Britain, Booklet 4, UNIONISM & COOPERATION

Question 1

Trade Union :

Answer 1

Individual workers from the same trade or industry binding together.
~ Want better pay, conditions, hours etc.

Question 2

Knobsticks :

Answer 2

Immigrants (often Irish) are who were used to replace striking workers by business owners.
~ Didn’t go along with strikes.

Question 3

Once industrialisation had began, in Britain, a widespread network…

Answer 3

Of societies were created to include unskilled workers (traditionally had been excluded from guilds and societies).

Question 4

Due to Laissez-Faire attitudes of the government…

Answer 4

It meant the gov was unwilling to interfere with the methods entrepreneurs used to generate income.
~ No regulation which allowed employers to exploit people.
~ Led to the expansion of TU, working class combined to try protect their interests.

Question 5

Early Trade Societies :

Answer 5

~ Basic protection for members.
~ Often formed by skilled tradesmen.
~ WEREN’T class movements, were small and local.
~ Practised ‘closed shop’ methods, meant jobs only given to members of a union (newer members).

Question 6

Example of early TU was the London Printers, 17___ :

Answer 6

~ 1793.
~ Petitioned their masters for an increase in their wages due to higher cost of living.
~ Gained 539 signatures in support.
~ Able to generate significant concern from their employers, successfully negotiated an increase in wages.

Question 7

Early Unions were popular with… and were… as industrialisation increased…

Answer 7

~ Early Unions were popular with skilled workers and were successful because of the rareness of their skills & damage that would happen if they stopped working.
~ As industrialisation increased, workers increasingly came into conflict with their employers who were eager to make profits, whatever cost.

Question 8

A popular method to undermine the strikes was…

Answer 8

To draft in immigrant workers to replace the striking workers.
~ There workers were often Irish and desperate for work.
~ Often abused by local community for this, verbally attacked as ‘knobsticks’.
~ Physically abused too, e.g. Grinders’ Union in Sheffield 1866.
CONTINUALLY UNDERMINED ACTIONS OF TU/SOCIETIES.

Question 9

What did the Trade Unions do? 18th Century :

Answer 9

~ Helped those in search of work documentation to get employed.
~ Gathered at ‘The House of Call’ where masters in search of tradesmen would gather here, and workers.

Question 10

What issues did Trade Unions face? 18th Century :

Answer 10

~ Irish/those who weren’t involved in strike undermined it.
~ Difficult to organise, scattered agricultural workers&domestic servants.
~ Unskilled majority had no power/little opportunity to organise.

Question 11

What did the Trade Unions do? 19th Century :

Answer 11

~ Strike action (One in Bradford failed after 23 weeks).
~ Propagandist journalist, the co-operative magazine (Lovett).
~ Tolpuddle workers (link between industrial and agricultural workers). More national movements.

Question 12

What issues did Trade Unions face? 19th Century :

Answer 12

~ Risk of Transportation e.g. Glasgow Cotton Spinners union.
~ Limited numbers e.g. Durham miners found themselves alone at the National Convention.
~ Apprenticeships abolished in 1809.

Question 13

(Growth of TU, SUCCESSES)
+ Growth saw an initial rise in…
+ Major strikes in cotton industry in… in 18___ & 18_____, the 181___ strike spread…

Answer 13

+ Growth saw an initial rise in militancy as workers were more organised and had established a strike fund so some could afford to strike.
+ Major strikes by cotton spinners in Lancashire in 1810 & 1818. The 1818 strikes spread to other industries e.g. machine makers which threatened a NATIONWIDE STOPPAGE.

Question 14

(Growth of TU, SUCCESSES)
+ In 181__, strike only brought to an end when…
+ Combinations Act repealed in…
+ Direct consequence of this was the emergence of…
+ High point of unionism, in 18____ when the ‘…’ was established which… had over ___ million members… In 1834 it formed…

Answer 14

+ 1818, strike only brought to an end after five members of the organisation were arrested, dead eared by government-backed employers (shows strength).
+ Combinations Act repealed 1824.
+ Direct consequence was emergence of a more-well defined trade unionism by later 1820’s.
+ 1834, Grand National which consolidated TU and had over 1 million members. In 1834 it formed a network of affiliated TU into one large union.

Question 15

(Growth of TU, FAILURES)
- GN led to the use of the…
- Despite GN, unionism hadn’t become… remained…

Answer 15

• Grand National led to the use of ‘the document’ by employers, had to be signed by workers to state they weren’t members of union & couldn’t join one.
  ~ Unionism hadn’t become a unified force, remained a varied group of independent unions, focused on own interests. Partly due to lack of nationalist thinking & since GN failed to support members when striking.

