Britain, Booklet 5, POVERTY AND PAUPERISM

Question 1

(DEFINITIONS)
- Poverty:
- Pauperism:
- Poor Relief:

Answer 1

• Not being able to afford a basic standard of living.
• General term for being poor, anyone who is in receipt of state provided relief under the poor law.
• Assistance given by government, e.g. food, shelter, money etc.

Question 2

(Poor Relief 17th-18th Century, BEFORE COURSE, Elizabethan Poor Law)
- 16____.
- All _________ parishes in England & Wales made responsible for…
- ______________ houses were built for the… while the able-bodied…
- An ____________ would decide…

Answer 2

• 1601.
• All 15,000 parishes made responsible for orphans, old and sick.
• Poorhouses built for the deserving poor, while the able-bodied would receive outdoor relief paid by landowners’ rates.
• An overseer would decide who deserved relief.

Question 3

(Poor Relief 17th-18th Century, BEFORE COURSE, Knatchbulls’ Act, Workhouse Act)
- 17____.
- This encouraged the building of… and the withdrawing of…
- Aimed to be a deterrent to claiming…

Answer 3

• 1722.
• Encouraged the building of workhouses and the withdrawing of relief from those who refused to join them.
• Deterrent to claiming relief because there was no longer outdoor relief.

Question 4

(Poor Relief 17th-18th Century, BEFORE COURSE, Gilbert’s Act)
- 17____.
- This allowed parishes to…
- It was in response to the rising costs of…
- However, it was up to…
- Gilbert aimed to make the workhouse a place of…

Answer 4

• 1782.
• Allowed parishes to group together to build a workhouse.
• Rising costs of poor relief and the plight of agricultural labourers who had lost common rights due to enclosure.
• However, it was up to each parish if they wanted to join, BUT it could reduce costs.
• A place of refuge for the old and infirm rather than a place of punishment for the undeserving.

Question 5

(Poor Relief 17th-18th Century, BEFORE COURSE, Speenhamland System)
- NEVER A LAW.
- 17____.
- In response to the shock of the… some magistrates in…
- It was decided that an _____________ system…
- Allowance would depend on the price of… and…
- Wages were topped up to the value of ___ loaves of…

Answer 5

• 1795.
• Shock of the French Revolution and the economic downturn caused by war with France.
• Some magistrates in Berkshire, fearing unrest, searched for ways to deal with the problems of the poor.
• Allowance System would be set up to subsidise low wages.
• Allowance would depend on price of bread and the number of children the labourer had.
• 3 loaves of bread.

Question 6

(Speenhamland System, 17___-18___)
- On May ___th a meeting of the local __________ took place, there was general concern about…
- A series of bad ___________ put wheat…
- Situation made worse by the fact that the ____________ was rising and in 17____ Britain had declared war on _______ which meant that grain couldn’t be…
- _________ was a distinct possibility.
- Due to enclosure (…), labourers had lost the right to…

Answer 6

• 1795-1834.
• May 6th, meeting of the local magistrates, there was a general concern about the hardships faced by agriculture labourers.
• Series of bad harvests put wheat in short supply and as a result the price of bread rose sharply.
• Situation made worse by the fact that the population was rising and in 1792 Britain had declared war on France which meant that grain couldn’t be imported from the continent.
• Famine was a distinct possibility.
• Due to enclosure (when rich put fences around common land which had been usable by all) labourers lost the right to use it for grazing crops.

Question 7

(Speenhamland System, 1795-1834)
- The authorities feared that under these conditions, the labourers would…
- Berkshire magistrates discussed ideas that dealt with…
- System of allowances quickly spread throughout… abolished by parliament in 18_____.
- Systems saved thousands from ____________ but many contemporaries believe the systems did more…
- Malthus said that it “increased population without…” and that it encouraged..

Answer 7

• Feared the labourers like what had happened in the French Revolution in 1789 where the workers had risen up due to severe hardships.
• Dealt with the problem and an allowance system was brought in where the labourer would have his income made up to a subsistence level by the parish according to the price of bread and the number of children he had.
• Quickly spread throughout the South and East of England until they were abolished by parliament in 1834.
• Saved thousands from starvation but many believe it did more harm than good.
• Malthus said that it “increased population without increasing food for its support” and that it encouraged people to marry younger.

Question 8

(NEGATIVES of Speenhamland System, 1795-1834)
- Heavily _________.
- Government abolished in 18____.
- Government disapproved so not…
- Humiliating for fully employed labourers to…
- Placed a greater strain upon… requiring an additional _____ to be raised in many areas which…
- The ______ Riots in 18____ were most prevalent in counties where the… BECAUSE…

Answer 8

• Heavily localised.
• Government abolished in 1834.
• Government disapproved so not supported at not national level.
• Humiliating to receive part of their income in the form of parish charity.
• Placed a greater strain upon the available funds of PR, requiring an additional tax to be raised in many areas which annoyed the richer classes.
• Swing Riots, 1830 were most prevalent in counties using SS because farmers often gave lower wages because they knew workers could fall back on Parish Relief. TOOK ADVANTAGE.

Question 9

(Speenhamland System, 1795-1834)
- In 179__ the general average wage for a labourer was __s __d a week in the winter.
- ______ could only be afforded by… labourers had to be content with burning _______.
- System in practice : A man needs ___p and a woman needs ___ 1/2 p.

