Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3: Reproduction > Breastfeeding and health > Flashcards

Breastfeeding and health Flashcards

1
Q

WHO recommended breast feeding time?

A

6 months

2 years after with compulsory foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does breast milk contain more of compared to formula

A

live constituents that promote health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is in human milk that isnt in formula

A 
CYTOKINES
IL-7
ENZYMES
LACTOFERRIN
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
STEM CELLS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MAIN constitutes of breast milk

A

water is filtered

protein is more whey based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

main protein in breast milk? what is it good for?

A

alpha lactalbumin

destruction of over 40 types of cancer cells including bladder and brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protein in formula has been associated with an increased risk of?

A

a baby developing juvenile onset diabetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary carbohydrate in breastmilk?

A

lactose - 40% calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are fats essential for?

A

brain development and absorption of fat soluble vitamins, and are a major calorie source.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what fatty acids occur naturally in breast milk - what do they support?

A

long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs)

- NS development , retinol development (improved eyesight),

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what growth factors promote gut growth?

A

Epidermal, insulin and transforming factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) is increased in?

A

mothers who have preterm babies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transfer factor - lactoferrin role

A

absorption of iron, and in so doing reduces the amount of free iron which attracts bacteria. Lactoferrin is also bactericidal e.g. it kills E.coli bacteria. There are also transfer factors that help with the absorption of fats and vitamins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

immunoglobulins present in BM - what is the most important one and why?

A

IgA, IgG, IgM and IgD

IgA - a protective coating to the baby’s gut; it covers the mucosal gut surface to prevent entry of pathogenic bacteria and enteroviruses (E Coli, Salmonella, Streptococci, Staph, pneumococci, rotavirus etc.), protecting against gastroenteritis, respiratory infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

leukocytes produce what?

A

lysozyme, an enzyme which destroys bacteria by disrupting the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Oligosaccharides help to protect against what conditions ?

A

development of the microflora
- increase good gut bacteria

  • otitis media, respiratory, urine and gastrointestinal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Role of milk lipids

A

damage the outer surface of certain virus types, reducing infection rate in the baby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IL-7 is linked to what?

A

thymus size

  • central organ in the immune system
  • breastfed babies have a larger thymus
  • stimulates antibody producing cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Anti-inflammatory factors in colostrum help reduce the risk of ?

A

Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC), especially in preterm babies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the colostrum help cells and villi do?

A

gut proliferate, thereby speeding up gut maturity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Special features of colostrum (6)

A
  • Packed with protective factors
  • Concentrated nutrition
  • Strong anti-inflammatory factors
  • Stimulates gut growth
  • Small volumes – intentionally
  • Laxative effect – to clear meconium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

think of colostrum as a?

A

concentrated version of breastmilk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what effect does colostrum ?

A

laxative effect which helps to minimise jaundice by assisting the passage of meconium (containing bilirubin).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is a newborn baby born with

A

a surfeit of interstitial fluid and needs to process this in the first few days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do healthy term babies not become dehydrated in the first few days?

A

kidneys are immature. Colostrum contains all the nutrients and protective factors the baby needs without all the excess water which his system would find difficult to process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

not breastfeeding increases the risk of: - in babies (7)

A 
Gastroenteritis
Respiratory infections
Allergies*
Obesity
Type 1 and 2 diabetes
SIDS
NEC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

not breastfeeding increases the risk of: - mother (4)

A

Breast cancer
Ovarian cancer
Hip fractures
Heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the longer mothers breastfeed - the greater protected they are from?

A

breast and ovarian cancer, and hip fractures in later life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

There is an association between prolonged breastfeeding and lower

A

postmenopausal risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what crosses the gut/blood barrier to kickstart the babies endocrine system?

A

Tiny molecules in breastmilk such as maternal antibodies and hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do metabolites allow

A

stimulation of enzyme release in babies, provision of signals from mother to baby about threats in the environment (allergies, potential infections) and support of growth and development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When do babies begin to pick up their familial microbiome

A

as they pass through the vagina at birth and through their mother’s milk in the postnatal period and beyond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Why are the microbes in our gut important?