Question 16

(Growth of TU, FAILURES)
- GN had meagre funds, of ___ million members, only _________ paid… this wasn’t…
- Predicament first exposed in 183__, when ______ mill workers in ______ were…

Answer 16

• GN had meagre funds, despite allegedly having 1 million members, only 16,000 paid fees (subscription), this wasn’t enough to support a national organisation & not enough to cover costs of striking workers.
  ~ Exposed in 1834, when 1,500 mill workers in Derby were locked out of their place of work because they couldn’t survive and weren’t supported enough by the GN.

Question 17

(Growth of TU, FAILURES)
- Middle class often… if workers refused…
- The practice was so effective that the GN collapsed in 18____…

Answer 17

• Middle class often alarmed by growth of Unions, if workers refused to sign ‘the document’ then they were often locked out of their workplaces (e.g. Derby).
• The practice was so effective that the GN collapsed by 1835 under the financial burden of having to provide for locked out members & loss of fees from workers who renounced their membership.

Question 18

The Government’s belief in laissez-faire meant they believed…

Answer 18

That prosperity was achievable if regulation was kept to a minimum and the middle classes were left to their own devices.
- Unionism was a barrier to this wealth creation.

Question 19

(The Combinations Act, 1799)
- Under __________ pressures, … in _____ _______. Making the…
- Aim of these acts was to…
- The Act was amended in _______, forbade…
- Legislation remained…
- Unions continued…

Answer 19

• Under wartime pressures, William Pitt responded to growing TU by passing legislation in July 1799. Making the organisation of Unions illegal.
• Aim was too speed up process by allowing summary trials, with a 3-month prison term for anyone found guilty.
• Act was amended in 1800, forbade employees’ organisations.
• Legislation remained unpopular, source of much working-class discontent.
• Unions continued to increase, likely due to Postal Service

Question 20

(The Combinations Act, 1799)
- Repealed in ________.
- The more Liberal mindset adopted by gov is likely down to…
- The _______ Unlawful Oaths Act was…

Answer 20

• Repealed in 1824.
• More Liberal mindset adopted by gov is likely down to general improvement in prosperity.
• The 1797 Unlawful Oaths Act was preferred to the Combinations Act as it carried harsher sentences (an older measure).

Question 21

(The Master and Servant Act)
- Was in 18____, it made the…
- It also meant that…
- Between 18____-____ there were, on average, _________…

Answer 21

• Was in 1823, it made the breaking of a contract an offence punishable with imprisonment
• It also meant a strike which resulted in the failure of work was considered a breach of agreement, strikers could be prosecuted.
• Between 1857-75 there were, on average, 10,000 prosecutions each year in E&W. Government clearly still in favour of employers rights.

Question 22

(Tolpuddle Martrys)
- 18___, ___ agricultural labourers were arrested for….
- Their pay had been brought down from ___ shillings a week to ___.
- Sentenced to ___, after receiving a pardon in 18____…
- Names include George _________ & James _______…

Answer 22

• 1834, 6 agricultural labourers were arrested swearing illegal oaths in the tiny Dorset village of Tolpuddle.
• Pay had been brought down from 9 shillings to 6 a week.
• Sentenced to 7 years transportation (maximum).
• Received a pardon in 1838.
• Names including George Loveless & James Hammett.

Question 23

(Reaction to Tolpuddle Martrys)
- Caused massive public outcry, around ________ demonstrated on April ___st 18____ in…
- Crowd marched to ___________ Common, their wagon carried a petition of over ___________ signatures. __________ refused to accept.
- ______ _____ ______ accepted the pardon.
- Strength of feeling of workers worried…
- George _________ became a…

Answer 23

• Around 100,000 demonstrated on April 21st 1834 in Copenhagen Fields.
• Crowd marched to Kennington Common, wagon carried a petition of over 200,000 signatures. Melbourne refused.
• Lord John Russell accepted the pardon.
• Worried the elite.
• George Loveless became a delegate to the Chartist Convention in 1839.

Question 24

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, WHY)
- Relative failures of unionism before 183____ led to lessons being learned.
- By 18_____, New…. emerged as…
- Most important TU to develop after was … in 18_____, created by…

Answer 24

• Relative failures of unionism before 1834 led to lessons being learned.
• By 1850, New Model Unionism emerged as a much mire effective form of the union movement.
• Most important TU was the ASE in 1851, created by joining together 3 smaller unions, beginning of NMU.