Answer 9

• 1794, the general wage for a labourer was 6s 6d a week in the winter.
• Coal could only be afforded by the professional classes, labourers had to be content with burning turf.
• System in practice : A man needs 15p and a woman needs 7 1/2p.

Question 10

(Poor people, Paupers, categorised in two ways)
Deserving Poor :

Answer 10

Deserving Poor : People who, although honest and hard-working, might become impoverished through no fault of their own (e.g. low wages, illness).
Undeserving Poor : People who were poor because of factors under their control (e.g. laziness, drunkenness).

Question 11

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Poor rates were administered by ‘…’ who collected…
- With the growing population, this system was formalised with the 18_____ Act ‘Regulation of __________ ___________’ and the 18_____ Act to amend the ‘Laws for __________ of the ___________’ which created…
- This was mainly aimed to reduce costs from… who were thought…
- It also acknowledged the increasing…

Answer 11

• Administered by ‘Overseers of the Poor’ who collected taxes for the poor laws and distributed Poor Relief.
• Formalised with the 1818 Act for the ‘Regulation of Parish Vestries’ and the 1819 Act to Amend the ‘Laws for Relief of the Poor’ which created Parish committees.
• Reduce costs from ‘soft’ JPs who were thought to be too lenient in giving poor relief.
• Also acknowledged the increasing costs of poverty in Britain.

Question 12

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Efficiency of these parish based systems was significantly limited because…
- Each Parish acted _____________ and ran different…
- Population growth made problems of Poor Relief worse, in 18____, the population of England and Wales was ___ million, more than ________ the population when the … was introduced in 1601.

Answer 12

• Significantly limited because of the inconsistent manners in which they operated.
• Each Parish acted independently and ran different systems meaning there was no co-ordinated response at national level.
• Population of England and Wales in 1801 was 9 million, more than double the population when the Elizabethan Poor Law was introduced in 1601.

Question 13

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Industrialisation saw a reduction in ________________ opportunities for many because…
- Whilst machines promoted employment in _________ due to the growth of… In the countryside life was made worse by… This meant rural workers applied for…

Answer 13

• Reduction in employment opportunities for many because machines reduced the numbers of workers needed in some areas.
• Promoted employment in towns due to the growth of factories, In the Countryside life was made worse by labour-saving machinery (e.g. threshing machines). Meant rural workers applied for PR more frequently.

Question 14

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Cost of Poor relief also increased due to a series of… in the early ___th Century and the _________ Wars from 17____-18_____ when the cost of…
- French Wars increased the price of ________ due to the lack of…
- After the _______________ Wars in 18_____, Britain suffered an economic ________ and…

Answer 14

• Series of bad harvests in the early 19th Century and the French Wars from 1793-1815 when the cost of living rose significantly.
• French wars increased price of bread due to the lack of foreign imports (and ∴ competition).
• After Napoleonic Wars in 1815, Britain suffered an economic slump and thousands of soldiers returned home to find work.

Question 15

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Up until 18____, low employment rates, particularly in ______ areas, saw a continued increase in the amount needed to cover…
- Failure to do so resulted in…
- E.g. _________ Riots in 183__.

Answer 15

• Up until 1834, low employment rates, particularly in rural areas, saw a continued increase in the amount needed to cover poor relief.
• Failure to do so resulted in riots and discontent.
• E.g. Swing Riots in 1830, especially prevalent in counties where Speenhamland System was widely used.

Question 16

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834)
~ Rise in population from __._ million in 18____ to __.__ million by 18____ meant that…
~ Also the changes in __________ economy, _______ failures and _______ shortages as a result of…
~ Supporters of the old Poor Law argued that it was…

Answer 16

~ Rise in population from 9.2 million in 1801 and 13.9 million by 1831 meant that the old Poor Law of 1601 couldn’t cope.
~ Changed in agricultural economy, harvest failures and food shortages as a consequence of 20 years.
~ Argued that it was sympathetic and well meant.

Question 17

(Financial & ideological pressures for change)
~ The cost of maintaining the old poor law had become very high by 18_____, particularly after the huge increases in…
~ End of French war brought misery, ________ now unemployed, industries laid off workers as the country went through an…
~ PR expenditure reached ___% of country’s GNP, amounted to over £__.__ million per year from 181__-____.

Answer 17

~ After 1834, particularly after the huge increases in those claiming relief from 1815.
~ Soldiers unemployed, industries laid off workers as the country went through an economic slump.
~ PR expenditure reached 2% of country’s GNP, amounted to over £5.7million per year from 1815-1833.

Question 18

(Financial & ideological pressures for change)
~ The increasing burden (of cost of PR) was picked up by the…
~ Most of these ratepayers were… who could…
~ The rising cost of PR meant this group became increasingly vocal in…
~ _______ ‘wage fund theory’ became popular amongst the middle classes which suggested…

Answer 18

~ Picked up by the ratepayers (tax payers).
~ Most were influential figures who could also vote in elections.
~ Vocal in the need to to address the problem of pauperism.
~ Ricardo’s ‘wage fund theory’, suggested that there was a fixed fund at any given time for wages and so if some workers wanted to increase their wages, it would come at the expense of others’ wages.

