Britain, Booklet 2, INDUSTRIALISATION + PROTEST Flashcards

Question

(Working conditions in urban areas) - High injury rate in factories due to… - Made more frequent by the lack of _____________ measures...

Answer 1

Due to tired workers having to fix moving machine parts in gloomy surroundings. ~ Made more frequent by the lack of safety measures that were in place, implementing these would have increased costs which employers were not willing to do.

Answer 2

~ Flooding, gas explosions and collapsing shafts. - Mines became deeper, from 90 meters to 300 meters in 1850.

Answer 3

1700’s building rows and rows of cheap housing organised back-to-back so they shared a rear wall and side walls. ~ Built efficiently but lacked quality. ~ Just 4 meters wide. - 2/3 of workers in Birmingham lived in back to back houses. - Lack of windows meant candles were used frequently which created a smoky atmosphere which caused respiratory problems.

Answer 4

1831, killed 32,000 within a year. ~ Since there was little understanding, little could be done to prevent the spread of diseases. ~ Improvements were generally only in affluent areas, reinforcing class divide. - The waste could leak into surrounding ground and contaminate the local water supply leading to an increased risk of serious illness.

Answer 5

- Keeping workers near factories, little thought given to their free time and physical requirements. - Saltaire, West Yorkshire attempts were made to improve the conditions of workers (was an exception, not the rule).

Answer 6

- Increased by 27% every decade between 1801-51. - Reached a peak in 1841-51 and was exacerbated by Irish immigration. - 1835 Municipal Corporations Act, did begin to reform the local government, but the short term effect was limited. - Serious lack of local amenities.

Answer 7

- Fresh water was only affordable to the richer classes. - Workers obtained water from standpipes in the street, these were only on for a limited period each day. - Families often had to 'recycle' water, in London water often came from the Thames where waste was disposed. - Slaughterhouses filled open sewers with offal + blood, these sewers often seeped into the water supply.

Answer 8

Typhus claimed 4,000 lives. - Diptheria and Scarlet fever. - Asiatiac cholera killed 52,000 in 1832.

Answer 9

1842 report found that 57% of children born to working class families died before their 5th birthday.

Answer 10

- 1833. - No children under 9 to be employed. - No night work for under 18's. - A break of 1houe 30mins was to be provided for meals during the day. - Factory owners had to whitewash their premises at least once a year. - 4, full time inspectors appointed to enforce the act.

Answer 11

- 1833. - Fines introduced to those who broke the rules, too many of these could prove economically significant. - ONLY covered textile mills, by the end of the 1830's fewer mill owners were breaking the law. - First of its kind to have measures to enforce the terms passed by Parliament. - Only 4 inspectors to cover the 4,000 textile mills in the country.

Answer 12

- 1833. - A willingness by the government to recognise the negative effects of industrialisation on the general public and the understanding that some reform was needed in order to ensure the long term success of British business. - Opened up the possibility of further reform.

Answer 13

1842. - Public was horrified by a vivid report of conditions by the 'Royal Commissions'. - Banned underground employment of children under 10 and women too. - Reformers encouraged by the extension of intervention of the economy beyond the textile industry.

Answer 14

- 1842. - Did bring in considerable progress but not towards the 10 hour day. - Children aged 13-18 and women were to work a max of 12 hours a day. - More inspectors appointed to enforce laws, safety rules introduced to fence off dangerous machinery

Answer 15

- 1847. ~ Finally introduced the 10 hour working day for all women & children, many factories had reduced working day for men too due to to an economic slowdown. ~ However many factory owners managed to maintain 12 hours by managing lunch breaks and relays. - 1853 Factory Act restricted working hours from 6am-6pm.

Answer 16

1860-67.. ~ Potteries 1864. ~ 1867, extended to all factories employing 50 or more workers.

Answer 17

Organised in protest at the conditions they endured. ~ (opposition) Middle class argued that any changes would affect productivity and profits.

Answer 18

- Returned in 1844, led by Sir Robert Peel. ~ Led to further reform motivation by a wish to reduce social distress within society. ~ Peel believed that social distress affected economic growth and undermined the moral condition in Britain.

Answer 19

- Led by Richard Oastler, campaigned for a 10 hour working day. - 10 Hours was the backbone of the drive for reform, it was a sustained campaign in the 1830s. - Social reformers and some humanitarian mill owners campaigned for reform based on the morality of the factory system.