Question 25

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, WHY)
- ASE was created in reaction to…
- ASE aimed to… however…
- There were branches across the country from…
- Their organisation became the…

Answer 25

• In reaction to industrialisation & the growth of unskilled workers which concerned the skilled workers.
• Aimed to reassert and protect the rights of skilled workers, however it also divided the workforce between the skilled and unskilled.
• Branches from Lancashire to Scotland.
• Their organisation became the standard model for all successful TU.

Question 26

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, ORGANISATION)
- ASE was led by… who was the… ORGANISED IT SO :
1) There was an…
2) Members of the union had…
3) ASE was able to generate £__________ in 18______ which enabled…
- Had a membership of _________, this was achieved by…

Answer 26

• ASE was led by William Allan, who was the general secretary of the union).
  1) There was an Executive Council which was formally in charge.
  2) Members of the union had to pay a fee which meant there was often enough to cover strikes.
  4) ASE was able to generate £12,000 P.A in 1852, enabled union to look after their own and support smaller unions.
• Membership of 12,000, this was achieved by gaining supporters from around the country.

Question 27

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, ACTIONS)
- 18____-___, the London _______ went on strike to gain a ___ hour working day.
- The ASE gave __ donations of £_______ to the builders’ strike fund, enabled them…
- This forced a… this showed the…
- Inspired other unions to consider why the…

Answer 27

• 1859-60, the London builders went on strike to gain a 9 hour working day.
• ASE gave out 3 donations of £1,000 to the builders’ strike fund, enabled them to hold out for 6 months.
• This forced a compromise from their employers.
• This forced a compromise from their employers, this showed the effectiveness of the NMU and that it was designed to promote working class interests.
• Inspired other unions to consider why the ASE was so effective, it was because it had been formed on a much larger, national organisation.

Question 28

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, SIGNIFICANCE)
- Following the success of the… the model of organisation was taken up by…
- The principle set out by ASE in terms of… kick-started a… and enabled…
- Main reason for success of ASE was because they promoted… William Allan believed… using rational…

Answer 28

• Success of the London Builders’ strike, model taken up by the Amalgamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners.
• In terms of organisation and structure, kick-started a new union movement across the country, enabled workers (for the 1st time) to compete effectively with employers to avoid abuses.
• Promoted a more moderate approach to employer-employee relations. William Allan believed that respectability was way to achieve their goals, using rational negotiation based on the skill of workers.

Question 29

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, SIGNIFICANCE)
- The ASE was lucky in the sense because through… Britain had become the… they had leverage with…
- In the moderate & respectable climate of Mid-Victorian Britain, peaceful negotiations attracted…
- ASE formed positive relations with the ________ Party which was… the Liberals benefited because…

Answer 29

• Lucky because through Industrialisation, Britain had become the workshop of the world, relied on continued growth through using skilled workers in increasingly technical workplace (from the 1850’s). Had leverage with employers, NEED SKILLED WORKERS, more success than smaller unions with un-skilled.
• Attracted a more favourable response from politicians and those in positions of influence.
• Relations with the Liberal Party which was sympathetic to the wishes of the union, Libs benefited could tap into large support base of ASE.

Question 30

(Amalgamated Society of Engineers, SIGNIFICANCE)
- Smaller and less well-… often…
- Heightened the divisions… ASE adopted the…
- By the end of 18____, the British Trade Union movement had over ___ million members, was a group that couldn’t be… These skilled workers had a strong… Developing

Answer 30

• Smaller & less well-skilled unions had a much more difficult time than the ASE, often resorted to traditional methods e.g. strike.
• Heightened divisions already in existence, ASE adopted the ‘new model’.
• End of 1874, British Trade Union Movement had over 1 million, was a group that couldn’t be ignored by employers. Skilled workers had a strong voice to raise concerns and be able to resolve disputes more successfully. Developing their position in the British economy.

Question 31

(New Model Unionism)
- DEFINITION : A more regional/national approach…
- (185__), Single _______ Unions, e.g…
- Had a policy of avoiding…
- Unions headquarters in London gave secretaries…
- Secretaries met regularly to… became known as the… meetings led to…

Answer 31

Approach to Unions. A greater focus on co-operation and diplomacy rather than militiancy.
- 1851, Single Craft Unions, e.g. Amalgamated Society of Carpenters
- Avoiding strike action.
- Gave secretaries access to parliament.
- Met regularly to share problems, became known as the Junta, meetings led to TU Congress (1868).

