Britain, Booklet 2, INDUSTRIALISATION + PROTEST

Question 1

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Most striking change was…

Answer 1

The enclosure of open fields.
- Involved replacing strip farming with hedged fields under single ownership.
- Eventually helped fund roads as legal fees were involved.

Question 2

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Crop yields increased by some ___% during the 18th century, __/__ of this increase was due to…

Answer 2

Increased by 40%, 2/3 of this was due to more intensive use of land.

Question 3

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Without a strong agricultural sector…

Answer 3

The economy couldn’t have supported the rapidly growing population and increasing proportion of which was engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.

Question 4

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Between 1866-__ the volume of milk being imported into London by rail rose from __ million gallons to ___.

Answer 4

1866-80, increased from 7 million gallons to 20 million.
- Cornwall specialised in broccoli and early potatoes.

Question 5

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Turnpikes and Canals) Travel time reduced, London to Shewsbury was __ days in 17___, this became just __ hours and __ mins in 18___…

Answer 5

4 days in 1753 and 12 hours and 40 mins in 1835.
(however, turnpike trusts were often local and unable to maintain most heavily used roads).

Question 6

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Turnpikes and Canals) By 17___, the __ major river systems of England (…) had been linked by canals…

Answer 6

1790, 4 major river systems, Humber, Mersey, Severn and Thames.

Question 7

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Canals fought with railway between Liverpool and Manchester for ___ years and in ______ carried twice the tonnage of the railway…

Answer 7

20 years and in 1848 carried twice the tonnage of the railway.

Question 8

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Total railway network by 19___ was over__ times that of 18___, but…

Answer 8

By 1912 was over 3 times that of 1850, but many of these late arrivals were the least economic and the first to close.

Question 9

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Traditionally dated from opening of Liverpool to Manchester line in 18___, by 1850 there were over _______ miles.

Answer 9

1830 first opened, by 1850 there were 6,000 miles.
However, full social benefits only came after completion of basic network after 1850.

Question 10

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) By 18___, approx HALF of the ___.__ million inhabitants lived in… an increase of over __ million during first half of 19th century…

Answer 10

By 1851, approx HALF of 16.9 million inhabitants lived in an urban environment, increase of over 5 million.

Question 11

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) By 180__ London had __ million inhabitants, places like Manchester and Birmingham had _________.

Answer 11

• 1801, London, 1 million.
• Manchester/ Birmingham etc had 50,000.

Question 12

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) Negatives :

Answer 12

• Most continued to live in small communities, still a society of traditional influences and attitudes.
• Houses were much better quality than some other buildings however there was unregulated infilliing.

Question 13

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Industry) In South Wales and Monmouthshire, around _____ furnaces were built from 17___-18___…

Answer 13

100 furnaces from 1796-1806.

Question 14

(Impacts of Industrialisation, Industry) By 18___, at least _____ the populations of many villages in the West country were engaged in…

Answer 14

1801, at least half the populations of many villages in the West country were engaged in industrial pursuits.

Question 15

(Banking) When was the Bank of England established? How many banks were there in 1784?

Answer 15

1694. In 1784 there were 119 banks.

Question 16

(Banking) Background of 1690’s-1790’s :
- Counties set up their own… usually under control of…
- Only really used by…
- Shifted from, informal…

Answer 16

Counties set up their own banking system, usually under control of businessmen with some experience.
~ Only really used by businesses initially.
~ Shifted from Informal, Private companies which were Localised to Organised, Accessible for all and with Increasing importance.

Question 17

(Banking) By 1808 how many Banks were there?

Answer 17

800, signifying the rapid growth of the business sector.
(More accessible).

Question 18

(Banking) After the depression in _____(following _______) caused…
- The Banking Act of _______ restricted the issuing of __________, encouraged formation of…

Answer 18

Depression of 1825 following wars had caused many banks to fail, now a financial panic.
The Banking Act of 1826, restricted the issuing of notes which encouraged formation of joint stock companies.
(first was Lancashire banking company).

Question 19

(Banking) 1826 onwards, the cap of __ in bank members was…
- Banks…
- Investors felt more…

Answer 19

6 in bank members was removed and Britains banks were free fully to realise their potential.
~ Banks came together.
~ Investors felt more confident with the joint stock, boosting economy.