Answer 20

- Lord Althorp led the opposition against the reforms proposed by Sadler. ~ Whilst in favour of some factory reform, he was completely opposed to the proposed reduction of a 10 hour working day for children.

Answer 21

- Whigs such as Thomas Macauley believed improving conditions was linked to economic growth, if conditions were bad for children they would not be as effective later on in life and productivity would be compromised. ~ Both Whigs and Tories were found to be active believers in the need for improvement. ~ Especially Tory Michael Sadler and Whig MP John Hobhouse.

Answer 22

- The dominance of free trade, that markets set their own value rather than government regulation, meant many factory owners also agreed that they should be left to do what they wanted to be competitive.

Answer 23

- Unbridled industrial development would result in the decline of tradition economic practices and the protected markets.

Answer 24

Political ideas and simply believed it was the morally right thing to do.

Answer 25

Textile workers in Huddersfield and Leeds. ~ Spinners and weavers made up the bulk of the membership. ~ Held public meetings and attempted to persuade people to sign petitions in support of Hobhouse’s Bill. - 1833, there were 26 Short Time Committees. ~ 12 were in Yorkshire. - Remained in existence until the passing of the 1847 Factory Act.

Answer 26

- 4. ~ Factory children had to obtain age certificates however It was clear that this wasn’t stopping children under 9 from working in textile factories.

Answer 27

- Micheal Armstrong. - 1840, cost 1 shilling a month and was the first industrial novel to be published in Britain - Written by Frances Trollope, she was the first woman to issue her novels in monthly parts. (AVAILABLE TO WORKING CLASS). ~ Main message is that individual philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialisation. - Frances was attacked for producing a book that could be purchased in parts and therefore available to the working class.

Answer 28

- During campaign for Ten Hour Day, factory children in Manchester joined together to support legislation. - "We do not think it right that we should know nothing but work and suffering".

Answer 29

- 1780-1832, most came to feel an identity of interest as between themselves and as against their rulers and employers. - Still relatively divided. - Brutal crackdowns by gov resulted in the Six Acts of 1819, managed to crush revolts through draconian measures such as the riot act and frequent use of transportation as punishment.

Answer 30

- During the Napoleonic Wars, rapid industrialisation was producing casualties. - There were chronic price rises, periods of high unemployment which sometimes erupted into food riots and demands for political and economic equality. - As a result, the workers had to organise themselves to improve, or even maintain, their situation, they did this with the following methods...

Answer 31

- Skilled workers formed themselves into early forms of trade unions called 'combinations'. - Often most concerned about loosing their jobs due to developments in machinery. - Combinations Acts of 1799 and 1800 banned these as the government perceived them as thinly disguised efforts to promote revolution. (due to USA + French revolutions).

Answer 32

- Most combinations, once banned, continued to exist as Friendly societies which were there to protect their members against financial hardships through saving contributions.

Answer 33

The Friendly Societies, or unable to join them if they were unskilled, resorted to illegal, direct action such as rioting, sabotage and machine wrecking,

Answer 34

The Combinations Acts were repealed in 1824 so workers could openly join unions who began to call for the right to vote. (voting rights were very limited at this time).

Answer 35

- Chartism was the most famous example of a working class political movement was created following 1832 Reform Act because the workers felt cheated that the franchise hadn't been extended to them. - People's Charter presented to parliament 3 times in the 1830-40's, as a reaction to this Great Reform Act but failed in all its aims at the time.

Answer 36

- Luddism, starting in 1811, in which protestors stormed factories and broke up machines. ~ Started in the lacemaking districts of Nottingham. ~ Name came from Ned Ludd, a weaver who destroyed 2 machines after being whipped in 1799. ~ Workers who took part were often angry at the introduction of steam-powered machinery. - (Luddites) 3 weeks, 200 stocking frames destroyed. - 1812 Frame Breaking Act made purposeful frame breaking punishable by death.

Answer 37

- (Swing Riots) 1830-31 a series of agricultural disturbances, £600 riot damage and £100,000 arson damage. - Agricultural, rural areas, spread from Kent to Yorkshire, 20 counties in total. - Happened because threshing machines reduced winter employment as they could do work of 15 men.