A

Generate our energy needs
Produce enzymes to digest food
Manufacture vitamins B, K and nicotinic acid
Regulate fat storage
Manufacture amino acids
Help with iron absorption
Create our individual immune system and help immune cells reproduce
Train our immune system on what is safe and what to reject

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Oligosaccharides features (2)

A

feed healthy gut bacteria

produce an adhesive protein substance which helps seal the gaps between cells in the gut wall

34
Q

What increases in the vagina during pregnancy?

A

lactobacilli bacteria

- baby is exposed

35
Q

What is seeding?

A

the baby’s gut is colonised with maternal microbes.

36
Q

What happens with the first breastfeed?

A

live constituents in breastmilk continue to develop this process of setting up immune system in babies gut - with its high levels of bifidobacteria and oligosaccharides

37
Q

What provides the baby with the best tart in life?

A

vaginal birth, skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding - passes microbial heritage

38
Q

if a baby is born by CS they miss out on? what will this compromise?

A

vaginal transfer of microbes

- gut flora

39
Q

Breastfeeding may result in epigenetic changes which impact on: (3)

A

Brain development
Baby’s immune system
Baby’s metabolic system

40
Q

most critical time period for epigenome?

what can breastmilk do to the epigenome?

A

in utero to age three

- to turn off or on certain epigenetic changes

41
Q

Leptin and breastmilk ?

A

babies who are breastfed have higher levels of leptin at one month of age
- regulates appetite control and food intake

42
Q

What is the steps in the Broncho-mammary pathway

A

Pathogens inhaled - Antibodies sent to breast - incorporated into breastmilk

43
Q

What is the steps in the Entero-mammary pathway?

A

Pathogens ingested -

Antibodies produced and sent to breasts - incorporated into breastmilk

44
Q

GALT/ BALT - names

A
  • Gut-Activated Lymphatic Tissue

- Bronchus-Activated Lymphatic Tissue

45
Q

those choosing to give formula- what must they be told?

A

that parents be informed that first milks are the most appropriate formula for babies and sufficient for the first year of life.

46
Q

formula milk does not contain any?

A

live constituents and so cannot boost immune systems or enhance brain development;

47
Q

What are the 3 stages of lactation- describe them - what week/time is the production

A

Lactogenesis 1 – Breast development and colostrum production from approx. 16 weeks gestation
Lactogenesis 2 – Onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth
Lactogenesis 3 – Maintenance of milk production

48
Q

main step of lactogenesis 1

A

differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes that secrete colostrum from around 3-4 months of pregnancy

49
Q

main step of lactogenesis 2

A

occurs in response to rise in prolactin and decrease in pregnancy hormones, and milk will ‘come in’ regardless of whether a woman wants to breastfeed or not.

50
Q

main step of lactogenesis 3

A

the long term maintenance and becomes less reliant on prolactin and more on FIL.

51
Q

external changes of the breast during pregnancy?

A

become bigger, areola and nipple may darken, Montgomery’s tubercles appear on the areola to secrete an antiseptic sebum to lubricate the area.

52
Q

Montgomery’s tubercles appear on the areola to secrete what?

A

antiseptic sebum to lubricate the area. The sebum also secretes a scent to entice the baby to begin to search in the area for his first feed. May notice ‘marbling’ as the blood supply to the breast increases.

53
Q

when may the breasts produce colostrum?

A

16 weeks gestation

54
Q

how does the ductal system and alveolus develop?

A

under the influence of oestrogen, progesterone and human placental lactogen

55
Q

what is inside each alveolar sac?

A

thousands of milk producing cells called lactocytes.

56
Q

what muscle cells surround the alveolus and ductal cells and what do they do?

A

myoepithelial cells which help squeeze the milk down the ducts to the openings in the nipple.