Question 19

(Financial & ideological pressures for change)
~ 18___s saw an improved __________ situation, amount spent on…
~ After 18_____, the cost per head (PR) was ___s __d.
~ The large number of _____-paid workers, however, meant the cost of…
~ Nature of ___________ work also led to large number of…
~ Whilst private ________ existed, the _________ class couldn’t afford to…

Answer 19

~ 1820’s saw an improved economic situation, amount spent in poor relief declined.
~ After 1824, the cost per head was 9s 2d.
~ Number of low-paid workers, however meant the cost of poor relief was still high.
~ Nature of factory work also led to large number of poorly paid workers who couldn’t look after themselves at times.
~ Private pensions existed but the working class couldn’t afford to pay into them, therefore relied on others to help them when they reached old age.

Question 20

(Attitudes towards the poor & the influence of Utilitarianism)
~ By end of ___th Century, a more ___________ attitude towards… despite a long history of…
~ Rather than a __________ concern, a harder edge to thoughts about…
~ Some were ___________, believed there would always be _________ in society, others believed it was due to weakness in…

Answer 20

~ End of 18th century, a more cynical attitude towards the poor developed, despite a long history of caring for those in financial distress.
~ Rather than a paternalistic concern, a harder edge to thoughts about the issues of poverty were more widespread.
~ Some more fatalistic, believed that there would always be poverty in society, others believed it was due to weakness in character.

Question 21

(Attitudes towards the poor & the influence of Utilitarianism)
~ Two emerging views carried different feelings, one a sense of resigned ________, the other had a sense of _________ which placed blame for poverty in…
~ Those deemed the __________ poor could often find a room in a _________ house whilst those deemed undeserving were…
~ Government passed the ________ Employment Act in 18______ which made…

Answer 21

~One a sense of resigned pity, the other a sense of disgust, placing the blame for poverty in the poor themselves.
~ Those deemed to be the deserving poor could often find a room in a poor house, undeserving were often encouraged to look after themselves.
~ Goverbment passed the Poor Employment Act in 1817 which made public money available to employ able-bodied paupers in public works e.g. road building.

Question 22

(Attitudes towards the poor & the influence of Utilitarianism)
~ Society in Britain did not have a problem with __________ as it was generally regarded as a necessary state to encourage…
~ There was a belief that a fear of ___________ would encourage people to strive to avoid falling into…
~ A culture of __________ (on PR) was seen as a social _______ because it made people…
~ The undeserving poor were a ________ to society and needed to be tackled with…

Answer 22

~ Didn’t have a problem with poverty, regarded as a necessary state to encourage hard work amongst the working class.
~ Belief that a fear of destitution would encourage people to strive to avoid falling into poverty.
~ Culture of dependence was seen as a social evil because it made people indolent.
~ Undeserving poor were a menace to society, needed to be tackled with any new legislation.

Question 23

(Attitudes towards the poor, DEFINITIONS).
- INDIVIDUALISM :
- COLLECTIVISM :
- UTILITARIANISM :

Answer 23

• Individualism : Attribute poverty to the poor people themselves (personal problems) like lack of ability, effort, and morals.
• Collectivism : Shared by a collective, everyone work together.
• Utilitarianism : Theory of morality, advocates for betterment of society as a whole, work together, don’t be selfish.

Question 24

(Attitudes towards the poor, Thomas M_________ & Joseph T_________, INDIVIDUALISM)
- Believes resources from the PL are going to…
- Believes foods being used up in the poor houses, reduces…
- “Even when they have an opportunity of saving…they exercise it…”
- Townsend openly criticised policy of PR in ‘Dissertation of the _______ ______’ in 17_____, claiming that it…

Answer 24

(Thomas Malthus & Joseph Townsend).
- Going to less deserving people.
- Reduces ‘deserving’ poor’s access to food.
- “Generally speaking, to the alehouse”.
- Openly criticised in ‘Dissertation of the Poor Laws’ in 1786, claiming that it denied the full extent of the lesson that real poverty could provide.

Question 25

(Attitudes towards the poor, Thomas P______ & Robert O_______, COLLECTIVISM)
- Paine, within ‘The ________ of _______’ (17____) discussed policy of government… Ideas involved… Ideas were supported by…
- Owen promoted the idea that people would help… He set…
- Owen also believed that poor children should be…

Answer 25

(Thomas Paine & Robert Owen).
- Paine, within ‘The Rights of Man’ (1791) discussed policy of the government planning for the welfare of its people. Ideas involved a pension scheme and a form of child benefits.
- Owen, people would help themselves given the chance. He set up New Model Communities, e.g. New Lanark in Scotland, provided children with education. Ideas were supported by Titus Salt.
- Owen believed poor children should be educated at the same quality level as other children, improve Britain’s future.

Question 26

(Attitudes towards the poor, Jeremy B_________, Edwin C__________, UTILITARIANISM)
- Bentham believed the more people…
- Bentham also believed people should be…
- Bentham believed ____________ is more vital than…
- When poorer people become free of _________ ________, their ______________ will be greater.
- Bentham believed there should be an in-depth investigation into…

Answer 26

(Jeremy Bentham & Edwin Chadwick).
- The more people worked, the more pride they take in it, feel rewarded for a hard days work.
- People should be rewarded for their work, and workers should spend money modestly.
- Believed education is more vital than PR.
- When poorer people become free of poor relief, their happiness will be greater.
- In-depth investigation into the needs of the poor.

