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HISTORY, BRITIAN > Britain, Booklet 1, SLAVE TRADE > Flashcards

Britain, Booklet 1, SLAVE TRADE Flashcards

1
Q

Capture of slaves :

A
  • Leaders took advantage of parents absences to kidnap children.
  • Got lured out with red cloth onto the ship.
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2
Q

The middle passage : Could be more than ____ on each ship, __.% died on each journey and __.% died on arrival…

A

600 slaves, 12.5% on journey, 4.5% on arrival.
- Slaves lay chained to on planks.
- Closeness meant there was lots of disease and a horrible stench.

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3
Q

Auctions :

A
  • Slaves were examined by merchants and planters.
  • Pent up together like sheep.
  • Washed and shaved, sometimes oiled to look more healthy.
  • Buyers grabbed who they wanted.
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4
Q

Plantations : When slavery ended in the WI a total slave imports of over __ million left a surviving _________. In US, _________ to __ million…

A

West Indies, 2 million, 670,000.
BUT in US, 500,000 slaves imported over the centuries had grown to almost 4 million (highlights how poor conditions were).
- Alone, separated from families.
- Work was physically and mentally exhausting.
- Stripped of identity, done deliberately to make them passive.

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5
Q

Punishments :

A
  • Cart whipping, breaking of bones, an iron crook around the neck etc.
  • One man had his leg chopped off for running away.
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6
Q

Profits : Some voyages made __-__% profit, between 1700-1800 Liverpool population rose from ______ to ________…

A

20-50%. 1700-1800 from 5,000 to 78,000.
- Plantation owners : vast profits could be made by using unpaid workers.
- Ports : Bristol + Liverpool were major ports, fitted out slave ships, handled cargoes etc.
- Bankers : Grew rich from fees and interest they earned from merchants who borrowed money.

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7
Q

The slave trade provided jobs for ordinary people, Birmingham had over ______ gun-makers with ________ guns a year going to slave-traders…

A

4,000 gun-makers, 100,000 gun.
- Many people worked in these factories that sold their goods to West Africa.
- Slave labour also made goods e.g. sugar more affordable for Brits.

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8
Q

(Humanitarian) In the 18th century there was an increasing belief that… e.g. _________ hospitals.

A

Foundling hospitals helped the disadvantaged children.
- All humans were fundamentally the same and should be treated equally. Turned some peoples attention to the slave trade.

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9
Q

(Religious Society of Friends) Quakers were a … formed in _____… Had opposed the slave trade since…

A

Religious group, formed in 1650. Since 1657.
- Based on the idea that God could be found in everyone, so you should not harm anyone.

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10
Q

Quakers, in 17__, distributed ________ of their pamphlet…

A

1784, 10,000.
- “The case of our fellow creatures…”
- Gave a voice to women who were excluded from politics.
- Were well organised, provided an effective challenge to slavery.

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11
Q

Quakers negatives :

A
  • People were moving away from religion.
  • They were ignored by everyone, as they were outsiders from society and were banned from being politicians.
  • They had no one in parliament to voice their ideas.
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12
Q

Evangelical Christians believed in…

A

The strength of repentance as a means of salvation.
- Saw the slave trade as a sinful practice that should be stopped.

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13
Q

Evangelical Christians people :

A

Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson and William Wilberforce (MP).

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14
Q

Granville Sharp, in 17___ a beaten…

A

1767, beaten slave called Jonathon Strong arrived at his doorstep.
- After helping his health he found Strong work and successfully defended him in court when his master sought to re-enslave him.

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15
Q

The Society for… was founded in _____…

A

The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, in 1787, forced discussion in Parliament in 1788.

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16
Q

Granville Sharps Sierra Leone project… In the first __ months, ____ died…

A

Believed black community should be able to create a land free of slaves.
- Gov supported this, gave £12 per African towards transport costs.
- Many believed it was just to get black people to move out of England.
- In the first 4 months, 122 died due to poor planning which lead to famines/malaria.

