicals marched through London to protests at the sentences.

Answer 81

A

~ Worsening economic conditions from 1837.
~ Strongest support came from worst hit areas, such as Cheshire.
~ 400,000 unemployed handloom weavers by the 1840’s, many of whom joined the Chartist movement.

Answer 82

A

~ 1819, attempted to reduce radical press by making newspapers too expensive to buy. Many publishers ignored this and printed anti-government papers.
~ From 1830-35, Whig government tried to clamp down on ‘unstamped press’ and 700 vendors were arrested.
~ By 1836, there were still hundreds of illegal newspapers.

Answer 83

A

1839, Thomas Atwood.
~ Based on the idea of the People’s Charter.
~ By May 1839, 1.2 million signatures had been collected.
~ Chartists discussed organising a ‘secret march’, fell through, gave government time to arrest many + send 6,000 troops north to keep the peace.

Answer 84

A

~ 1842.
~ Major economic recession in 1841-42 which reinvigorated the Chartist cause.
~ 3.3 million signatures.
~ 287 votes to 49.

Answer 85

A

~ 1848.
~ Unemployment increased, provoked Feargus O’Connor into action, he had been elected as MP for Nottingham in 1847.
~ The 1848 French Revolution increased the confidence in the Chartists.
~ Petition received 5.7 million signatures but only 2 million were real, rest faked.

Answer 86

A

~ Duke of Wellington was put in charge of the defence of the capital.
~ Created 150,000 new ‘special constables’.
~ Third Petition was final act of Chartists. O’Connor declared insane before he died.

Answer 87

A

~ Newport Rising, 1839.
~ Centre of industrialisation due to coal and iron workers, living and working conditions were terrible.
~ On 3-4th November, thousands of iron workers + miners marched to Westgate Hotel (where, it was believed, Chartists prisoners were).
~ Soldiers open fired, killing 20 and injuring 50.
~ Some leaders transported, Lovett&O’Connor imprisoned.

Answer 88

A

Plug Riots, 1842.
Broke out following the rejection of the Second Petition.
500,000 strikers went on strike across Staffordshire, Lancashire, Cheshire and Yorkshire, enforced strike by removing plugs from factory boilers, rendering them useless.
By September, 15 English and Welsh counties were affected.
Wasn’t a ‘Chartist protest’ but there were certainly Chartists involved.

Answer 89

A

~ Chartists believed a permanent, central organisation, financed by subscription would encourage working class to join.
~ Manchester, July 1840, became backbone of movement.
~ An elected executive was responsible for overall decisions, trade union structure.
~ By April 1842 there were 401 branches and 50,000 members.

Answer 90

A

~ Links with Anti Corn-Law League, but they were concerned about the ‘physical force’ Chartists such as O’Connor.
~ Failed due to lack of money, most supporters couldn’t afford subscription feeds which meant the executive committee was paid poorly, didn’t have resources to do their job effectively.

Answer 91

A

~ Stressed link between Chartism&education.
~ Introduced the ‘New Move’, emphasised education.
~ Set up schools for working class children and Chartist churches.
~ Lovett was forced out of Chartist movement by O’Connor because of this.

Answer 92

A

Developed by O’Connor, aimed to ease unemployment problems & improve lives of workers.
Rent land through the Christ Cooperative Land Society. 4 acre plot and a cottage each.
£100,000 being collected from subscribers, only 250 people received allotments.
Most participants left penniless, failed.
Charterville in Oxfordshire.

Answer 93

A

—Moral Force, emphasised non-violent protest, education and even cooperation with groups such as Anti-Corn Law League. Birmingham influenced by this.
- Led by Lovett + Place.
— Physical Force, supported armed struggles e.g. Plug Riots 1842.
—- Feargus O’Connor was a third attitude, violence but remained within the law. Wrote Northern Star newspaper.
- O’Connor controlled the Northern chartists.

Answer 94

A

Political system following the 1832 Reform Act, relatively stable, both army & police were loyal to government.
1839 Rural Police Act ensured a nationwide police force was able to deal with discontent.
Government were able to arrest rioters and leaders swiftly, using the new railway system to move troops around the country.

Answer 95

A

Threat of physical force meant the majority of middle-class refused to support Chartism.
Despite actions of Lovett, cooperation between working&middle class was absent for the Chartists.
Middle-classes supported Anti-Corn Law League, campaigned for an issue they cared about.
Content with their gains from 1832 Great Reform Act, didn’t want their property subject to the violence of O’Connor an his mob.

Answer 96

A

1842 Mines Act and the Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846.
Mid-Victorian boom during this period, lasted a long time.
Wages rose, food consumption increased and the living standards improved, all of which reduced the support for the Chartists.

Answer 97

A

Chartist movement was born from the aftermath of the 1832 Reform Act, kept alive radical ideas about reform.
By 1850, ideas presented by Chartists no longer seemed too ambitious.
Beginning of reform, unintentionally paved the way for future reform.

Answer 98

A

1859, Liberals returned to power under leadership of Lord Palmerstone.
He ignored calls for reform, focused on foreign policy.
1865, Lord Palmerstone won another election, then died, replaced by Earl Russell, determined to bring about parliamentary change.
Gladstone announced in 1864 that members of working class who had proven themselves (i.e. paid taxes), should be able to vote.
Pushed issue of reform to forefront of politics again.