Question 20

(Banking) 1833 onwards, Landowners chose to invest in…
- Parliament also permitted _________ _________ Banks in London to issue… in 18___.

Answer 20

New developments, money invested ensured long term commitments and developing infrastructure.
~ Developing business.
~ Parliament also permitted Joint Stock Banks in London to issuer cheques (increased speed of commercial transactions). 1833

Question 21

(Banking) By 1866 there were ____ joint stock banks with _____ branches nationwide…
- Middle class also invested in industries similar to…

Answer 21

1866 there were 154 joint stock banks with 850 branches.
~ Middle class also invested in industries similar to their own/their own. (many classes benefitting from banks).

Question 22

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) With the growth of international trade, industry shifted to areas with…

Answer 22

Good transport links, e.g. cotton mills in Lancashire had access to Liverpool, and with the Manchester-LVP railway finished in 1830, the area became very wealthy.

Question 23

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The introduction of the steam engine from 17___ meant…

Answer 23

1769, Factories no longer needed to be near rivers (as a power source), coal now became the major necessity.

Question 24

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The south of England became relatively unimportant since…

Answer 24

It maintained its agriculture production and traditional working methods, had lower demand for labourers so many people migrated North to find jobs.

Question 25

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) Areas of the country that didn’t have the access (transport etc) remained…

Answer 25

Relatively small scale and thus the divide in Britain between the wealthy regions and poorer regions grew.

Question 26

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The North-West was the centre of… and the South-west was…

Answer 26

NW - Textile manufacturing i.e. cotton and wool.
SW - Primarily agricultural but Cornwall became a major exporter of tin.

Question 27

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) By 185_, there were ___ cities with a population of over __________…

Answer 27

1851, 29 cities with a population of over 50,000.
(May have been problems with overcrowding?).

Question 28

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) As a result of population growth, __/___ children died in…

Answer 28

3/20 of children died in their first year of life.
(Very poor living standards for many).

Question 29

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) In 1800, ___% of the population lived in towns and by 18___, it was ___%…

Answer 29

1800, 25%.
1880, 80%.
(Migration, more jobs in the cities).

Question 30

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) Average income per person per year was £__ a year in 17___, by the 17___’s an average family would earn £__ a year…

Answer 30

£12 a year in 1750 per person, by the 1780’s an average family would earn £24 per year.
(Increased living standards for some)>

Question 31

(The growth of industrial towns and cities) By 18__, British manufacturers produced £_____ million of goods of which £____ million was exported…

Answer 31

1811, £130 million of goods, of which £40 million was exported.
(Good trade, jobs for people).

Question 32

(The growth of industrial towns and cities)
- Benjamin Gott (wool industry) employed ______ men by the 18___’s…

Answer 32

• Employed 1,500 men by the 1820’s.
  (Increased employment).

Question 33

(Government, Laissez-faire Policies helping Industrialisation)
~Repealed acts like in 181__, Repeal of the Statue of ________ which had provided…
~ Also the 182___ Banking __-____________ Act which repealed the _________ Act which…
~ 18______ Master and Servant Act…

Answer 33

• 1813, repeal of the Statue of Artificers, which had provided some regulation on wages and working conditions, (businessmen could now pay lower wages).
• 1826 Banking Co-partnership Act, repealed the Bubble Act which limited number of joint-stock banks.
  (helped MC like Richard Crawshay.
  ~ 1823 Master & Servant Act, made failure to fulfil a contract of work a crime punishable with imprisonment.

Question 34

Bad jobs examples :
- Bridge…
- L_______…
- Bone…
- Soap…

Answer 34

~ Bridge builder, (very dangerous, poor tended to do this, had nothing to hold onto at times).
~ Leggers, (pushing the boats with their legs when there were no paths for horses to walk on, had to be very physically strong).
~ Bone cleaner, (potters, dust could cause lung disease, women & young boys).
~ Soap boiler/making, (Lye would burn hands, could blind you, remains of animals poured into water supply).

Question 35

(Working conditions in Urban Areas)
- Factories are credited to Richard Arkwright, set up his cotton mill in 17______, employed more than _______.
- Paid…
- Purpose of factories was to create…

Answer 35

Cromford in 1771, employing more than 300 people.
~ Paid better wages than agriculture.
~ Purpose of factories were too create profits and to achieve this employers sought to maximise output while keeping costs low.