Question 32

Limitations of New Model Unionism & the new National TU :

Answer 32

• Elements of individualism, prevented it from acting in a truly united fashion.
• Lots of local unions, not national, some still radical.
• Tended to only operate within their own trades

Question 33

Motives of George Potter & William Dronfield in creating the Trade Union Congress :

Answer 33

POTTER : Believed that if localised unions & national ones could work collectively then they would be better able to defend workers.
DRONFIELD : Promoting the views of the working people who he felt were being largely ignored

Question 34

Trade Council :

Answer 34

Grouping of local Trade Unions from a given geographical area that met together to promote the interests of their industry within that area, often city-wide organisations.
- Limited the scope for a truly national voice.

Question 35

(The Sheffield Meeting, Trade Union Congress)
- Organised by… his own experiences urged him…
- After discussion the meeting produced the… which promised to… but collapsed in 18_____ due to…
-Acted as a catalyst, it prompted his friend… to invite…

Answer 35

• Organised by William Dronfield, his own experiences urged him to need to address the outlet for unionist views.
• Produced the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades, promised to bind unions in mutual support but collapsed in 1867 due to financial problems.
• Acted as a catalyst, prompted his friend Samuel Nicholson (President of the Manchester and Salford TC) to invite general trades congress to discuss union issues,

Question 36

(1st Trade Union Congress)
- In June 18___, attended by ____ delegates representing more than _________ members of unions across the country.

Answer 36

• June 1868, attended by 34 delegates representing more than 118,000 members of unions across the country.

Question 37

Why were TU congress necessary? (3)

Answer 37

• Put aside their differences with regard to individual interests.
• Until 1868, conflict had prevented an effective organisation across the skills divide.
• Needed to safeguard union funds.

Question 38

What was the significance of the Trade Union Councils, what actions did they take from 1868?

Answer 38

• Marked a seminal moment for TU, establishing a genuinely universal mechanism for the organisation of British labour.
• Following 1868, unions could, with one voice, defend their means and promote the interests of the working class.
• Increased political motivations that the Trade Union Congress exuded.

Question 39

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activites)
- New Lanark Mill in the ________ Valley (Scotland) was operated by _______ ________ from 17____-18______.
- He was a committed reformer who believed strongly in…
- He still wanted to create… but not at the expense… aimed to create…
- Due to industrial revolution, desire to…

Answer 39

• New Lanark Mill, Clyde Valley (Scotland) was operated by Robert Owen from 1799-1828.
• He was a committed reformer, believed strongly in the principle of education and the importance of providing welfare for his employees.
• Still wanted to created profit, just not at expense of workers, aimed to create perfect working environment.
• Desire to increase productivity was huge, factory system introduced to maximise profits.

Question 40

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activites)
- In NL, Owen abolished… replaced them with…
- Owen also improved working/living standards, from 18_____, the working day was shortened to ____ hours including… and no child under ____ could work.
- Shop opened selling… and profits generated went back to…
- Following USA’s ban on _________ supplies to Britain from 18____, Owen continued to…

Answer 40

• Owen abolished punishments, replaced with incentives to work hard, e.g. ‘Silent Monitor’ which monitored workers behaviour from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’. Appealed to their sense of social standing.
• From 1800, working day shortened to 12 hours including a 1&1/2 hr break, no child under 10 could work.
• Selling good quality products at little more than cost price, profit generated went back to workers in form of free education for their children in schools built on site.
• Following USA’s ban on cotton supplies to Britain from 1806, Owen continued to pay his workers even though the mill was closed for 4 months.

Question 41

(Government response to new unionism)
~ Gov response before 18___ had been…
~ The principle of ________ ______ (and …) meant they sympathised with… because…

Answer 41

~ Gov response before 1850 had been largely negative.
~ Principle of free trade (and laissez-faire policy) meant they sympathise with employers over workers, because they were generating so much income for the country.

Question 42

(Government response to new unionism)
~ Gov began to change its opinion following the development of the NMU from 18____, mainly due to the power of the…
~ Leaders of the unions … (ASCJ) and … (ASE) believed in … rather than…

Answer 42

~ New Model Unionism from 1851, mainly due to the power of the ASE and ASCJ which were on a larger scale than previous movements and well financed.
~ Leader of unions, Robert Applegarth (ASCJ) and William Allan (ASE) believed in negotiation rather than militancy which offered comprise & made them more likely to win over the gov and employers.