Answer 99

A

Progressive middle class pushing for new reforms, especially Richard Cobden (Founder of ACLL, 1839).
He made a series of speeches in 1858, about the issues of reform, failed but kept public aware.
1864, National Reform Union, sought to extend the franchise to include all male rate payers&secret ballot etc.
Liberal minded employers such as Samuel Morley, wool manufacturer from Nottingham.
Gave group significant degree of influence, considered a respectable lobby group.
Assertive but respectable means of getting heard.

Answer 100

A

March 1866, Gladstone introduced a reform bill but it wasn’t as radical as many hoped.
Borough franchise reduced to £7, expected to benefit 200,000 skilled workers.
Robert Lowe (liberal), led a group (Adullamites) against the proposal, succeeded in bringing down his own government.
Many MP’s concerned about growth in uneducated voters.
In the end, bill defeated and gov resigned.

Answer 101

A

23rd July 1866, following failure of the First Liberal Bill, Reform Leauge held meeting in Hyde Park to discuss further action.
Meeting declared illegal by Conservative Home Secretary, HP cordoned off by place&entrance gates chained shut.
200,000 assembled in spite of this, clashed with police, resulted in police calling for military support.
RL leader, John Bedford Leno announced another rally for following evening, Trafalgar square.
Both meetings ended peacefully, made RL leaders household names, led to a rapid increase in their support.

Answer 102

A

Conservatives formed a minority government under the Earl of Derby 1866, Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer and leader of the commons.
Disraeli sensed there was a mood for change, wanted to introduce moderate reform (and ∴ gain support of those who gained vote).
Bill was to extend the vote to people who traditionally voted liberal, but Disraeli believed they would support Conservatives as a result of bill.

Answer 103

A

3 members of the cabinet resigned, including Cranbourne, Peel and Carnarvon in protest against D’s bill which they saw as too radical.
Following numerous drafts from February to August 1867, bill eventually passed with a larger franchise than Disraeli had originally introduced.

Answer 104

A

ESSAY PLAN :
- External pressure - Role or pressure Groups.
- Legacy of the 1832 Reform Act.
- Actions of Political parties.

Answer 105

A

Opposed reform early in his career, but after going on a tour of the cotton districts, changed his opinion.
Invested very heavily in slavery.
Proposed to reduce borough franchise to £7 a year, would enfranchise 200,000 skilled workers.

Answer 106

A

Aware of the benefits that reform could bring.
Sought to introduce his own bill in March 1867, despite 3 of his cabinet resigning, he continued.
Driving force Tory democracy and modern conservatism.

Answer 107

A

1852, he proposed to reduce the existing borough qualification from £10 to £6.
He had great ambition of expanding the franchise.

Answer 108

A

He was a moderniser and the MP of Birmingham.
He began a series of public speeches in 1858 in Birmingham which aimed at promoting the issue of reform, inspired a more determined movement.
Was a co-founder of the Anti-Corn law league.
Liberals who made amendments to Disraeli’s bill.

Answer 109

A

45 seats taken from boroughs with fewer than 10,000 people.
20 of these seats went to new boroughs (before, most were in the South).

Answer 110

A

Boroughs, all male householders provided they had lived there for at least a year.
Counties, in addition to existing franchise, all owners or leaseholders of land worth £5.
Almost 1 million new voters added to electorate, virtually doubling electorate.
In towns, the working class were now a majority. Rural, majority was the middle class.

Answer 111

A

Earl of Derby resigned through ill health in February 1858.
Disraeli (Tory) replaced him as PM, and Gladstone had replaced replaced Russell as leader of Liberals.
Autumn 1858, elections were held, in contrast to what Disraeli expected, Liberal majority increased and D was defeated.
New voters showed no gratitude to the conservatives for pushing through reform.

Answer 112

A

Gladstone toured the country giving speeches to the masses, realising they had to be won over and couldn’t be relied on for support. Showed they had minds of their own.
With 2.46mill voters across country, parties began to recognise the importance of campaigning.
This enabled the Liberals to win in 1868 (since MP’s toured) in contrast to Disraeli who merely printed written election addresses.
This led the parties to represent the people more and to take public interest into account.

Answer 113

A

More diverse electorate since the new voters included urban skilled workers (in 1832 most voters were middle class & conservative).
Voting population increased to 1/3 of all adult males.
Cities such as Manchester & Liverpool, meant that after 1867, political power began to shift to the largest section of society (workers) as opposed to the wealthiest.

Answer 114

A

~ Large areas of the Midlands and the North were still under-represented whilst the Southern counties were over-represented.
~ Property still determined the franchise in the counties.
~ In boroughs, the residency clause demanding occupancy for at least a year discriminated against 30% of the working class population.
~ A system of plural voting was also permitted for those who owned property in both a borough and a county (meaning they could vote twice). Will have been upper/middle class, giving them more power.

Answer 115

A

1867, can no longer ignore the wants and needs of the working class.
~ Catalyst for change as they’ll vote in favour of more reform.

Answer 116

A

ESSAY :
- Impacted working class (do 1832 impact then 67).
- Impact on middle class (do 1832 impact then 67).
- Upper Class (Individuals), (do 1832 impact then 67).
- Changing nature of politics.

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Britian, Booklet 3, THE GROWTH OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY Flashcards

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