Question 36

(Working conditions in urban areas)
Factories :
- Tightly packed…
- Long ________ and…
- Employees often worked for ___ days a weeks with ____ hour days, even after reforms men still never worked less than ___ hours a day throughout the 19th century.

Answer 36

~ Tightly packed buildings, relentless noise of machine.
~ Long hours and unsafe conditions
- Often worked 6 days a week with 14th our days, even after reforms men still worked never less than 10 hours a day throughout the 19th century.

Question 37

(Working conditions in urban areas) Factory workers faced fines for lateness or actions that reduced speed e.g. for being 10 minutes late it was not uncommon…

Answer 37

10 minutes late not uncommon for the offender to be fined 2 hours’ wages.
~ Meant employer could compensate himself for loss of productivity.

Question 38

(Working conditions in urban areas)
- High injury rate in factories due to…
- Made more frequent by the lack of _____________ measures…

Answer 38

Due to tired workers having to fix moving machine parts in gloomy surroundings.
~ Made more frequent by the lack of safety measures that were in place, implementing these would have increased costs which employers were not willing to do.

Question 39

(Working conditions in urban areas) Mines remained dangerous despite the ________ safety __________ in 18_____…

Answer 39

The Davy safety lamp in 1815.

Question 40

(Working conditions in urban areas)
- Working underground presented risks such as…
- Demand increase so mines became deeper from ___ meters to _____ meters in 18_____.

Answer 40

~ Flooding, gas explosions and collapsing shafts.
- Mines became deeper, from 90 meters to 300 meters in 1850.

Question 41

(Working conditions in urban areas) Unlike in Factories, miners were not obliged to…

Answer 41

Provide constant work which meant they did not have a guaranteed fixed wage.

Question 42

(Living conditions in urban areas)
- From the late __00’s, employers began building rows…
- They were just __m wide…
- __/__ of workers in Birmingham lived in…

Answer 42

1700’s building rows and rows of cheap housing organised back-to-back so they shared a rear wall and side walls.
~ Built efficiently but lacked quality.
~ Just 4 meters wide.
- 2/3 of workers in Birmingham lived in back to back houses.
- Lack of windows meant candles were used frequently which created a smoky atmosphere which caused respiratory problems.

Question 43

(Living conditions in urban areas)
- First major cholera breakout was in 18___ in Sunderland, killed _________ within a year…
- Since there was little understanding, little could be…
- Improvements were…
- If cesspits were poorly constructed…

Answer 43

1831, killed 32,000 within a year.
~ Since there was little understanding, little could be done to prevent the spread of diseases.
~ Improvements were generally only in affluent areas, reinforcing class divide.
- The waste could leak into surrounding ground and contaminate the local water supply leading to an increased risk of serious illness.

Question 44

(Living conditions in urban areas)
- Urban growth was based on keeping…
- Which place tried to improve this?

Answer 44

• Keeping workers near factories, little thought given to their free time and physical requirements.
• Saltaire, West Yorkshire attempts were made to improve the conditions of workers (was an exception, not the rule).

Question 45

(Living conditions in urban areas)
- Population in urban areas increased ___% every decade between 18__-__…
- Reached a peak. in 18____-_____ and was exacerbated by…

Answer 45

• Increased by 27% every decade between 1801-51.
• Reached a peak in 1841-51 and was exacerbated by Irish immigration.

Question 46

(Living conditions in urban areas) The 18___ Municipal Corporations Act did begin to…

Answer 46

1835, did begin to reform the local government, but the short term effect was limited.
- Serious lack of local amenities.

Question 47

(Living conditions in urban areas) Water :
- Fresh water was only…
- Workers obtained water from…
- Families often had to…
- Slaughterhouses filled open sewers with…

Answer 47

• Fresh water was only affordable to the richer classes.
• Workers obtained water from standpipes in the street, these were only on for a limited period each day.
• Families often had to ‘recycle’ water, in London water often came from the Thames where waste was disposed.
• Slaughterhouses filled open sewers with offal + blood, these sewers often seeped into the water supply.

Question 48

(Living conditions in urban areas)
- Typhus claimed ________ victims each year…
- Other diseases were…
- Asiatic cholera killed __________ in 18___…

Answer 48

Typhus claimed 4,000 lives.
- Diptheria and Scarlet fever.
- Asiatiac cholera killed 52,000 in 1832.