Question 27

(Implementation and effectiveness of Poor Relief before 1834, URBAN POOR RELIEF)
- Whilst employment was more readily…
- Between 180__ and 180__, ____% of those in the North received relief, ____% of those in the south did too. - Main reason for this was because of low ________, around ___s per week.
- During periods of ____________ decline, more people relief on…
- The sheer amount of people who requested PR was ________________ and, when not provided, it resulted in…

Answer 27

• More readily available in towns and cities, there was still a need for poor relief.
• Between 1802 and 1803, 10% of those in the North received relief, 23% of those in the South.
• Main reason was because of low wages, around 12s per week.
• During economic declines, more people relied on relief in order to afford basic necessities.
• Sheer amount of people who requested PR was unsustainable and, when not provided, it resulted in discontent and riots.

Question 28

(𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟒, 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧)
- Established on the __st February 18____, had ___ commissioners including __________ ___________.
- Aimed to find info about the workings of…
- They gathered evidence from around the country, including questionnaires sent to ____________ parishes, although only ____% of these were returned.
- Some criticised the methods used by the commissioners, many said the questions were… it was claimed that…

Answer 28

• 1st February 1832, had 9 commissioners including Edwin Chadwick.
• Info about the workings of the Poor Law and recommendations about its improvements.
• Questionnaires sent to 15,000 parishes, although only 10% of these were returned.
• Many said the questions were phrased awkwardly, it was claimed that the Senior began writing up the report before the data had been collected in.

Question 29

(𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟒, 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧)
- The findings were appealing to the _____________ because…
- Main reason for this was the lack of a ___________ system and the way in which many could take…

Answer 29

• Appealing to the government because it stated that the current PL were completely inadequate (can stop them).
• Main reason for this was the lack of a national system and the way in which many could take advantage (by lowering wages and allowing poor rates to top them up to an appropriate level).

Question 30

(𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐏𝐨𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟒, 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐑𝐨𝐲𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧)
TRC Recommended :
- Removal of ________ relief.
- The use of punishing _____________ to act as a deterrent to those seeking…
- The creation of a _________ board to implement the new system across the ___________.

Answer 30

• Relief of outdoor relief.
• Use of punishing workhouses to act as a deterrent to those seeking relief.
• Creation of a central board to implement the new system across the country.

Question 31

ESSAY PLAN : Was the rising cost of the Poor Rate in the years 1815-33 the main reason for the reform of the old Poor Law in 1834?
- Rising cost of…
- Ideological…
- Failures of the…
- Attitudes to…

Answer 31

• Rising cost of the poor rate.
• Ideological pressures.
• Failures of the old poor laws.
• Attitudes to poverty.

Question 32

Problems before 1834 PLAA : (4)

Answer 32

• Lack of organisation and management inconsistencies.
• Cost of outdoor relief, e.g. Speenhamland System.
• Criteria for those eligible for PR.
• Role of workhouses.

Question 33

(Corruptness of Poor Relief before 1834)
- Select Vestries were small ___________ that could specialise in PL administration and employ…
- Corrupt, in 183___, ____ of the ___members of the M_______ Select Vestry had a vested interest in the sale of ________. It’s widely believed that generous ________ payments ended up being spent in the….
- Some Poor Law administrations were corrupt, e.g. when supplying ________, were routinely awarded to local ____________ rather than put out to…

Answer 33

• Small committees, specialise in Poor Law administration and employ salaried assistant overseers to supervise it.
• Corrupt, in 1832, 11 of the 20 members of the Morpeth Select Vestry had a vested interest in the sale or beer, widely believed that generous relief payments ended up being spent in the local alehouse or pub.
• Poor Law administrations, when supplying food, were routinely awarded to local tradespeople rather than put out to open tender.

Question 34

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, POLICIES)
- 183___.
- Annually, the Commissioners must give a ________ to…
- Commissioners will need to appoint…
- Commissioners will gave the power to make various rules concerning…
- In the unions (parishes grouping together) it will be legal to give help to the…. without demanding…

Answer 34

• 1834.
• Report to the relevant Secretary of state saying how well the Act is working.
• Commissioners need to appoint Assistants to help carry out act.
• Various rules concerned with the looking after of the poor, e.g. education of children.
• It will be legal to give help to the elderly or sick without demanding they come to live in workhouses.

Question 35

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834)
- Workhouses designed under new law were designed to… became known as they ‘Principle of…’
- Anyone who refused to accept… was deemed to have ‘failed…’
- The central authority created by the Act was known as the Poor… made up of ___ men.
- Edwin Chadwick was made ___________ to the commission.

Answer 35

• Designed to discourage applicants, so conditions were unappealing. ‘Principle of Less Eligibility’.
• Anyone who refused to accept workhouse life was deemed to have ‘failed the workhouse test’.
• ‘Poor Law Commission’. 3 men, were given wide-ranging power to regulate the law.
• Edwin Chadwick was made secretary to the commission.

Question 36

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834)
- The practice of providing relief to _______-bodied paupers outside… was to be…
- Under the old PL, each of the ___________ had been responsible for relief in…
- The PLAA started to amalgamate parishes into groups of ____, each managed by…
- Guardians elected by ___________, each parish had at least __ representative.

Answer 36

• Providing relief to able-bodied paupers outside the workhouse was to be restricted and eventually abolished.
• Old poor law, each of the 15,000 parishes had been responsible for relief in their area.
• PLAA started to amalgamate parishes into groups of 30, each managed by a board of guardians.
• Guardians elected by ratepayers, each parish had at least 1 representative.