Question 43

(Government response to new unionism)
~ The Master and Servant Act 18____ was reformed in 18_____ but not…
~ Gov ⛬ began granting some limited reform as a result of their new position (NMU, the ___________ of Workmen Act, 18____, have rights to workers who…
~ This illustrated the gov’s careful and conservative reform, conceding some…

Answer 43

~ M&S reformed in 1823 but not removed.
~ Molestation of Workmen Act, 1859, have rights to workers who picketed peacefully during strikes but left the definition of ‘peaceful persuasion’ to the courts.
~ Conceding some rights but restraining the power to imprison or act forcefully where necessary.

Question 44

(Government response to new unionism)
~ Many union members joined the _________ _______ to try and extend the…
~ The 186___ Reform Act resulted in many…

Answer 44

~ Joined the Reform League to try and extend the franchise.
~ 1867 Reform Act resulted in many skilled workers gaining the vote and reflected the work of the NMU’s in influencing politics to make significant gains.

Question 45

(Government response to new unionism)
~ Despite gov reluctance to accept… those with…
~ The growing Trades Councils (…) could mobilise…
~ Whilst many workers still couldn’t…
~ Employers could win favour by openly…

Answer 45

~ Gov reluctance to accept new trade unions, those with political ambitions had to listen to them.
~ (London Trades Council was particularly dominant under the influence of Applegarth and Allan) could mobilise thousands of workers during general elections.
~ Workers still couldn’t vote, they could attend the public justine and have influence over others who could vote.
~ Employers openly voting for a pro-union candidate.

Question 46

(Government response to new unionism)
~ Under existing laws TU were not…
~ Commission heard from employers and unions who each put forward… it was agreeed…
~ This formulated into the __________ ______ Act in 18____, the 1st time they…

Answer 46

~ TU weren’t granted full legal rights.
~ Put forward a strong case as they emphasised the benefits of unionism and their peaceful methods. Agreed to give them full legislation together with the protection that went with it (security of funds).
~ Trade Union Act 1871, first time they were entirely legal.

Question 47

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activites)
- New Lanark Mill in the ________ Valley (Scotland) was operated by _______ ________ from 17____-18______.
- He was a committed reformer who believed strongly in…
- He still wanted to create… but not at the expense… aimed to create…
- Due to industrial revolution, desire to…

Answer 47

• New Lanark Mill, Clyde Valley (Scotland) was operated by Robert Owen from 1799-1828.
• He was a committed reformer, believed strongly in the principle of education and the importance of providing welfare for his employees.
• Still wanted to created profit, just not at expense of workers, aimed to create perfect working environment.
• Desire to increase productivity was huge, factory system introduced to maximise profits.

Question 48

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activites)
- In NL, Owen abolished… replaced them with…
- Owen also improved working/living standards, from 18_____, the working day was shortened to ____ hours including… and no child under ____ could work.
- Shop opened selling… and profits generated went back to…
- Following USA’s ban on _________ supplies to Britain from 18____, Owen continued to…

Answer 48

• Owen abolished punishments, replaced with incentives to work hard, e.g. ‘Silent Monitor’ which monitored workers behaviour from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’. Appealed to their sense of social standing.
• From 1800, working day shortened to 12 hours including a 1&1/2 hr break, no child under 10 could work.
• Selling good quality products at little more than cost price, profit generated went back to workers in form of free education for their children in schools built on site.
• Following USA’s ban on cotton supplies to Britain from 1806, Owen continued to pay his workers even though the mill was closed for 4 months.

Question 49

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activities)
~ Owen’s social experiment at NL was pioneering ; a new type of society…
~ Owen’s mill drew widespread interest and even the future… visited in 18____…
~ In 183___, Owen boasted that he managed to maintain annual profits of £________ which silenced…

Answer 49

~ New type of society in which the lives of workers were improved through reinvestment which created, not only a profitable society, but one where people worked harmoniously together.
~ Future Tsar of Russia, Grand Duke Nicholas, visited in 1816.
~ 1834, boasted that he maintained annual profits of £300,000 which silenced critics of his methods.

Question 50

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activities)
~ Owen managed to inspire other individuals who liked the ideas of…
~ In the poorer __________ _________ from 18____, these efforts became increasingly…

Answer 50

~ Inspire other progressive individuals who liked the ideas of communality and self-improvement.
~ In the poorer economic climate from 1815, these efforts became increasingly popular.