Question 49

(Living conditions in urban areas) Chadwick’s 18____ report also found that ___% of children born to working class parents died before their __th birthday.

Answer 49

1842 report found that 57% of children born to working class families died before their 5th birthday.

Question 50

(Importance of the Factory Act 1833) What did it entail?
- No children under ___ to be employed.
- No night work for under _____s.
- A break of __ hour ____ mins was to be provided for meals during the day.
- Factory owners had to…
- ___ full time inspectors enforced the act (not good, was for the whole country).

Answer 50

• No children under 9 to be employed.
• No night work for under 18’s.
• A break of 1houe 30mins was to be provided for meals during the day.
• Factory owners had to whitewash their premises at least once a year.
• 4, full time inspectors appointed to enforce the act.

Question 51

(Importance of the Factory Act 1833) Impact :
- Fines introduced to those who…
- ONLY covered __________ mills, by the end of the 18_____’s, fewer mill owners were …

Answer 51

• Fines introduced to those who broke the rules, too many of these could prove economically significant.
• ONLY covered textile mills, by the end of the 1830’s fewer mill owners were breaking the law.

Question 52

(Importance of the Factory Act 1833) Impact
- Act was the first of its kind to have measures to enforce the terms passed by…
- However there were only __ inspectors to cover the ______ textile mills in the country…

Answer 52

• First of its kind to have measures to enforce the terms passed by Parliament.
• Only 4 inspectors to cover the 4,000 textile mills in the country.

Question 53

(Importance of the Factory Act 1833)
- The act did show a willingness by the…
- Opened up the possibility of…

Answer 53

• A willingness by the government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation on the general public and the understanding that some reform was needed in order to ensure the long term success of British business.
• Opened up the possibility of further reform.

Question 54

(Impact of factory reform, 1833-70) The 184__ Mines Act :
- The Public had been horrified by a vivid report of conditions by the ‘Royal _______________’.
- Banned underground employment of…
- Reformers were encouraged by the…

Answer 54

1842.
- Public was horrified by a vivid report of conditions by the ‘Royal Commissions’.
- Banned underground employment of children under 10 and women too.
- Reformers encouraged by the extension of intervention of the economy beyond the textile industry.

Question 55

(Impact of factory reform, 1833-70) The 184__ Factory Act :
- Did bring in considerable progress but not towards the…
- Children aged ___-___ and women were to work a max of ____ hours a day.
- More inspectors appointed to…

Answer 55

• 1842.
• Did bring in considerable progress but not towards the 10 hour day.
• Children aged 13-18 and women were to work a max of 12 hours a day.
• More inspectors appointed to enforce laws, safety rules introduced to fence off dangerous machinery

Question 56

(Impact of factory reform, 1833-70) 184__ Factory Act :
- Finally introduced the ____ hour working day for…
- However, many factory owners managed to maintain ____ hour days by…
- The 185___ FACTORY ACT restricted working hours from ___am-____pm.

Answer 56

• 1847.
  ~ Finally introduced the 10 hour working day for all women & children, many factories had reduced working day for men too due to to an economic slowdown.
  ~ However many factory owners managed to maintain 12 hours by managing lunch breaks and relays.
• 1853 Factory Act restricted working hours from 6am-6pm.

Question 57

(Impact of factory reform, 1833-70)
- Factories Act Extension Acts 186__-__ :
- Pottery industry added to this act in 18____…
- In 1867 the Factories Act was extended to all factories employing ____ or more workers.

Answer 57

1860-67..
~ Potteries 1864.
~ 1867, extended to all factories employing 50 or more workers.

Question 58

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Working class)
- Working class periodically…
- (Opposition), Middle class argued…

Answer 58

Organised in protest at the conditions they endured.
~ (opposition) Middle class argued that any changes would affect productivity and profits.

Question 59

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Government)
- Return of the Tory government in 184__, led by…
- Led to further reform motivated by a wish to reduce…
- Peel believed that social distress affected…

Answer 59

• Returned in 1844, led by Sir Robert Peel.
  ~ Led to further reform motivation by a wish to reduce social distress within society.
  ~ Peel believed that social distress affected economic growth and undermined the moral condition in Britain.

