Britain, Booklet 2, INDUSTRIALISATION + PROTEST Flashcards
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Most striking change was…
The enclosure of open fields.
- Involved replacing strip farming with hedged fields under single ownership.
- Eventually helped fund roads as legal fees were involved.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Crop yields increased by some ___% during the 18th century, __/__ of this increase was due to…
Increased by 40%, 2/3 of this was due to more intensive use of land.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Without a strong agricultural sector…
The economy couldn’t have supported the rapidly growing population and increasing proportion of which was engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Countryside) Between 1866-__ the volume of milk being imported into London by rail rose from ___ million gallons to ___.
1866-80, increased from 7 million gallons to 20 million.
- Cornwall specialised in broccoli and early potatoes.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Turnpikes and Canals) Travel time reduced, London to Shewsbury was __ days in 17___, this became just __ hours and __ mins in 18___…
4 days in 1753 and 12 hours and 40 mins in 1835.
(however, turnpike trusts were often local and unable to maintain most heavily used roads).
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Turnpikes and Canals) By 17___, the __ major river systems of England (…) had been linked by canals…
1790, 4 major river systems, Humber, Mersey, Severn and Thames.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Canals fought with railway between Liverpool and Manchester for ___ years and in ______ carried twice the tonnage of the railway…
20 years and in 1848 carried twice the tonnage of the railway.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Total railway network by 19___ was over__ times that of 18___, but…
By 1912 was over 3 times that of 1850, but many of these late arrivals were the least economic and the first to close.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Railways) Traditionally dated from opening of Liverpool to Manchester line in 18___, by 1850 there were over _______ miles.
1830 first opened, by 1850 there were 6,000 miles.
However, full social benefits only came after completion of basic network after 1850.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) By 18___, approx HALF of the ___.__ million inhabitants lived in… an increase of over __ million during first half of 19th century…
By 1851, approx HALF of 16.9 million inhabitants lived in an urban environment, increase of over 5 million.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) By 180__ London had __ million inhabitants, places like Manchester and Birmingham had _________.
- 1801, London, 1 million.
- Manchester/ Birmingham etc had 50,000.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Towns) Negatives :
- Most continued to live in small communities, still a society of traditional influences and attitudes.
- Houses were much better quality than some other buildings however there was unregulated infilliing.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Industry) In South Wales and Monmouthshire, around _____ furnaces were built from 17___-18___…
100 furnaces from 1796-1806.
(Impacts of Industrialisation, Industry) By 18___, at least _____ the populations of many villages in the West country were engaged in…
1801, at least half the populations of many villages in the West country were engaged in industrial pursuits.
(Banking) When was the Bank of England established? How many banks were there in 1784?
- In 1784 there were 119 banks.
(Banking) Background of 1690’s-1790’s :
Counties set up their own banking system, usually under control of businessmen with some experience.
~ Only really used by businesses initially.
~ Shifted from Informal, Private companies which were Localised to Organised, Accessible for all and with Increasing importance.
(Banking) By 1808 how many Banks were there?
800, signifying the rapid growth of the business sector.
(More accessible).
(Banking) After the depression in _____, which caused… The Banking Act of _______ restricted…
Depression of 1825 following wars had caused many banks to fail, now a financial panic.
The Banking Act of 1826, restricted the issuing of notes which encouraged formation of joint stock companies.
(first was Lancashire banking company).
(Banking) 1826 onwards, the cap of…
6 in bank members was removed and Britains banks were free fully to realise their potential.
~ Banks came together.
~ Investors felt more confident with the joint stock, boosting economy.
(Banking) 1833 onwards, Landowners chose to invest in…
New developments, money invested ensured long term commitments and developing infrastructure.
~ Developing business.
~ Parliament also permitted Joint Stock Banks in London to issuer cheques (increased speed of commercial transactions). 1833
(Banking) By 1866 there were ____ joint stock banks with _____ branches nationwide…
1866 there were 154 joint stock banks with 850 branches.
~ Middle class also invested in industries similar to their own/their own. (many classes benefitting from banks).
(Middle Class) They were men who…
Took advantage of emerging technologies and opportunities.
- Pioneered the development of large-scale industry.
- Majority were merchants or small factory owners.
(Middle Class) Between 18___-___ the middle class increased by ___%. Richard _________ owned ________ ironworks, by 18____, employees ________ men. He had a wealth of over £_________.
- 1816-1831, increased 75%.
- Richard Crawshay owned Cyfartha ironworks which by 1830, employed 5,000 men.