Question 51

(New Lanark & Cooperative Activities)
~ In London, a group of working men, including the later Chartist leader Henry ____________, formed a Co-operative and ___________ Society in 18_____ with the aim of setting up a…
~ The physician, William ________ published a newspaper entitled ‘The Co-________’ after 182___ and, although it only ran for ___ years, had a wide…

Answer 51

~ Henry Hetherington, formed a Co-operative and Economical Society in 1821 with the aim of setting up a communal house in Spa Fields.
~ Physician William King, published a newspaper entitled ‘The Co-operator’ after 1827 and, although it only ran for 2 years, had a wide readership and managed to circulate ideas of co-operation and link through various groups around the country together.

Question 52

(New Lanark & Cooperative activities)
- Through the efforts of ______ and others, co-operation enjoyed a steady growth until 18_____ and the spirit of… manifested itself in the form of…
- These stores shared their profits with _________ and by 18____, there were ______ such stores in Britain.
- Co-operative stores empowered….
- Offered an alternative people, meaning they had more control and felt part of… Something particularly appealing in a country which was increasingly…

Answer 52

• Efforts of King and others, co-operation enjoyed a steady growth until 1829 and the spirit of communalism which Owen had pioneered manifested itself in the form of Co-operative stores across the country.
• Stores shared their profits with customers and by 1832, there were 500 such stores.
• Empowered ordinary people in a world where workers were exploited for personal gain.
• Felt part of a larger community ; Something particularly appealing in a country which was increasingly individualistic and profit-motivated.

Question 53

(New Lanark & Cooperative activities)
- Labour Exchange Bazaars were also introduced at this, although they only lasted for ___ years…
- It involved an exchange…
- People would exchange goods with…
- This could be traded for another product which tool similar…
- ___ of these were established, one in London in ______ called the ‘…’ Each was well supported by… but neither survived due to…

Answer 53

• Also introduced at this time, although it only lasted for 2 years.
• Involved an exchange of currency based on hours worked rather than monetary value.
• People would exchange goods with a credit note showing how many hours it tool to make the product.
• Similar amount of hours to produce.
• 2 of these were established, one on London in 1832 called the ‘National Equitable Labour Exchange’. Each well supported by TU who appreciated the emphasis on labour value but neither survived due to the accumulation of unwanted goods.

Question 54

(New Lanark & Cooperative activities)
- Whilst many co-operative enterprises struggled due to lack of… others were reasonably…
- Co-operatives did inspire…
- However, industrialisation and unregulated capitalism had created a…
- Co-operative model offered a way to dilute the…
- Co-operative activities enabled working people to…

Answer 54

• Struggled due to lack of business sense or inability to attract new members, others were reasonably successful within their immediate locality.
• Did inspire hope in the working people of Britain.
• Fiercely competitive world where the poorest elements of society were continually disadvantaged.
• Dilute the unfairness and industrial capitalism.
• Enabled people to improve their lives and led to some improvement in equality between the classes by the 1860’s.

Question 55

(The Rochdale Pioneers & Cooperative economics)
- In 18____, a new co-operative shop was opened in Rochdale by ___ men who formed the… and formalised the model of…
-

Answer 55

• 1844, opened in Rochdale by 28 men who formed the ‘Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers’, and formalised the model of co-operative business and created the template for future co-operatives.

Question 56

(The Rochdale Pioneers, What problems were the first Co-operative Congress (1831) trying to alleviate through co-operative shops?)
- Weekly wages for weavers had fallen by ______ from the 1820’s to 18____’s.
- Women’s wages…
- Many people only working ___/___ days a week.
- Food prices high, shop keepers added weights to scales.

Answer 56

• Weekly wages for weavers had fallen by half from the 1820’s to 1840’s.
• Women’s wages even lower.
• Many people only working 2/3 days a week.

Question 57

(The Rochdale Pioneers, What problems did new co-operative shops face when starting out?)
- Companies didn’t believe co-ops could pay bills to…
- Private shopkeepers were worried by the idea of…
- Many couldn’t afford…
- Local wholesalers refused to…

Answer 57

• Bills to gas company, so they didn’t supply them with gas.
• By the idea of working people setting up their own shop so it was difficult to find one.
• Couldn’t afford shop furniture.
• Refused to work with pioneers so they had to travel to Manchester to buy goods.

Question 58

(The Rochdale Pioneers & Cooperative economics, The Rochdale Principles)
- Money should be provided by…
- Only the best products should…
- Full weight and…
- Market value…
- Profits should be divided up according to the…
- One member… and women…
- Management should be…
- A percentage of profits should be…
FAIRNESS, EQUALITY & COOPERATION.