Question 37

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834)
- Despite intention of banning… it was often continued.
- Relief was handed out at the discretion of the… even if sometimes they had a… this is because it was…
- Workhouses were ____________ to run, providing OR was often __________.
- By 186___, it cost __s __d a week to keep a pauper in an institution but only __s __d to provide OR per week.

Answer 37

• Intention of banning Outdoor relief.
• Relief handed out at the discretion of the local guardians, even if sometimes they had a house, because it was cheaper.
• Workhouses expensive, OR often cheaper.
• 1862, cost 4s 8d a week to keep a pauper in workhouses, 2s 3d for OR.

Question 38

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834)
- In the _______, growing industry meant ___________ opportunities there, guardians resisted demands to build ____________ given that poverty worked in…
- It cost £________ to open a WH in Banbury, cost seemed…
- In ______ areas where the Poor Rate had been consistently _________ due to unstable _____________, there was greater opposition to ending…
- Boyer has estimated that ___________ relief cost between ____-_____% more than…

Answer 38

• North, growing industry meant significant employment opportunities, guardians resisted demands to build WH given that poverty worked in cycles based on seasonal demand.
• It cost £6,200 to open a WH at Banbury, cost seemed excessive in many Northern towns where it might be empty for much of the year when the economy was good.
• Rural areas, poor rate higher due to unstable employment, greater opposition to ending OR.
• Boyer estimated that indoor relief cost between 50-100% more than outdoor relief.

Question 39

(The Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834, EFFECTS)
- PLAA did not achieve…
- It didn’t reduce the issue of…
- There were significant loopholes in PLAA which meant that local guardians could…
- The level of opposition to indoor relief in Y________ and L__________ meant that by 183__, the PL commission allowed the use of…
- Since Law wasn’t applied consistently across the __________, many paupers felt the law wasn’t…

Answer 39

• Didn’t achieve immediate success.
• Didn’t reduce issue of pauperism and there was no marked reduction in poverty in the years following introduction of the Act.
• Local guardians could act contrary to the law.
• Level of opposition to indoor relief in Yorkshire and Lancashire meant that by 1838, the PL Commission allowed use of old PL methods if need arises. (allowed OR).
• Law wasn’t applied consistently across the country, many felt that law wasn’t applicable to them and so did their best to ignore changes or try get around the law through sympathetic guardians.

Question 40

(What was it like to live in a workhouse?)
- At G___________ WH had a strict timeline, e.g. wake up at ________AM, go to bed at ___PM.
- ____________ was expected when eating.
- If paupers were found breaking rules, e.g. playing ________, punishment was being given only bread and __________ for ___ days.
- As soon as pauper is admitted to WH, they’re __________, __________ taken away and given back when you _________.
- Sectioned up into different ‘classes’, revolved around age and _________. Men and women were…

Answer 40

• Grassenhall had a strict timeline, e.g. wake up at 5:45AM, go to bed at 8PM.
• Silence was expected when eating.
• Playing cards, punishment was being given only bread and potatoes for 2 days.
• Pauper examined and cleansed when they’re admitted. Clothes taken away and given back when you leave.
• Different ‘classes’ revolved around age and gender. Men and women were kept separate.

Question 41

(The impact of the Andover WH scandal on national opinion)
- Built in 183__, the master was an Colin M’_______.
- Like other WH, it followed the instructions issued by the…
- In 184___, Andover became the subject of a National __________, reports leaked that the inmates were so hungry that…
- One of the ___________ informed the MP for Andover, R______ Etwall, who raised the issue in the…
- Following an investigation, M’_________ was forced to __________ but…

Answer 41

• Built in 1836, the master was Colin M’Dougal.
• Like other WH, followed instructions issued by the Poor Law Commissioners in London.
• In 1845, Andover became the subject of National scandal, reports leaked that inmates were so hungry that they were eating raw flesh from animal bones while working in the bone crushing house.
• One of the guardians informed the MP for Andover, Ralph Etwall, who raised the issue in the House of Commons.
• M’Dougal was forced to resign but received no further punishment.

Question 42

(The impact of the Andover WH scandal on national opinion)
- Dr N_______, a visitor in the early 18___’s claimed :
“I consider this house for ___________…”

Answer 42

• Dr Nayle, a visitor in the early 1840’s claimed :
• “I consider this house for industry, cleanliness, and good order cannot be exceeded”.

Question 43

(Life in the Andover Workhouse)
- The guardians ruled that all ___________ mothers should wear ________ stripes as a…
- The inmates were systemically under____, even children’s _______ was…
- Children ate ____ potato scraps that had been…
- M’_________ ________ heavily and ____________ female residents…
- One punishment of M’D_________ was to make inmates spend a night in the __________.

Answer 43

• Guardians ruled that all unmarried mothers should wear yellow stripes as a symbol of shame.
• Systemically underfed, even children’s milk was watered down.
• Children ate raw potato scraps that had been thrown out to for the pigs.
• M’Dougal drank heavily and assaulted female residents, his 17 year old son was accused of sexual abuse too.
• M’Dougal, one punishment was to make inmates spend a night in the mortuary.

Question 44

ESSAY PLAN : To what extent were the provisions of the Poor Law Amendment act a real departure from poor relief efforts in the years 1785-1843?
- C…
- Extent of…
- Impact on…
Conclusion.

Answer 44

• Cost (indoor vs outdoor).
• Extent of poor relief (consistency, PLAA well implemented in S).
• Impact on paupers (still deserving/undeserving, still WH).
  Conclusion, yes a big change or no???

