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Biology > Breathing And Effects Of Smoking > Flashcards

Breathing And Effects Of Smoking Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some effects of smoking?

A

CHD (the fuming of arteries, narrowing them so less oxygen can reach them)
Cilated cells becomes damaged
Increased risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes
Infections
Dental problems
Hearing loss
Vision loss

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2
Q

What part of the body is the site of gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It is when particles move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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4
Q

How are alveoli adapted to perform gas exchange?

A

Large surface area
Thin walls - gasses don’t need to travel far
Rich blood supply - oxygen can be taken away quickly
High concentration gradient

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5
Q

What is the structure of the breathing system

A

(check biology folder)

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6
Q

What is the composition of inhaled air?

A

21% oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, 0.04% Nitrogen 78%

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7
Q

What is the composition of exhaled air?

A

16% Oxygen, Carbon dioxide 4%, Nitrogen 79%

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8
Q

Why do complex multicellular organisms require specialised breathing systems? Mention diffusion.

A

Air through diffusion doesn’t enter the body quick enough for multicellular organisms.
Reuqire more complicated systems so we can absorb air quicker.

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9
Q

Why do we breathe air?

A

So that gas exchange can occur thorugh blood and air

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10
Q

What is breathing?

A

It is a mechanism that moves air in and out of the lungs between air and blood so gas exchange can occur

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11
Q

What does the diaphragm do? What properties does it have?

A

Spearates thorax and abdomen
Middle part is fibrous and forms roof of dome
Shallow dome shape
Edges are muscular - form walls

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12
Q

Inhalation (breathing in)

A

Air enters lungs
Air flows from high pressure (outside) to low pressure (lungs) inside the lungs
Diaphragm contracts (flattens)
External intercostal muscles contract (ribs up & out)
Results of above - lung volume increases

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13
Q

What is between lungs and ribs?

A

Pleural fluid

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14
Q

Exhalation (breathing out)

A

Air pushed out of lungs
Air flows from high pressure (lungs) to low pressure (outisde body)
Diaphragm relaxes (dome)
Internal intercostal muscles contract (ribs down & in)
Results of above - lung volume decreases

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15
Q

Is exhaled air warmer or colder than atmospheric air?

A

Warmer & has lots of water vapour

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16
Q

Alveoli properties

A

Lots of them
Large surface area - 60m2
Thin walls - brings air and blood close together
Look like bunches of grapes
Covered with tiny blood capillaries
Thin fluid lining alveolus

17
Q

Approximately how many alveoli are in both lungs?

A

700 million

18
Q

How de oxygen/CO2 go from alveolus to blood?

A

Oyxgen goes from alveolus to blood by diffusion becuse ther is a higher pressure of oxygen in alveolus
CO2 goes from blood to alveolus by diffusion becuse ther is a lower pressure of oxygen in alveolus
Oxygen and CO2 have opposing DIFFUSION GRADIENTS
Blood from capilaries to heart is oxygenated & lsot CO2
Heart pumps the blood round body to cells for respiration

19
Q

What part of cigarettes brings cancer?

A

Tar

20
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Brings de-oxygenated blood to the alveoli. It is breathed through alveoli and diffuses through cells into blood

21
Q

What factors can change the rate of diffusion?

A

Short distance
Steep concentration gradient
Large surface area
Moist air so oxygen can dissolve easily

22
Q

How can we maintain a steep concentration gradient?

A

Good ventilation (breathing)
Good perfusion (blood flow) - removes deoxygenated bloods from lungs and takes to body

23
Q

What do red blood cells have to carry oxygen?

A

Haemoglobin

24
Q

What is mucus?

A

A sticky phelgm that traps bacteria/foreign particles in the trachea and broachi. Cilia sweep the mucus into the throat

25
Q

What are cilated cells/cilia?

A

Cells with Little hairs that aid the movement of bacteria and other substances through parts of the body

26
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen to the red blood cell in order?

A

Nostril
Pharynx/Nasal Cavity (Past epiglotis)
Larynx/Voicebox
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli -> Capillary wall -> Red blood cell -> Tissues (respiration)

27
Q

Where are both sets of intercostal muscles located?

A

Between each rib

28
Q

What is carbon monoxide and why is it bad?

A

Takes the place of oxygen by attaching to red blood cells, reducing the amount of oxygen the blood can carry. This means the circulatory system has to work harder, causing heart disease.

29
Q

How does smoking affect the phelgm and cilia?

A

Smoking damages your cilia so the phlegm cannot travel and remove the captured bacteria from the body

Biology (13 decks)

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