- He had a wealth of over £200,000.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) With the growth of international trade, industry shifted to areas with…
Good transport links, e.g. cotton mills in Lancashire had access to Liverpool, and with the Manchester-LVP railway finished in 1830, the area became very wealthy.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The introduction of the steam engine from 17___ meant…
1769, Factories no longer needed to be near rivers (as a power source), coal now became the major necessity.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The south of England became relatively unimportant since…
It maintained its agriculture production and traditional working methods, had lower demand for labourers so many people migrated North to find jobs.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) Areas of the country that didn’t have the access (transport etc) remained…
Relatively small scale and thus the divide in Britain between the wealthy regions and poorer regions grew.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) The North-West was the centre of… and the South-west was…
NW - Textile manufacturing i.e. cotton and wool.
SW - Primarily agricultural but Cornwall became a major exporter of tin.
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) By 185_, there were ___ cities with a population of over ________…
1851, 29 cities with a population of over 50,000.
(May have been problems with overcrowding?).
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) As a result of population growth, __/___ children died in…
3/20 of children died in their first year of life.
(Very poor living standards for many).
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) In 1800, ___% of the population lived in towns and by 18___, it was ___%…
1800, 25%.
1880, 80%.
(Migration, more jobs in the cities).
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) Average income per person per year was £__ a year in 17___, by the 17___’s an average family would earn £__ a year…
£12 a year in 1750 per person, by the 1780’s an average family would earn £24 per year.
(Increased living standards for some)>
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) By 18__, British manufacturers produced £__ million of goods of which £__ million was exported…
1811, £130 million of goods, of which £40 million was exported.
(Good trade, jobs for people).
(The growth of industrial towns and cities) Benjamin Gott (wool industry) employed ______ men by the 18___’s…
Employed 1,500 men by the 1820’s.
(Increased employment).
(Government, Laissez-faire Policies helping Industrialisation)
~Repealed acts like in 181__, Repeal of the Statue of ________ which had provided…
~ Also the 182___ Banking ______________ Act which repealed the 172__ _______ Act which…
~ 18______ Master and Servant Act…
- 1813, repeal of the Statue of Artificers, which had provided some regulation on wages and working conditions, (businessmen could now pay lower wages).
- 1826 Banking Co-partnership Act, repealed the 1720 Bubble Act which limited number of joint-stock banks.
(helped MC like Richard Crawshay.
~ 1823 Master & Servant Act, made failure to fulfil a contract of work a crime punishable with imprisonment.
Bad jobs examples :
~ Bridge builder, (very dangerous, poor tended to do this, had nothing to hold onto at times).
~ Leggers, (pushing the boats with their legs when there were no paths for horses to walk on, had to be very physically strong).
~ Bone cleaner, (potters, dust could cause lung disease, women & young boys).
~ Soap boiler/making, (Lye would burn hands, could blind you, remains of animals poured into water supply).
(Working conditions in Urban Areas) Factories are credited to Richard Arkwright, set up his cotton mill in… employed more than…
Cromford in 1771, employing more than 300 people.
~ Paid better wages than agriculture.
~ Purpose if factories were too create profits and to achieve this employers sought to maximise output while keeping costs low.
(Working conditions in urban areas)
Factories : …. employees often work for…
~ Tightly packed buildings.
~ Relentless noise of machine.
~ Ling hours and unsafe conditions
- Often worked 6 days a week with 14th our days, even after reforms men still worked never less than 10 hours a day throughout the 19th century.
(Working conditions in urban areas) Factory workers faced fines for lateness or actions that reduced speed e.g. for being 10 minutes late it was not uncommon…
10 minutes late not uncommon for the offender to be fined 2 hours’ wages.
~ Meant employer could compensate himself for loss of productivity.
(Working conditions in urban areas) High injury rate in factories…
Due to tired workers having to fix moving machine parts in gloomy surroundings.
~ Made more frequent by the lack of safety measures that were in place, implementing these would have increased costs which employers were not willing to do.
(Working conditions in urban areas) Mines remained dangerous despite…
The Davy safety lamp in 1815.
(Working conditions in urban areas) Working underground presented risks such as… demand increase so mines became deeper from ___ meters to _____ meters in 18___…
~ Flooding, gas explosions and collapsing shafts.
90 meters to 300 meters in 1850.
(Working conditions in urban areas) Unlike in Factories, miners were not obliged to…
Provide constant work which meant they did not have a guaranteed fixed wage.
(Living conditions in urban areas) From the late __00’s, employers began building rows… they were just __m wide…
1700’s building rows and rows of cheap housing organised back-to-back so they shared a rear wall and side walls.
~ Built efficiently but lacked quality.
~ Just 4 meters wide.