Question 45

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law) Did the Commission Succeed? YES :
- By 18____, the system was well __________, __________ parishes with a total population of 1__ million had been incorporated into the…
- Only _______ parishes remained outside the…
- The rural ____________ counties were an early success, most of the ______ new WH which had been built by 183____ were in this region.
- By 187__, the ______ new WH contained ____________ inmates.

Answer 45

• By 1840, system was well-established - 14,000 parishes with a total population of 12 million had been incorporated into PL Unions.
• Only 800 parishes remained outside the system.
• Rural Southern counties were an early success, most of the 350 new WH which had been built by 1839 were in this region.
• By 1870, the 350 new WH contained 150,000 inmates.

Question 46

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law) Did the Commission Succeed? NO :
- In those parts of the ________ where _____________ was strongest, the implementation of the ______ Law Amendment Act was much __________.
- Very few WH were built in ______________ or Lancashire until the 1850’s and ____’s… The guardians demolished their ______ WH and refused to build a replacement until 18_____.
- In ______________, local residents meant that…

Answer 46

• In those parts of the North where resistance was strongest, the implementation of the Poor Law Amendment Act was much delayed.
• Very few WH were built in Yorkshire or Lancashire until the 1850’s and 60’s. Guardians demolished their old WH and refused to build a replacement until 1877.
• In Cornwall, local residents meant that few workhouses were built.

Question 47

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, REASONS FOR OPPOSITION) Government :
- Some believed it went too far, the ________ didn’t like that it was passed by whigs.
- Some didn’t believe that it went far enough, e.g. William ________ objected on the grounds that the Act removed…
- Happening at same time as the ________ Reform Act, lots of…

Answer 47

• Tories didn’t like that it was passed by the whigs.
• William Cobbett objected on the grounds that the Act removed the ‘right’ to relief by making them seem like criminals.
• Same time as the Great Reform Act, lots of change.

Question 48

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, REASONS FOR OPPOSITION) Poor People :
- ____________ Workhouse scandal.
- Families ______, ______________ conditions, seen as _____________.
- Many believed it was the governments attempt to save _________ and make the poor’s lives __________.

Answer 48

• Andover Workhouse scandal.
• Families split, unpleasant conditions, seen as criminals.
• Many believed it was the governments attempt to save money and make the poor’s lives harder.

Question 49

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, REASONS FOR OPPOSITION) Southerners :
- Highest percentage of _______.
- Farms lose ________.
- Less _______________ opportunities.
- _______________ work.

Answer 49

• Highest percentage of poor.
• Farms lose workers.
• Less employment opportunities.
• Seasonal work.

Question 50

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Centralisation)
- One of the strongest arguments, the ___ commissioners were depicted as ____________-based tyrants seeking to…
- One of the most powerful opponents was the editor of ‘The __________’ newspaper, John _______, whose generous operation of…
- During debates on the PLAA, __________ newspaper had denounced the proposed ____ law, claiming it undermined…
- Influential _______________ were shocked at the degree of ______________ that the…

Answer 50

• The 3 commissioners were depicted as London-bases tyrants seeking to impose their will on the entire kingdom.
• One of the most powerful opponents was the proprietor of ‘The Times’ newspaper, John Walter, whose generous operation of outdoor relief under the old system had been criticised by the Royal Commission.
• During debates of PLAA, Walter’s newspaper had denounced the proposed new law, claiming it undermined the principle that ‘people should govern themselves as much as possible’.
• Influential landowners shocked at the degree of authority that the new body was given to intervene in the affairs of their locality.

Question 51

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Driving Down Wages)
- Anti-Poor Law campaigners also claimed that the purpose of the WH was to drive…
- When the commission proposed a plan to move unemployed __________________ labourers _________ to the factor towns between 183___-3___this…
- ______ owners had asked for the scheme to specifically limit….

Answer 51

• Purpose of WH’s were to drive down wages by forcing labourers to take any alternative form of employment, no matter how badly paid.
• Commission proposed a plan to move unemployed agricultural labourers north to the factory towns between 1835-37, this seemed to confirm these claims.
• Mill owners had asked for the scheme specifically to limit rising wage rates in the North of England.

Question 52

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Concerns of Guardians)
- Many of those who operated the ____ PL opposed the… in particular the…
- E.g. Joseph ___________, a member of the ____________ Guardians told the Parliamentary Select Committee on the PLAA that…
- Men like him feared that the cost…
- Others argued that many WH would be…
- Others feared that the abolition of traditional forms of _________ would snap some of the…

Answer 52

• Many who operated the old PL opposed the new one system in order to protect their existing powers. In particular the vestrymen or guardians.
• Joseph Ellison, member of the Dewsbury board of of Guardians, told Committee that “under no system of management could things be carried on more satisfactorily”.
• Feared the cost of building the new WH and maintaining the poor inside them would be excessive.
• Others argued WH would be empty and a waste of resources.
• Abolition of traditional forms of Poor Relief would snap some of the paternalistic bonds between rich and poor which operated as a form of social control.

Question 53

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Rural England)
- Resistance of the act often took the form of…
- _______________ Union in Buckinghamshire, May 183__, mob took to the streets to prevent a…
- They initially ______________ the transfer of the paupers, but they were eventually forced to give way after….