Answer 58

• Money provided by the Pioneers with a fixed rate of interest.
• Only best products should be supplied to members.
• Full weight and measures should be given (i.e. customers shouldn’t be swindled out of products).
• Market value charged for products and no credit given.
• According to the purchases made by each member.
• One member, one vote for the co-operative and women should be members.
• Management should be in the hands of elected leaders.
• Allotted to education.

Question 59

(The Rochdale Pioneers & Cooperative economics, Emphasis on democracy helping the business of the RP)
- Recognised importance of involving all…
- Campaign had an involvement in the Married…
- Female members had an equal… ____ years before…
- ___ member, ___ vote, stark contrast to practice at time
- In 18____, International _____________ ___________ was formed, this brought together…

Answer 59

• Involving all members in the running of the society.
• Married Women’s Property Act 1870.
• Equal vote in their co-operative societies, 80 years before they had an equal parliamentary vote.
• 1 member, 1 vote, stark contrast to practice at the time as only wealthy male landowners could vote.
• 1895, International Co-operative Alliance formed, this brought together co-operatives from across the world into a movement that now involves a billion co-operators.

Question 60

(The Rochdale Pioneers & Cooperative economics, How successful were they until 1870?)
- Recognised the importance of ____________, helped… Arranged discussions and ‘…’ for members.
- In 18_____, a library committee was established on the 1st floor of 31 ______ lane.
- In 18_____, members decided to devote ____% of the profits of the…
- Due to success, people wanted to see what pioneers looked like, in 18____, original pioneers were invited to… copies of the photo were…
- William _________ in the Daily News said in 18____ that of the ______ co-op societies then, ______ had been established since ‘…-…’ was published (…)

Answer 60

• Importance of education, helped establish access. They arranged discussions and ‘self-improvement classes’ for members.
• 1849, a library committee was established on 1st floor of 31 Toad Lane.
• 1853, members decided to devote 2.5% of the profits of the society to education.
• 1862, original pioneers invited to a photographers studio, copies of the photo were requested from across the world.
• William Cooper in the Daily News said in 1863 that of the 332 co-operative societies then, 251 had been established since ‘self-help’ was published (history of Rochdale Pioneers).

Question 61

(Growth of Friendly Societies)
- Co-operative was not the first example of a…
- As early as the ___th century there were groups of workers who… and grew following a reduction in… from the ______…
- In the absence of gov protection, working men (…) organised themselves into… paid into…
- This fund was used to… later expanded into a… after 18____.

Answer 61

• Mutual society for the benefit of workers.
• 17th century, joined together to support one another during illness or death, grew following a reduction in gov protection from the 1660’s.
• Absence of gov protection, working men (mainly artisans & skilled workers) organised themselves into groups and paid into a mutual fund with weekly subscriptions.
• Used to support those who needed it at a later date, later expanded into a saving-scheme and investment fund after 1817

Question 61

(Growth of Friendly Societies)
- ‘Royal ________’ in __________ which formed in the 18th Century but splintered into the ‘…‘…
- Each society had an array of…

Answer 61

• ‘Royal Foresters’ in Yorkshire, formed in Yorkshire in 18th Century but splintered into the ‘Ancient Order of Foresters’ in 1834 following disagreements in the group.
• Array of banners and sashes to distinguish themselves and to show unity within the group.

Question 62

(Growth of Friendly Societies)
- By the end of the ________ there were friendly societies across the country and as… gov became more… 17_____ French Revolution.
- Many in the gov thought the FS exhibited the same radicalism as that in…

Answer 62

• By end of 1700’s, as their membership and finances grew, the government became more interested in their activites due to the perceived threat they posed following the 1789 French Revolution.
• Same radicalism as that in France and so wanted to regulate them to ensure conformity.

Question 63

(The Friendly Societies Act, 17____)
- Had to _________ with a local justice of the… and send…
- Each society had to draw up rules to…
- Documents had to be kept and…

Answer 63

1793.
- Had to register with a local justice of the Peace and send reports of their activites every three months.
- Govern themselves and these had to be written and not challenge the interests of the government.
- Had to be kept and given to the courts when necessary.

Question 64

(Growth of Friendly Societies, Friendly Societies Act 1793)
- This was an attempt by the conservatives in gov to… and to keep abreast any of potential threat in the wake…
- Gov wanted societies to be transparent but also wanted the…
- Result was an expansion of FS because they now had…
- By 180___, ___% of the population were members of a ‘FS’ and by 181___, ‘FS’ provided insurance for ___/___ of the population…

Answer 64

• To regulate the emerging groups and to keep abreast any of potential threat in the wake of the French Revolution and the subsequent war with France (from 1793).
• Administrative burden to put off new societies.
• Now had legal recognition and protection of their funds.
• By 1803, 8% of the population were members, and by 1815, ‘FS’ provided insurance for 1/3 of the population.