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17
Q

The Zong case, 17__, sailed from Africa with ____ slaves, after 3 months more than ___ were already dead, in total ____ thrown overboard…

A

1783, 440 slaves, from Africa to Jamaica.
- Captain Collingwood.
- After 3 months more than 60 were dead.
- In total 133 thrown overboard.

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18
Q

(The Zong Case) Slaves were insured at…

A

£30 a head, if slaves died due to ‘perils of the sea’ insurance covered the loss.
- Captain Collingwood.
- Were told to blame it on water running out if they were asked…

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19
Q

(The Zong Case) During trial it was discovered that there were ____ gallons spare water…

A

420 gallons, so this was not the reason for the slaves being thrown overboard.
- Granville Sharpe gathered evidence to try and prosecute crew for murder.
- Lord Mansfield said ‘just as if horses were killed’ and that it was not a murder case.

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20
Q

The Society for Effecting… aimed to…

A

Raise awareness amongst the public and apply political pressure to the Gov by raising petitions and bills in the House of Commons.

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21
Q

(Humanitarian) In 179__, people had signed more than ____ petitions…

A

1792, 519 petitions that year.

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22
Q

(Humanitarian) In Manchester, a town of _________, in 17___, ________ people had signed an abolition petition…

A

Town of 50,000, in 1787, 10,700 signed a petition.

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23
Q

(Humanitarian) Abolitionists maintained their relevance, such that an abolition bill was presented every year from 17__-__by…

A

1791-99, William Wilberforce (MP for Hull).
- Whilst they were unsuccessful, they reminded everyone of the continued pressure + work of the society.

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24
Q

(Opposition) ___% of Britons income was dependent on the slave trade and it’s associated industries…

A

24%.
- Meaning the societies task was very difficult and their opponents were powerful and rich.

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25
Q

(Opposition) West India Lobby (a group of….) whose business depended on the slave trade, by the 17___s, there were approx __ MP’s closely linked to the WIL…

A

Sugar Planters.
- 1790’s 50 approx. One becoming the Mayor of London.

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26
Q

The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Salve Trade extensive educational campaign lasted more than…

A

20 years.
- Helped spread ideas across the country.

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27
Q

Liverpool was… it claimed __/__ of European trade…

A

3/7 of European trade.
- The ‘slaving capital’, and the apex of the triangular trade.
- However, it was not a major site for the sale of slaves.

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28
Q

Following the abolition of the slave trade, Liverpool placed itself at the forefront of…

A

The campaign (which achieved success in 1833) to abolish slavery itself within the British colonies.

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29
Q

Decision was made to concentrate not on slavery but on…

A

Ending the Atlantic slave trade.
- Because aiming for both would of been near impossible.

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30
Q

Focusing on just ending the Atlantic Slave Trade gave them hope that…

A

Stopping the import of slaves would simultaneously improve conditions in West Indian slave planters since they would no longer be able to replace slaves they treated poorly with African slaves.

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31
Q

Wedgewood’s famous cameo medallion said…

A

‘Am I not a man and a brother?’.
- Showed the porcelian businesses support in the Abolition.
- Josiah Wedgewood believed it was utterly immoral.

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32
Q

Dolbens Act of 17__…

A

1788 restricted the number of Africans allowed to be carried on a British slave ship.
- Also stipulated that they should carry a doctor.
- Also, provided incentives to lower death rate among transported Africans.

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33
Q

The number of signatures to abolitionist petitions far outnumbered…

A

other petitions to parliament for Parliamentary reform.

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34
Q

18__ Emancipationist petition contained more signatures than either petitions for Parliamentary reform in 18__/__…

A

1833, 1831-32…
- Pretty popular shared belief in public.
- Few doubted the integrity of petitions.

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35
Q

The abolitionist movement was soon renowned for it’s size…

A

Started to attract a much broader constituency.
- Many public meetings, people often listened to visiting abolitionists speak.