Answer 38

~ Introduction of frame rents. ~ High transport costs. ~ Threshing machines could do work of 15 men (SW). ~ Lower prices for finished goods. ~ Increased use of unskilled labour (L). ~ Napoleon closed all continental ports to British ships in May 1808, by 1812 this economic blockade was beginning to bite:

Answer 39

~ Closure of the American market after the American Non-Intercourse Act was passed in 1811 - exports worth £11 million in 1810 then dropped to £2 million by the end of 1811. ~ Rapid growth in unemployment and wage cuts for workers. ~ Failure of the harvest which resulted in higher bread prices in August 1812.

Answer 40

Took advantage of emerging technologies and opportunities. ~ Pioneered the development of large-scale industry. - Majority were merchants or small factory owners who profited from the expanding markets. - Many cared more about profit than fairness amongst workers. - They had a master/worker relationship.

Answer 41

- 1816-1831 increased in size by 75%. - 14 Cabinet MPs were middle class from 1830-66 (increased political power).

Answer 42

- Richard Crawshay, owned Cyfartha Ironworks, by 1830 employed 5,000 men, wealth worth over £200,000. - Benjamin Gott had £100,000 in the bank, the more money they got, the more power they got.

Answer 43

- 7/10 died before they were 6. ~ Incredibly polluted city. ~ Salt urged mill owners to use a new kind of boiler he designed which dissipated the gas, they didn’t agree. ~ Built ‘Saltaire’, included schools, lecture halls, churches etc. ~ Was an industrial community. ~ Housed 4,500 employees. ~ His factories had up to date fire safety + extraction boilers.

Answer 44

- ‘The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’ in 1842. It sold 100,000 copies. ~ Stated the cause and spread of disease was due to the poor standards of living amongst the working class.

Answer 45

- It was felt that town corporations had the responsibility to maintain sanitary conditions and arrange an adequate supply of clean water. ~ Chadwick’s report influenced reform until 1870, despite the government’s reluctance to act.

Answer 46

~ Momentum for subsequent legislative action was sustained by both Chadwick and the HOTA: - 1844. ~ It was a pressure group formed by Southward Smith and grew rapidly. ~ Aim was to pressure the government into passing a Public Health Act. ~ Included future PM Benjamin Disraeli.

Answer 47

- 1848. - Outbreak of Typhus in 1848 saw the introduction of Britain’s first Public Health Bill by Lord Morpeth. - It established a precedent for the future : health and sanitation was important.

Answer 48

- 1848. Central Board of Health to oversee additional local boards that would be responsible for ensuring there was fresh water, adequate and cleaning of the streets. - WASN'T compulsory and there were no inspectors. - Did little to improve life because the CBOH had no money to compel local corporations to adopt its ideas.

Answer 49

- 1852-57, began the creation of a public network of cemeteries to be overseen by the Burial Board. - Maintained cemeteries, charging the expense of such an undertaking to the poor rate. - Signified commitment of Parliament to promote health standards. (before, people dug 1m deep graves to try and fit in which promoted the spread of disease).

Answer 50

1866, marked a growing determination by the gov to promote better health conditions in Britain. - Made sanitation inspections compulsory for local corporations, required them to maintain accurate records of these inspections. - Also made the flagrant disregard for quarantine in the case of contagious diseases punishable.

Answer 51

- 'The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain', 1842, sold 100,000 copies. - Secretary of the Royal Commission on Reform of the Poor Laws (1834-46) - Conducted a campaign that resulted in the Passage of the 1848 PHA.

Answer 52

- Annual reports from 1848-55 have become classics in the history of English sanitation. - Showed risks that arose from bad drainage. - His instigation that set up the Royal Sanitary Commission in 1868. In 1871 as a result of this the Local Government Board was set up.

Answer 53

- Annual letters to the Registrar-General on the causes of death in England provide statistical record of diseases, no other country did this. - Answers to the questions in the 1851 Great Census of Great Britain provided a wealth of information which he used in his enquiry into the mortality of the English working man. - Developed the first National Vital Statistics system.

Answer 54

- No social reform can happen until public opinion accepts the ideas, which is why politicians (which he was) are essential. - Helped carry through parliament many many reforms, including the Irish Poor Bill.

Answer 55

Laissez-Faire policies, Growth of Middle Class, Geographic Diversity (inc of transport), Growth of Banks.

Answer 56

~ Ensured industrialisations success and eventual improvement. ~ Removed obstacles that slowed down the rapid pace of profiteering. ~ Master & Servant in 1823, made the failure of to fulfil a contract of work a crime punishable with imprisonment. ~ Undertook the task of regulating private enterprise to promote long-term stability.

Answer 57

- Chartism. - Role of reforming MPs. - Pressure groups.