Answer 53

• Riots and disorder.
• Amersham Union in Buckinghamshire in May 1835, mob took to the streets to prevent a small group of paupers being moved from Chesham to the new WH in Amersham.
• They initially prevented the transfer of the paupers, but were eventually forced to give way after the local magistrates read the Riot Act and called up reinforcements.

Question 54

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Northern Factory Towns)
- Resistance was more _________.
- The campaign for extended legislation to protect factory workers known as the ______ ________ Movement was already… leaders quickly mobilised to…
- Highlighted in 183__ and 183__ when the commission first attempted to set up…
- At a _________ board meeting a mob of ________-_______ people, led by Richard ___________, disrupted the proceedings by…

Answer 54

• Resistance more fierce.
• Campaign for extended legislation to protect factory workers known as the Ten Hour Movement was already well established, leaders quickly mobilised to block what they saw as a new attack on working people.
• 1837 and 1838 when the commission first attempted to set up the new Poor Law Unions in the industrial areas of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire.
• A local board meeting, a mob of 6,000-8,000, led by Richard Oastler, disrupted the proceedings by smashing down the gates of the workhouses and threatening to pull down the building and attack the guardians.

Question 55

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, Todmorden)
- Most _____________ resistance in the town of Todmorden.
- Campaign led by radical ___ John __________, whose tactics included closing…
- His ____________ rallied to his defence when…
- Once more, _________ were required to…

Answer 55

• Most determined resistance in the town of Todmorden.
• Campaign led by radical MP John Fielden, whose tactics included closing down his own factory in protest at the election of guardians and also refusing to pay his poor rates.
• His workers rallied to his defence when the board attempted to enforce payment and they proceeded to attack the homes of the local guardians.
• Troops were required to restore order.

Question 56

(Nature and extent of opposition to the Poor Law, The North-East, London and the Midlands)
- In contrast to the scenes in the…
- In the N-E, new Poor Law was established with… and in London the ‘Metropolitan Anti-________ Law ___________________’ formed by Earl S_____________ had little…
- However, the absence of violent protest did not mean that…

Answer 56

• In contrast to the scenes in the factory towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire, there were few major disturbances elsewhere.
• N-E, new Poor Law established with relative ease and in London the ‘Metropolitan Anti-Poor Law Association’ formed by Earl Stanhope made little impact.
• Didn’t mean that the Act had been fully accepted

Question 57

(Was the Andover WH scandal the main turning point for National Opinion? YES)
- The events of Andover weren’t ___________ but they were well-____________ by critics of… like the editor of ‘…’ John __________.
- Scandal also illustrated how many groups in __________ already believed that…, the non-____________ church had…
- After 184___, conditions in the WH gradually ______________, although there was another scandal in ______________ in 18____ where…
- Groups such as the ‘Workhouse ______________ Society’, created in 185__, carried out…

Answer 57

• Events of Andover weren’t unique but they were well-publicised by critics of the new Poor Law including the editor of The Times, John Walter..
• Scandal illustrated how many groups in society already believed that poverty should be dealt with differently, the non-conformist churches (e.g. Methodists) promoted this view and had done for years.
• After 1846, conditions gradually improved, although was another scandal in Huddersfield in 1848, inmates went 9 weeks without change of clothes or bed linens in which typhus patients died.
• Groups such as the ‘Workhouse Visiting Society’, created in 1858, carried out unofficial checks on WH and added to the argument of better treatment of the poor.

Question 58

(Was the Andover WH scandal the main turning point for National Opinion? YES)
- Greatest impact was to expose __________ in the WH system and change the way….
- In 184__ the Poor Law _____________ was abolished and the Poor Law _________… several cabinet members sat on the…

Answer 58

• Expose the abuses in the WH system and change the way the system was administered.
• In 1847 the Poor Law Commission was abolished and the Poor Law Board was introduced. This meant control over the Poor Law was brought under government control, several cabinet members sat on the Board and the president of the Board was an MP.

Question 59

(Was the Andover WH scandal the main turning point for National Opinion? NO)
- Journalist Henry __________ published a __ volume work called ‘London Labour and the…’ in 184___ and concluded that… this challenged the belief that…
- The abolition of the Poor Law ________________ also shifted opinions about the…
- The 18____ Act had focused on deterrence because poverty had been interpreted as a product of… Buy by the 18____’s…

Answer 59

• Journalist Henry Mayhew published a 4 volume work called ‘London Labour and London Poor’ in 1849, concluded that wages were too low for many to deal with fluctuations in the economy. This challenged the belief that poverty was the result of idleness.
• Abolition of the Poor Law Commission also shifted opinions about the nature of poverty and the best way to deal with it.
• The 1834 Act had focused on deterrence because poverty had been interpreted as a product of laziness. But by the 1840’s, there was a greater feeling of social responsibility.

Question 60

(Was the Andover WH scandal the main turning point for National Opinion? NO)
- The changes that were made to the WH system were less a desire to help the ________ but more to secure ________-class interests and avoid…
- In spite of the scandal, WH remained a… between 185__-6__ another _______ WH were built to add to the ______ that had been built following.
- The __________ classes had mostly lost touch with their origins in the… they had been welcomed…
- The scandal showed how the PLAA wasn’t a __________ solution but many thought the principles were…

Answer 60

• Changes that were made to WH systems were less a desire to help the poor but more to secure middle-class interests and avoid riots and discontent amongst the working class.
• Despite scandal, WH remained a central feature of provision for the poor, between 1851-66, another 100 WH built to add to the 402 that had been built following the 1834 PLAA.
• Middle classes had mostly lost touch with their origins in the working class, they had been welcomed into the upper society and wanted to maintain this position
• Scandal showed how the PLAA wasn’t a perfect solution but many thought the principles were sound and should be maintained.