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36
Q

Petitioning campaign was a successful form of…

A

Exerting popular pressure on the government.
- Helped express extra-parliamentary pressure on a public issue.

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37
Q

It’s been estimated that from 17__-__, petitions against the slave trade were signed by . million out of the ___ million Britons…

A

1787-92, 1.5 million of the 12 million Britons.
- (Almost 1/6 of the total population).

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38
Q

Abolition was popular among…

A

Young women.
- Who later in the 1820/30’s organized many ladies committees against slavery.

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39
Q

Initial discussions about the nature of the slave trade took place at virtually the same time… ___ years after ___…

A

That the US, constitutional decided to prohibit slave imports for 21 years after 1787.
- Parliament would of been aware of this, making it clear that these issues could no longer be ignored.

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40
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) Infrastructure related to slave trade generated much wealth, there were _________ slave voyages in the 18th century…

A

35,000 slave voyages in the 18th century.
- This meant shipbuilding and out-fitting businesses grew.
- Also would have to employ military people for these boats.
(GAVE PEOPLE JOBS)

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41
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) Slave ports became centres of wealth, in Bristol in the 17__’s, ___% of peoples income…

A

1780’s, 40% of peoples income was slave based.
(DEVELOPED CITIES DUE TO PORTS)

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42
Q

(Significance of economic + financial factors) Between 180/, __% of Britains textile outputs went….

A

1805/07, 87%, went abroad, with African markets taking the majority of this.
- Slave traders would fill their ships with British goods and swap them for African slaves.
(PROVIDED PROFIT, PROMOTED GROWTH OF OTHER INDUSTRIES)

43
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) During the wars with France from 17__ to 18__, British manufacturers had to rely solely on…

A

1793 to 1815.
- African markets because the ports were blocked in Europe.

44
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) On the Codrington plantation in Barbados, the _____ acres of land made a profit of £______ a year with ____ slaves…

A

710 acres of land, £2000 a year with 276 slaves.
(PROVIDED PROFIT)

45
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) Liverpool merchant William Davenport, netted ___._% and ____% profit in just two voyages during the American War of Independence…

A

73.5% and 147%
(PEOPLE INVESTED IN SLAVE TRADE)

46
Q

(Significance of economic and financial factors) By mid 1700’s, Britain was importing _________ hogsheads of sugar each year…

A

100,000.
(PROVIDED PROFIT)

47
Q

Eric Williams ‘Decline Thesis” :

A
  • Older colonies e.g. West Indies weren’t benefiting very much from the slave trade anymore, where as the younger ones were and wanted to keep it going.
  • There was a surplus of sugar (lack of demand). (6,000 tons).
  • Bonaparte (French emperor) determined to limit trade from Britain.
  • Britain had high import tariffs.
48
Q

(‘Decline Thesis’) Between 17__ - 18__, ___ plantations in Jamaica were abandoned and ___ were sold for debts…

A

1799-1807, 65 plantations abandoned and 32 sold for debts.

49
Q

Seymour Dresher, Econcide :
(Argument against Williams)

A
  • Criticised the decline thesis as sole reason for abolition.
  • Many believed abolition was due to change from imperial mercantilism to a more laissez faire attitude. He believes this and decline led to abolition.
  • Gov spending money protecting the slave trade which decreased it’s profitability, they realised free trade wouldn’t require their protection and would make profit in the LT.
50
Q

(Decline thesis) A parliamentary committee discovered that the British West Indian planter was producing at a loss, in 1800 his profit was __ / %, in 1807…

A

1800 : 2 1/2 %, in 1807 : nothing.

51
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) The _____________ ship disappeared meaning…

A

The Marlborough ship disappeared, meaning all that was on it (slaves and products) was lost. Resulting in a loss of profit.
- This happened often.
(LOSS OF PROFIT)

52
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) On the African Queen (17___) , _____ slaves of _____ died on the middle passage…

A
  1. 114 died of 255.
    (DEATH OF SLAVES)
53
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) __ in ___ slave voyages were subject to a revolt…

A

1 in 10.
- This was costly as slavers had to employ garrisons.
- Crew also often died, and this eventually put people off the job, meaning slavers had to increase wages to make it more desirable, once again raising costs.
(INCREASED COSTS)

54
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) Fitting out ships was very costly, ‘The Juba’ cost £_______…

A

£4678.
- Ships could be attacked by privateers and pirates, maintenance could be expensive and had to be frequent.
- Kitting out the ship with food and supplies was also costly.
(EXPENSES)

55
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) In 17____, Glasgow merchants were owed more than £__.__ million by their American partners…

A

1776, owed £1.3 million by their American partners.
(HIGH DEBT)

56
Q

(Financial Considerations of Slave Trade) Of the ____ leading merchant houses in Liverpool, ___ had gone bankrupt by ______ because of debt owed to them…

A

30 leading merchant houses in Liverpool, 12 had gone bankrupt by 1788 because of debt owed to them.

57
Q

As industrialisation took hold, the economic theories of _______ _________, that of Laissez-Faire…

A

Adam Smith, Were applied to the slave trade and it showed that slavery was not as efficient nor as cheap as free labour.
(happier people work harder).

58
Q

(Decline thesis against) Profits of slave trade amounted to approx £__ million and by the end of the 1700’s this had increased to £___ million…

A

£1 million, by end of 1700’s £3 million.
- However, the increase in slave riots and rebellions began to cost much more than this profit.

59
Q

(Economic Argument) Laissez-faire industrialisation offered an alternative means for economic growth which…

A

Which abolitionists used to justify their cause and alleviate the fears of businessmen who were concerned about their income.

60
Q

(Economic Argument) Slave trade was not in the decline yet, but it’s fair to suggest…

A

That, with the advent of industrialisation and the factory system, an alternative mode of commerce was showing even greater potential for the future.

61
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Clarkson published… in…

A

‘Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, particularly the African’ in June 1786. 10,000 copies.

62
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Clarkson met who in 17___?

A

1787, Alexander Falconbridge.
- Former surgeon on board slave ships, was willing to testify about poor conditions.

63
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Clarkson wrote what for who?

A

Speeches for Wilberforce and was also the one to convince him to join the society and movement.

64
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Clarkson produced a…

A

Campaign chest including things like bags crafted by slaves (to show they were skilled and to humanise them) and shackles etc.

65
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Clarkson travelled ________ miles around Britain, giving speeches and interviewed _________ sailors… helped found _______ branches of society…

A

Travelled 35,000 miles in under 10 years and interviewed 20,000 sailors.
- Lecturing and agitating wherever he went.
- 1,200 branches.

66
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) William Wilberforce (MP of Hull) became the parliamentary voice of… Presented a bill every year from…

A

Abolition.
- Regular spoke in parliament, introducing bills every year after 1791-99.

67
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) A negative of William Wilberforce is that he was a fan of…

A

Gradual abolition.
- Some historians say that he actually slowed down abolition.

68
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Wilberforce helped get a committee in Parliament to… and…

A

Investigate the slave trade.
~ Also helped with the impeachment of Lord Dundas in 1805.

69
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Wilberforce wasn’t formally involve until… in _____.

A

He was asked by his close friend, the newly-elected Prime Minister, William Pitt, to become the parliamentary spokesman for the campaign in 1787.

70
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Olaudah Equiano was the founder… which had how many members?

A

‘Sons of Africa’
- 12 members, including him.
- Spoke at lots of public meetings (had first-hand experience).

71
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Equiano published… in ______…

A

‘The Intersting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, the African’ in 1789.

72
Q

(Equiano history) :

A
  • He had been a slave after being kidnapped when he was 11. Eventually, he made enough money to buy his own freedom. He then spent the next 20 years travelling the world.
73
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Equiano travelled in Ireland for __ months and sold _______ copies…

A

8 months, 1,900 copies.
- Became bestseller in England.