57
Q

What drops soon after birth?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone levels drop as soon as placenta delivered

58
Q

what hormone levels rise after birth and how?

A

Prolactin and oxytocin levels rise in response to touch, smell and sight of baby

59
Q

The prolactin receptor theory - what is on the cell wall of each lactocyte? how do these levels rise?

A

Prolactin receptors. Prolactin levels in the blood stream rise in response to touch and suckling by the baby.

60
Q

How are fat globules better removed?

A

can adhere to the cell wall, a little like the way fat rises to the top of a milk bottle, and will be better removed by the flutter suckling a baby does towards the end of a breastfeed.

61
Q

Features that prolactin is responsible for? (4)

A
  • milk production
  • Responsive to touch and stimulation
  • Levels higher at night
  • Frequent contact/feeds sets up long term production
62
Q

Features that oxytocin is responsible for? (4)

A

for milk delivery
Acts on muscle cells in pulsatile action
Levels higher when baby is near
Stress can temporarily delay ‘let down’

63
Q

when does plasma prolactin levels increase the most?

A

immediate postpartum period but rise and fall in proportion to the frequency, intensity, and duration of nipple stimulation.

64
Q

Why doe prolactin levels double in the blood?

A

in response to suckling and peaks approximately 45 minutes after the beginning of a breastfeeding session.

65
Q

what % do prolactin levels drop after the first week of birth?

A

50%

if non breastfeeding- reach non-preg levels after 7 days

66
Q

what rhythm does prolactin follow?

A

circadian rhythm: levels during the night (sleep) are higher than during the day.

67
Q

circulating oxytocin acts on the muscle cells to?

A

release milk from the lactocytes.

68
Q

what can compete with a mothers oxytocin?

A

cortisol levels - especially if a baby is crying or distressed

69
Q

Effect of stress on milk production?

  • what techniques can help?
A

cortisol and adrenaline) causes us to tighten rather than relax our muscles and so the muscle tissue around the breast is affected and can take time to respond.

Relaxation techniques can help as well as can skin-to-skin contact, but it is best to prevent the stress by keeping baby close.

70
Q

Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL) - what controls milk production within the bloodstream?

A

Circulating prolactin

71
Q

Whey protein in the milk role in FIL?

A

FIL slows down synthesis by signalling to the cells to stop production.

72
Q

How else is down regulation caused?

A

pressure within the full breast flattening and expanding the cells and the receptor sites, making it difficult for prolactin to attach to and enter the cells.

73
Q

Some positive features of oxytocin (5)

A
  • Works on our feelings and emotions
  • Lowers blood pressure and improves sleep (reduces cortisol)
  • Reduces stress levels by ‘taking on’ cortisol
  • Reduces pain sensitivity
  • Boosts our immune system
74
Q

name some places where oxytocin receptors are commonly found?

A

mammary gland, uterus

  • stomach, kidneys, blood vessels and heart, brain
75
Q

what does oxytocin being a neuropeptide mean?

A

acts on the muscles within our body but also on our brain

76
Q

a baby will be given a hat to wear if…?

A

If the baby has risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia

- supports thermoregulation

77
Q

Why skin contact should be protected ? (5)

A
  • Triggers lactation and mothering hormones
  • Regulates temperature, heart rate and breathing in baby
  • Colonises baby with microbes from mother, father, and their environment
  • Stimulates feeding behaviour
  • Reduces stress hormones in mother and baby
78
Q

Catecholamine levels are?
give examples

  • what happens when this level drops?
A

raised after birth
- adrenaline, dopamine and norepinephrine

  • baby more awake and interested
79
Q

One hour of skin contact can reduce stress hormone levels by?

A

75%

80
Q

At any time skin contact can help with? (5)

A
  • Attachment challenges
  • Boosting milk supply
  • Unsettled babies and mothers
  • Breast refusal
  • Postnatal depression or low mood

dad’s can enjoy this too!!!

Year 3: Reproduction (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions