Bridging Course 2 Flashcards
The rows of the periodic table are called
periods
the columns of the periodic table are called
groups or families
are considered as the main-group elements or representative elements
Groups 1, 2, and 13-18
the term transition metal was first used by _________________ which means a change of an inner layer of electrons
Charles Bury
lustrous, soft, and highly reactive metals…….readily from +1 cations………….stored in oil to prevent oxidation………..found naturally only in salts
Group 1/alkali metals
lustrous, silver-colored, reactive metals………………react with water to form alkaline hydroxides (except beryllium)………………..readily form +2 cations…………some occur as free elements, while some are found in rocks and minerals
Group 2/alkaline earth metals
elements with partially-filled d subshell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d subshell……………also known as the d-block elements………..less reactive than group 1 and 2 metals, have higher melting points and densities.
group 3-12/transition metals
. Together with Actinides, they are also known as the inner transition metals and the f-block elements.
· Silver-colored, metallic elements found in minerals in the Earth’s crust.
. Form stable +3 ions, many of which are colored.
Lanthanides/Rare Earth elements
. Dense, radioactive metals, many of which are unstable.
· Some have oxidation states of varying colors, though all form stable +3 ions.
. Most are produced synthetically.
. Some are named after famous scientists.
Actinides
. Synthetic, radioactive and very unstable elements.
. Most exist for only fractions of a second.
. In 2016, official names were already chosen for elements 113, 115, 117 and 118. Element 113 is Nihonium, 115 is Moscovium, 117 is Tennessine and 118 is Oganesson.
Transactinides
(104Rf to 1180g)
· All are metals (except Boron, a metalloid) forming +3 ions.
. Have low melting points and poor hardness.
. React with oxygen to form oxides.
Group 13
Boron Group (Icosagens*)
. Composed of metals, metalloids and nonmetals.
. All have four valence electrons.
. They form hydrides with hydrogen and tetrahalides with halogens and a variety of oxides with oxygen.
Group 14
Carbon Group (Crystallogens*)
. Composed of metals, metalloids and nonmetals.
· All have five valence electrons.
· All are solids (except Nitrogen).
. Form hydrides, oxides and halides.
Group 15
Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens)
· Composed of electronegative nonmetals and metalloids.
· All have six valence electrons.
· Electronegative nonmetals react with metals to form -2 ions.
· All are solids (except Oxygen).
Group 16
Oxygen Group (Chalcogens)
. Only group that contains elements in solid, liquid and gas (iodine and astatine are solids, bromine is liquid, and fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature).
· All form diatomic molecules (except Astatine).
. All are reactive nonmetals.
. All have seven valence electrons.
Group 17
Halogens
. Composed of nonmetals that are monoatomic.
· All are colorless gases, but when ionized can be seen as having bright colors in neon signs.
. All have complete outer shell electrons; thus, they have very low chemical reactivity.
Group 18
Noble Gases
The six commonly recognized metalloids are ____________________________. The physical properties of metalloids are similar to those of metals, they are solid and lustrous, while their chemical behavior is similar to those of nonmetals since they have the tendency to gain electrons. Metalloids can also form alloys when combined with metals.
Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, and Tellurium