74
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Equiano won’t of had…

A

A huge influence due to him being black.

75
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Elizabeth Heyrick wrote… in ______….

A

‘Immediate not gradual abolition’… 1824…
- Thousands of copies of this were sold in the US and UK.
- She took an interest in prisons, corporal punishment, wages etc.
- Her views were often seen as radical as gradual abolition was more popular.

76
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Elizabeth Heyrick made a case that a boycott of…

A

Goods produced by slave labour could help speed up abolition e.g. she started a sugar boycott.
- She was a prominent female campaigner.

77
Q

(INDIVIDUALS) Ignatous Sancho was born… Was the first known…

A

On a slave ship in the Atlantic Slave Trade and sold into slavery.
- Ran away to Blackheath where John Montague taught him how to read.
- He became an abolitionist and composer.
- First known British African to vote actively since he was a male property owner.

78
Q

(INDIVIDUAL) Mary Read managed to escape…

A

The West Indies (Slave Trade) & married a freeman Daniel James.
- Both moved to London where Mary’s memoirs were compiled together by Susanna Strickland and Thomas Pringle.

79
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) Loss of America by the British in…

A

1783 certainly affected the abolitionists’ cause since it raised questions about liberty and the rights of men

80
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) Big impact was the loss of market to sell slaves, in 17___ approx ___% of the population of the thirteen colonies were of…

A

1776, approximately 20% of the population of the Thirteen Colonies were of African descent.
(LESS PROFIT)

81
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) The American revolution made many people in Britain…

A

Consider human experience and the importance of freedom.
- This was used as justification for ending the slave trade.
- This & Equiano’s autobiography made the movement gain considerable momentum.

82
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) In _____, the Dolben act was passed which… In 17___ it was made permanent with…

A

1788, Dolben act passed which restricted the number of slaves on a ship.
- This was renewed each year (with improvements) until 1799 when it was made permanent with the Slave Regulation Act.

83
Q

(Changing political climate, Napoleon + French Wars) Following French revolution (17___), slavery was abolished (17___) however the salve trade was reintroduced in…

A

French Revolution : 1789.
Abolishment : 1794.
Slave Trade Reintroduced : 1802 by Napoleon.

84
Q

(Changing political climate, Napoleon + French Wars) In Britain, opposing the…

A

Slave Trade became patriotic duty and the movement gathered pace so Wilberforce gained support. William Pit (PM) in 1806.
- French reintroduction breathed new life into campaign.
- HATRED OF NAPOLEON LED TO INCREASED PATRIOISM BY PEOPLE WHO INITIALLY DIDN’T SUPPORT ABOLITION. (Nap liked the slave trade, so Brits did opposite).
~ Rallied common people together.

85
Q

(Changing political climate, Napoleon + French Wars)
- French Rev. did hamper abolition in some ways, because British Abolitionists became tarnished with…
- WBF struggled in from 17____-18______ to…

A

The revolutionary brush which concerned the ruling class.
- Those involved could risk arrest.
- Meant Wilberforce found it difficult to rouse support for his bills between 1794-1802 as a result.

86
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) Saint Domingue, 17…, more than ________ plantations burnt and _________ killed

A

1791, 1,000 plantations burnt and 12,000 killed.
~ slaves attacked plantation buildings, murders white men & women.
~ Some found to have copies of Wedgwood’s medallion

87
Q

(Changing political climate, Napoleon + French Wars) Abolitionist movement faltered under Government crackdowns… Seditious Meetings Act (______) and the Treason Trials (17__/__) when…

A

Government crackdowns against ‘Revolutionaries’.
- Seditious Meetings Act (1795).
- Treason Trials (1793-94), Thomas Paine and Thomas Hardy were put on trial for their opposition to gov. policy.