Question 61

(The Growth of Charity and Self-Help, Charles Dickens’ ‘Oliver Twist’ impact)
- First published in 183___.
- Highlights…
- ____________ classes read it.
- Trying to provoke a…
- “Suffered the torture of…”

Answer 61

• First published in 1837.
• Highlights poor treatment and that poverty is perpetuated by workhouses.
• Upper-classes read it, illuminate the problems.
• Trying to provoke a reaction from the public.
• “Suffered the torture of slow starvation for three months”.

Question 62

(The Growth of Charity and Self-Help, Samuel Smile’s ‘Self Help’ impact)
- Published in 185__, book talked about the importance of… placing individual determination…
- Sold more than _____________ copies.
- He was also involved in the ____________ movement.
- Believed in a growth of ____________ societies…
- “Heaven helps those who…”

Answer 62

• Published in 1859, book talked about the importance of thrift and industry, placing individual determination to improve oneself as the single most important element in achieving success.
• Sold more than 250,000 copies.
• Samuel Smiles also involved in the Chartist movement.
• Believed in a growth of Friendly Societies.
• “Heaven helps those who help themselves”.

Question 63

(The Growth of Charity and Self-Help, Thomas Carlyle)
- His work ‘_______ and Present’ was published in 184___, drew attention to the growing class…
- He was most interested in ______________ growth of the country, used the poor and treatment of them as an example of how…
- His work was well read by __________ class reformers and his words began to influence….

Answer 63

• His work ‘Past and Present’ which was published 1843, drew attention to the growing class divide within Britain by describing WH as ‘Poor Law Prisons’.
• Most interested in Spiritual growth of the country, used the poor and treatment of them as an example of how far removed from one another members of society had become.
• Work was well read by middle class reformers and his words began to influence more nationalist viewpoints.

Question 64

(The Growth of Charity and Self-Help, Henry Mayhew)
- ‘London ____________’ and ‘London _________’, produced a ___ volume work which catalogued in more than ___ million words…
- Perhaps the first study of this…
- Challenged long dominant view that… instead showed how…
- Forced __________ class to consider an alternative about… and led to growth in…

Answer 64

• ‘London Labour’ and ‘London Poor’, produced a 3 volume work which cataloged in more than 2 million words the experienced of Britain poor.
• Perhaps the first study of this topic conducted by a private individual.
• Challenged long dominant view that idleness was the source of poverty, instead showed how insufficient wages made people dependent upon relief.
• Forced middle class to consider an alternative about how to treat the poor and led to a growth in charity work.

Question 65

(The Growth of Charity and Self-Help, Elizabeth Gaskell)
- Another _________ who contributed to the growing awareness of…
- Her book ‘Mary __________’ (184___) is perhaps her best known and in it lives the…
- Offered a realistic impression of…

Answer 65

• Another author who contributed to the growing awareness of poverty.
• Book ‘Mary Barton’ (1848), in it lives the lives of the working class and their difficult existence amid the smoke stacks of manchester.
• Offered a realistic impression of the poor classes in Britain.

Question 66

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 183__ R_______________ Act is passed, requiring…

Answer 66

• 1836 Registration Act is passed, requiring the registration of all births, deaths and marriages that took place in the country.

Question 67

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 184___ Outdoor __________ Test Order formally allows the…
- The commission also ruled that such relief should be…
- However, many unions…

Answer 67

• 1842 Outdoor Labour Test Order formally allows the continuance of outdoor relief.
• Commission also ruled that such relief should be paid at least partly in the form of food rather than totally in cash.
• However, many unions continued to ignore the orders.

Question 68

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 184___ Outdoor Relief _______________ Order is passed, bringing an end to…

Answer 68

• 1844 Outdoor Relief Prohibitory Order is passed, brining an end to the provision of outdoor relief.

Question 69

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 185__ Outdoor Relief _____________ Order is passed.
- Following this, the majority of unions across the country were allowed to replace…

Answer 69

• 1852 Outdoor Relief Regulation Order is passed.
• Following this, the majority of unions across the country were allowed to replace the WH wit outdoor labour and the condition of relief.

Question 70

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 186__ Metropolitan _________ Act is passed requiring…

Answer 70

• 1867 Metropolitan Poor Act is passed requiring separate medical facilities for workhouses.

Question 71

(Attitudes Changing, Government Laws)
- 186__ Charity Organisation __________ is established.

Answer 71

• 1869 Charity Organisation Society is established.

Question 72

ESSAY PLAN : How far do you agree that poor relief in the years 1834-70 evidenced a more positive concern for the well-being of society?
- The…
- Growth in Charity, …
- Other…
- The Andover and…

Answer 72

• The PLAA (however, WH like Andover).
• Growth in Charity, Philanthropic Enterprises and Self-Help.
• Other government laws.
• The Andover and Huddersfield Scandals.

Question 73

ESSAY PLAN : How far do you agree that the most significant outcome of the Poor Law Amendment act in the years 1834-70 was increased sympathy for the poor?
- Increased sympathy for…
- Detrimental conditions…
- Government…

Answer 73

• Increased sympathy for the poor.
• Detrimental conditions for the poor.
• Governmenr action.