Question 65

(Growth of Friendly Societies, NEGATIVES)
- Whilst they were organised by _____________ __________ for… the continuous subscription on a…
- Those with _______________ employment (such as…) were unable to…
- If workers fell behind on __________, they were often… and unable to access…
- FS often had an air of ___________ which…

Answer 65

• Whilst they were organised by working people for their own benefit, the continuous subscription on a weekly or annual basis meant that the poorest workers were unable to join.
• Those with irregular employment (such as seasonal work in farming or ship-building) were unable to afford the fees.
• If workers fell behind on payments, they were often removed from the society and were unable to access benefits in spite of paying into the society.
• FS often had an air of exclusivity which limited the impression of benevolence they seemed to represent.

Question 66

(Growth of Friendly Societies, Later Developments)
- Traditional historians’ view of the growth is because industrial expansion meant that… and a financial incentive for doing so because…
- The growth of the industrial workers in the cities reflected the areas where…
- For example, the membership of FS in 1815 was ___% of the population in the Midlands and __% in the South-East.

Answer 66

• Meant that there was a greater desire for working men to organise themselves communally and a financial incentive for doing so because of the benefits they could access for being a member in situations of illness or injury.
• Reflected the areas where the friendly societies were most popular.
• Membership of FS in 1815 was 19% of the population in the Midlands but only 5.4% of the population in the South-East.

Question 67

(Growth of Friendly Societies, Later Developments)
- Membership of FS protected workers against the…
- Membership of one society often meant…
- E.G. The ___________ Society was an association of… and provided…
- The ___________ Act had banned early _______ _______ but FS (being…), were…
- The growth of these societies enabled a growth in…(because…) and…

Answer 67

• Against the frequent changes in circumstances associated with industrialisation.
• Membership of one society often meant hospitality from others.
• The United Society was an association of numerous FS and provided a bed and meals for members who travelled around the country.
• Combinations Act had banned early Trade Unions but FS (being regulated), were exempt from this.
• Growth of these societies enabled a growth in Trade Unionism (because they shared similar principles), and their ideas, in spite of the government’s laws.

Question 68

(Friendly Societies Act, 185__)
- In 18____, the practice of registering societies locally with a… replaced with a…
- This is because those in the government…
- Gov interest grew because of the…, After 18____, membership had reached over ___ million people and the funds…

Answer 68

• Friendly Societies Act, 1855.
• 1846, registering locally with a JP was abandoned and replaced with a central department under a new ‘Registrar of Friendly Societies’.
• Those in government took an even greater interest in the growth of the groups.
• Gov interest grew because of the breadth of support for FS. After 1815, membership had reached over 1 million people and the funds the societies held were vast.

Question 69

(Friendly Societies Act, 1855)
- With the 185__ Act, the Gov recognised this and updated…
- Following legislation of TU in 18____, FS had a better ___________ and the Gov recognised the…
- Societies had effectively set up a…, many praised and…

Answer 69

• 1855 Act, Gov recognised this and updated the old act to protect funds further.
• Following legislation of TU in 1824, FS had a better reputation and the Gov recognised the importance they had in insuring workers and looking after them in times of need.
• Set up a proto-welfare state without government help, which protected many within the country, many praised and welcomed the FS self-help ethos.

Question 70

(Growth of Friendly Societies, Later Developments)
- As wages improved during the 1800’s, so did… their membership outnumbered trade unions by ___ to ___ by by 18_____.
- FS even began offering…
- FS and TU developed and maintained strong…

Answer 70

• So did membership of FS (due to the effective social insurance), their membership outnumbered trade unions by 4 to 1 by 1870.
• Began offering pensions and savings which made life more bearable for working people.
• Strong links throughout this period because their interests were very similar and they provided support for the workers, something the government failed to do.

Question 71

(Growth of Friendly Societies, Later Developments)
- Economic changes of the industrial revolution changed the relationship between…
- Before 178____, workers were at the… but by 18_____, they…
- A more socially responsible…
- Collectively… offered an alternative way…

Answer 71

• Relationship between employers and employees.
• Before 1785, workers at the mercy employers but by 1870 they enjoyed greater influence.
• More socially responsible society emerged, first through TU, then co-operatives.
• Collectively, these movements, particularly unionism after 1852, offered an alternative way for the classes to interact instead of the traditional combative approach they had previously adopted.