88
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) Saint Domingue, (_____). The French reaction was muddled because… produced ___% of the worlds sugar…

A

1791, The goals of their revolution contradicted their stance on slavery.
30% of the worlds sugar.
~ StDo was the ‘crown jewel’ of Ftench slave trade
~ British soldiers wanted to conquer it, failed and eventually became Haiti.

89
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) SAINT DOMINGUE (1791), HELP ABOLITION :

A
  • Drew attention, won’t want to be associated with the terrors.
  • Highlights capability of slaves (Toussaint L’Ouverture, slave leader).
  • Cost them many soldiers.
  • Affected French, less competition for Britain.
90
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) SAINT DOMINGUE (1791), HINDER ABOLITION :

A
  • People in UK may start to fear slaves, dehumanizes them, violent.
  • May want to fill in gap in Market as if affected the French trade.
91
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) St Lucia (17___), slaves rose up and over next __ months forced out… It took ________ British troops to retake the island against just _______ slaves…

A

1795, 4 months, forced out every white slave owner.
~ 12,000 British troops to retake against 2,000.

92
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) ST LUCIA (1795), HELP ABOLITION :

A
  • Drew attention to slavery.
  • Plantations were burnt down, not an easy fix.
93
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) ST LUCIA (1795), HINDER ABOLITION :

A
  • May of made people scared and angry due to all the deaths, highlights violence.
  • Many revolutionaries were deported, lost impact.
  • Unsuccessful, along with Grenada and St Vincent.
94
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) Jamaica (______), revolt led by… after they were… they ambushed and killed ___ British cavalrymen…

A

1795, led by Maroons (free blacks).
~ After they were seized and handcuffed, they ambushed and killed 36 British Cavalrymen.
~ Approx 500 maroons against 5,000 British.

95
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) JAMAICA (1795), HELP ABOLITION :

A

~ Cost a lot of money £500,000 (not worth while spending).
~ Made Britain look weak in face of slave revolt.
~ Shows that slavery is expensive and wasting money.

96
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of
slave resistance) JAMAICA (1795), HINDERED ABOLITION :

A

~ Public opinion will be poor due to death of British people, ‘maroons’ mean ‘savage’ in spanish.
~ Deported to Nova Scotia (limiting long term impact).

97
Q

(Changing political climate + fear of slave resistance) Revolts overall, of the _________ white officers and enlisted men who served in the British army, _________ died in battle or disease. _________ men were discharged due to wounds or illness…

A

89,000 officers, 45,000 died in battle or from disease.
~ In addition, 14,000 were discharged due to wounds of illness.

98
Q

(Other reasons for abolition, Geography) In 17___, only __ coach ran from London to Birmingham, by 17___ there were ___…

A

1740, only 1.
1783 there were 30.
~ This would help abolitionists move around the country to educate people.

99
Q

(Other reasons for abolition, Newspapers) Newspapers were ____________…. By 17___ ___% were literate so…

A

Newspapers were uncensored, therefore anti-slavery propaganda could be published.
~ By 1789, 50% were literate meaning that newspapers and magazines were a good way to spread ideas, report abolitionist meetings and stimulate actions elsewhere.

100
Q

(Other reasons for abolition, Coffeehouses and Libraries) More than ______ coffeehouses scattered around London alone…

A

500, here you could read literary works, share ideas etc.

101
Q

(Other reasons for abolition, Naval ‘press gangs’) White-British slavery, forced to join the… Between 1740-180_, more than _____ violent…

A

Forced people to join the army, no matter whether they were rich or poor.
- Between 1740-1805, more than 500 violent brawls between press gangs and their victims were reported.

102
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) Rhode Island + Connecticut in 17___ adopted…

A

1784, emancipation laws.
~ Freeing children born to slave mothers once they were 25.

103
Q

(Changing political climate, AWOI) What did black reverts do in USA?

A

Sued for their liberty in a chain of ‘freedman suits’.

HISTORY, BRITIAN (5 decks)

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