Question 60

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Groups)
- The Ten Hours Movement was led by Richard ______________, campaigned…
- 10 Hours was the backbone of the…
- Social reformers and some humanitarian ______ owners campaigned for…

Answer 60

• Led by Richard Oastler, campaigned for a 10 hour working day.
• 10 Hours was the backbone of the drive for reform, it was a sustained campaign in the 1830s.
• Social reformers and some humanitarian mill owners campaigned for reform based on the morality of the factory system.

Question 61

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Opposition)
- Whig MP Lord A____________ led the opposition against the reforms proposed by S_________.
- Whilst in favour of some factory reform, he was completely opposed to…

Answer 61

• Lord Althorp led the opposition against the reforms proposed by Sadler.
  ~ Whilst in favour of some factory reform, he was completely opposed to the proposed reduction of a 10 hour working day for children.

Question 62

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Government)
- Whigs such as Thomas M____________ believed improving conditions was linked to economic growth, if…
- Both Whigs and tories were found to be active believers in the…
- Especially Tory M___________ S__________ and Whig MP John H_____________.

Answer 62

• Whigs such as Thomas Macauley believed it was linked to economic growth, if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised.
  ~ Both Whigs and Tories were found to be active believers in the need for improvement.
  ~ Especially Tory Michael Sadler and Whig MP John Hobhouse.

Question 63

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Factory Workers, Opposition)
-The dominance of free trade…

Answer 63

• The dominance of free trade, that markets set their own value rather than government regulation, meant many factory owners also agreed that they should be left to do what they wanted to be competitive.

Question 64

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Government, opposition)
- Tories feared that unbridled industrial development would result in…

Answer 64

• Unbridled industrial development would result in the decline of tradition economic practices and the protected markets.

Question 65

(Achieving Improved Working Conditions, Individual) Lord Ashley had less… :

Answer 65

Political ideas and simply believed it was the morally right thing to do.

Question 66

(Who enabled Factory Reform to take place?, Short Time Committees)
- First one was formed by _____________ workers in _______________ and __________.
- _______________ and _____________ made up the…
- Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions in support of …

Answer 66

Textile workers in Huddersfield and Leeds.
~ Spinners and weavers made up the bulk of the membership.
~ Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions in support of Hobhouse’s Bill.

Question 67

(Who enabled Factory Reform to take place? Short Time Committees)
- In 183__ there were ___ Short Time Committees, with ___ of them in Yorkshire…
- They remained in existence until the passing of the 184___…

Answer 67

• 1833, there were 26 Short Time Committees.
  ~ 12 were in Yorkshire.
• Remained in existence until the passing of the 1847 Factory Act.

Question 68

(Who enabled Factory Reform to take place? Factory Inspectors)
- The Government appointed how many factory inspectors?
- Factory children had to obtain ___ certificates, however it was clear this wasn’t…

Answer 68

• 4.
  ~ Factory children had to obtain age certificates however It was clear that this wasn’t stopping children under 9 from working in textile factories.

Question 69

(Who enabled Factory Reform to take place, Micheal Armstrong’s Factory Boy)
- First part was published in 18___, it cost __ shilling a month and was the first…
- Written by Frances T__________, she was the first woman to issue her novels in…
- Main message is that individual philanthropy is an…
- Frances was attacked for producing a book that could be purchased in parts and therefore…

Answer 69

• 1840, cost 1 shilling a month and was the first industrial novel to be published in Britain
• Written by Frances Trollope, she was the first woman to issue her novels in monthly parts. (AVAILABLE TO WORKING CLASS).
  ~ Main message is that individual philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialisation.
• Frances was attacked for producing a book that could be purchased in parts and therefore available to the working class.

Question 70

(Who enabled Factory Reform to take place? Manchester’s Factory Children)
- During the campaign for the Ten Hour Day, a group of…
- Statements included “We do not think it right that…

Answer 70

• Factory children in Manchester joined together to support legislation.
• “We do not think it right that we should know nothing but work and suffering”.

Question 71

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process)
- In the years between 17__-18__, most English working class people…
- The brutal crackdowns by the government culminated in the __ Acts of 18___… this managed to crush revolts through draconian measures such as the…

Answer 71

• 1780-1832, most came to feel an identity of interest as between themselves and as against their rulers and employers.
• Still relatively divided.
• Brutal crackdowns by gov resulted in the Six Acts of 1819, managed to crush revolts through draconian measures such as the riot act and frequent use of transportation as punishment.

Question 72

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process)
- During the Napoleonic Wars, rapid industrialisation…
- There were chronic _________ rises, periods of high ___________________ which sometimes erupted into… and…
- As a result, these repressive measures meant workers had to organise themselves in order to…

Answer 72

• During the Napoleonic Wars, rapid industrialisation was producing casualties.
• There were chronic price rises, periods of high unemployment which sometimes erupted into food riots and demands for political and economic equality.
• As a result, the workers had to organise themselves to improve, or even maintain, their situation, they did this with the following methods…

Question 73

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process, Methods used) Self Help Groups :…
- Skilled workers formed themselves into early forms of __________ ____________ called…
- Often most concerned about loosing their jobs due to…
- Combinations Acts of 179__ and 18_____ banned these as the government percieved them as…

Answer 73

• Skilled workers formed themselves into early forms of trade unions called ‘combinations’.
• Often most concerned about loosing their jobs due to developments in machinery.
• Combinations Acts of 1799 and 1800 banned these as the government perceived them as thinly disguised efforts to promote revolution.
  (due to USA + French revolutions).

Question 74

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process, Methods used) Friendly Societies :
- Most ‘combinations’, once banned, continued to exist as ______________ ____________ which were there to…

Answer 74

• Most combinations, once banned, continued to exist as Friendly societies which were there to protect their members against financial hardships through saving contributions.

Question 75

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process, Methods used)
- Some workers, either frustrated with the lack of action from the ___________ __________, or unable to join them if they were ______________, resorted to…

Answer 75

The Friendly Societies, or unable to join them if they were unskilled, resorted to illegal, direct action such as rioting, sabotage and machine wrecking,

Question 76

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process, Methods used) Trade Unions :
- The ___________________ Act was repealed in 182___ so workers could openly join…

Answer 76

The Combinations Acts were repealed in 1825 so workers could openly join unions who began to call for the right to vote.
(voting rights were very limited at this time).

Question 77

(The changing nature and effectiveness of industrial process, Methods used) Chartism :
- Was the most famous example of _________________ class political movement, was created following the 18____ ___________ Act because the workers felt…
- The People’s Charter was presented to parliament ___ times in the 18____-____s, as a reaction to this Act, but failed…

Answer 77

• Chartism was the most famous example of a working class political movement was created following 1832 Reform Act because the workers felt cheated that the franchise hadn’t been extended to them.
• People’s Charter presented to parliament 3 times in the 1830-40’s, as a reaction to this Great Reform Act but failed in all its aims at the time.

Question 78

(The Significance of Luddism & Swing Riots)
- Luddism was the name given to a series of incidents, starting in 18_____, in which protestors stormed…
- Started in the _________________ districts of _________________.
- Name came from N______ L________, a weaver who destroyed ___ machines after being _______________ in 179__.
- Workers who took part were often angry at the introduction of…

Answer 78

• Luddism, starting in 1811, in which protestors stormed factories and broke up machines.
  ~ Started in the lacemaking districts of Nottingham.
  ~ Name came from Ned Ludd, a weaver who destroyed 2 machines after being whipped in 1799.
  ~ Workers who took part were often angry at the introduction of steam-powered machinery.

Question 79

(The Significance of Luddism & Swing Riots, Long Term Causes)
- Introduction of __________ rents.
- High ________________ costs.
- Lower prices for…
- Increased use of _______________ labour.
- Napoloen closed all continental ________ to British ships in May 180___, by 18_____ this economic blockade was…

Answer 79

~ Introduction of frame rents.
~ High transport costs.
~ Lower prices for finished goods.
~ Increased use of unskilled labour.
~ Napoleon closed all continental ports to British ships in May 1808, by 1812 this economic blockade was beginning to bite:

Question 80

(The Significance of Luddism & Swing Riots, Short Term Causes)
- Closure of the __________________ market after the ________________ Non-Intercourse Act was passed in 18_______. Exports had been worth £____ million in 18______ then dropped to $__ million by the end of 18_____.
- Rapid growth in ___________________ and wage ______ for workers.
- Failure of the ______________ which resulted in higher ___________ prices in August 18_____.

Answer 80

~ Closure of the American market after the American Non-Intercourse Act was passed in 1811 - exports worth £11 million in 1810 then dropped to £2 million by the end of 1811.
~ Rapid growth in unemployment and wage cuts for workers.
~ Failure of the harvest which resulted in higher bread prices in August 1812.

Question 81

(Middle Class)
- They were men who took advantage of emerging…
- Pioneer the development of…
- Majority were merchants or…
- Many cared more about _________ than fairness amongst…
- They had a ____________/____________ worker relationship.

Answer 81

Took advantage of emerging technologies and opportunities.
~ Pioneered the development of large-scale industry.
- Majority were merchants or small factory owners who profited from the expanding markets.
- Many cared more about profit than fairness amongst workers.
- They had a master/worker relationship.

Question 82

(Middle Class)
- Between 18___-___ it increased in size by ___%
- ___ Cabinet MPs were middle class from 18___-___.

Answer 82

• 1816-1831 increased in size by 75%.
• 14 Cabinet MPs were middle class from 1830-66 (increased political power).

Question 83

(Impact of the middle class on Britain)
- Richard Crawshay owned C_____________ Ironworks by 18____ employed __________ men, wealth worth over £_____________.
- Benjamin Gott (Wool industry) had over £_____________ in the bank…

Answer 83

• Owned Cyfartha Ironworks, by 1830 employed 5,000 men, wealth worth over £200,000.
• Benjamin Gott had £100,000 in the bank, the more money they got, the more power they got.

Question 84

(Titus Salt)
- In Bradford, __ in ___ died before they were ___…
- Was an incredibly ____________ city.
- Titus Salt urged mill owners to use a new kind of…

Answer 84

• 7/10 died before they were 6.
  ~ Incredibly polluted city.
  ~ Salt urged mill owners to use a new kind of boiler he designed which dissipated the gas, they didn’t agree.

Question 85

(Titus Salt)
- Sold his factories in Bradford and built…
- Was an _________________ community.
- Housed __________ employees.
- His factories had up to date ______ safety + extraction __________.

Answer 85

~ Built ‘Saltaire’, included schools, lecture halls, churches etc.
~ Was an industrial community.
~ Housed 4,500 employees.
~ His factories had up to date fire safety + extraction boilers.

Question 86

Luddites (1811-17)
- In __ weeks, _____ stocking frames were destroyed.

Answer 86

3 weeks, 200 stocking frames destroyed.

Question 87

(Swing Riots)
- 183__-____.
£_____ riot damage and £________ arson damage…

Answer 87

• 1830-31.
• £600 riot damage and £100,000 arson damage.

Question 88

(Reforms affecting living conditions 1848-70)
- Edwin Chadwick published his report ‘The Sanitary ______________ of the _______________ Population of Great Britain’ in 18___, it sold ___________ copies.
- Stated the cause and spread of disease was due to the poor…

Answer 88

• ‘The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’ in 1842. It sold 100,000 copies.
  ~ Stated the cause and spread of disease was due to the poor standards of living amongst the working class.

Question 89

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70)
- Peel’s government failed to act initially because it felt that _________ corporations had the responsibility to…
- Chadwick’s report influenced reform until 18____, despite the government’s…

Answer 89

• It was felt that town corporations had the responsibility to maintain sanitary conditions and arrange an adequate supply of clean water.
  ~ Chadwick’s report influenced reform until 1870, despite the government’s reluctance to act.

Question 90

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70)
- Momentum for subsequent legislative action was sustained by both Chadwick and the HOTA:
- The Health of Towns Association, 184___ :
- It was a ______________ group formed by S___________ S__________ and grew rapidly.
- Aim was to…
- Included future PM Benjamin D___________.

Answer 90

~ Momentum for subsequent legislative action was sustained by both Chadwick and the HOTA:
- 1844.
~ It was a pressure group formed by Southward Smith and grew rapidly.
~ Aim was to pressure the government into passing a Public Health Act.
~ Included future PM Benjamin Disraeli.

Question 91

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70, The Public Health Act, 1848)
- After an outbreak of ___________ in 18_____ saw the introduction of Britain first Public Health ______ by Lord M__________.
- It established a precedent for the future…

Answer 91

Outbreak of Typhus in 1848 saw the introduction of Britain’s first Public Health Bill by Lord Morpeth.
- It established a precedent for the future : health and sanitation was important.

Question 92

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70, The Public Health Act)
- 1848.
- Created the Central Board of __________ to oversee additional local boards that would be responsible for ensuring…
- However, it wasn’t… and there were no…
- Did little to improve life because the CBOH had no…

Answer 92

• 1848.
  Central Board of Health to oversee additional local boards that would be responsible for ensuring there was fresh water, adequate and cleaning of the streets.
• WASN’T compulsory and there were no inspectors.
• Did little to improve life because the CBOH had no money to compel local corporations to adopt its ideas.

Question 93

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70)
- The Burial Acts, 185__-__, began the creation of…
- Maintained _______________, charging the expense…
- Signified commitment of Parliament to promote….
- Before, people had dug ___m gates to try and fit lots in which promoted the spread of…

Answer 93

• 1852-57, began the creation of a public network of cemeteries to be overseen by the Burial Board.
• Maintained cemeteries, charging the expense of such an undertaking to the poor rate.
• Signified commitment of Parliament to promote health standards.
  (before, people dug 1m deep graves to try and fit in which promoted the spread of disease).

Question 94

(Reforms affecting living conditions, 1848-70)
- The Sanitary Act 18___, marked a growing determination by the government to promote…
-It made ______________ inspections compulsory for… and required them to maintain accurate…
- Also made the flagrant disregard for ________________ in the case of…

Answer 94

1866, marked a growing determination by the gov to promote better health conditions in Britain.
- Made sanitation inspections compulsory for local corporations, required them to maintain accurate records of these inspections.
- Also made the flagrant disregard for quarantine in the case of contagious diseases punishable.

Question 95

(Who deserves the credit for Public Health Reforms?)
- Edwin Chadwick :
- His report, called ‘The Sanitary Condition…’, 184___, sold __________ copies.
- He was the ______________ of the Royal ______________ on Reform of the ________ __________ from 183__-4___.
- Conducted a campaign that resulted in the passage of the 184___ Public ___________ Act.

Answer 95

• ‘The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’, 1842, sold 100,000 copies.
• Secretary of the Royal Commission on Reform of the Poor Laws (1834-46)
• Conducted a campaign that resulted in the Passage of the 1848 PHA.

Question 96

(Who deserves the credit for Public Health Reforms?)
- John Simon :
- Annual reports from 184__-5___ have become classics in the history of…
- Showed risks that arose from…
- His instigaion that set up the ……….
(annual reports from…, showed the risks that…, was his instigation that set up…)

Answer 96

• Annual reports from 1848-55 have become classics in the history of English sanitation.
• Showed risks that arose from bad drainage.
• His instigation that set up the Royal Sanitary Commission in 1868. In 1871 as a result of this the Local Government Board was set up.

Question 97

(Who deserves the credit for Public Health Reforms?) William Farr : (description, annual letters, answers to the…, developed…)

Answer 97

• ‘True pioneer’.
• Annual letters to the Registrar-General on the causes of death in England provide statistical record of diseases, no other country did this.
• Answers to the questions in the 1851 Great Census of Great Britain provided a wealth of information which he used in his enquiry into the mortality of the English working man.
• Developed the first National Vital Statistics system.

Question 98

(Who deserves the credit for Public Health Reforms?) Lord Morpeth : (No social reform could happen…, he was a…helped carry through the..)

Answer 98

• No social reform can happen until public opinion accepts the ideas, which is why politicians (which he was) are essential.
• Helped carry through parliament many many reforms, including the Irish Poor Bill.

Question 99

How far do you agree that rapid industrial growth was primarily the result of laissez-faire policies?
(Factors Q)

Answer 99

Laissez-Faire policies, Growth of Middle Class, Geographic Diversity (inc of transport), Growth of Banks.

Question 100

Laissez-Faire policies that helped industrial growth :

Answer 100

~ Ensured industrialisations success and eventual improvement.
~ Removed obstacles that slowed down the rapid pace of profiteering.
~ Master & Servant in 1823, made the failure of to fulfil a contract of work a crime punishable with imprisonment.
~ Undertook the task of regulating private enterprise to promote long-term stability.

Question 101

ESSAY PLAN : How accurate is it to say that Chartism was the most significant campaign or electoral reform in the years 1832-67?
- Chartism.
- Role of reforming…
- Pressure…

Answer 101

• Chartism.
• Role of reforming MPs.
• Pressure groups.