Brainstem I Flashcards
muscles that open the eye
levator palpebrae, muller’s muscle
sympathetic nervous system muscle that dilates the pupil
Muller’s muscle
symptoms of horner’s syndrome
unilateral anhydrosis, ptosis, constricted pupils
artery that supplies the midbrain
posterior cerebral artery (end of the basilar)
what is hemiparesis?
weakness on the entire one side of the body
what is hemiplegia?
completely paralyzed on one side of the body (severe form of hemiparesis)
function of the peduncles
holds up the telencephalon
these peduncles are part of the midbrain
cerebral peduncles
artery that supplies the peduncles
posterior cerebral artery
another name for midbrain, pons, medulla
mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
where does the brainstem begin?
foramen magnum
where is the brainstem in relation to the tentorium?
mostly infratentorial
the rostral medulla is “open” to the..
bottom of the 4th ventricle
the rostral and caudal pons form the…
tegmentum
how to tell difference between MRI and CT
CT is an Xray, so it shows bone; MRi does not
where does decussation of pyramidal fibers occur?
rostral medulla (open)
pons is open to the
cerebral aqueduct
“wine glass” figure on midbrain classical section represents
inferior colliculus (caudal midbrain)
“kissing seals” figure on midbrain classical section represents
superior colliculi
“owl” figure on midbrain classical section represents
decussation of ventral spinocerebellar tract
describe the path/position of the corticospinal tract through the brainstem
outside of cerebral peduncle, pierces the pons (broken up), back on the outside of the medulla as a pyramid, decussation of corticospinal tract in caudal medulla
function and principle structures of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
eyes move with body when it tips over; oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nuclus, abducens nucleus, vestibular nuclei
cranial nerves and where they originate
CN I - telencephalon CN II - diencephalon CN II, CN IV - midbrain CN V-VIII - pons CN IX-XII - medulla CN XI - also spinal cord
type of neurons that do general sensory and special sensory
general sensory: pseudounipolar neurons
special sensory: bipolar neurons
what are the 2 names for a neuron that innervates skeletal muscle?
alpha motor neuron/LMN, motor nuclei in the brainstem
type of neuron that functions as motor
multipolar neuron
smooth muscle motor neurons of cranial nerves supply..
PREganglionic parasympathetics
skeletal muscle motor neurons of cranial nerves supply
somites, branchial arches
where do the sympathetics to the head originate?
superior cervical ganglion, which follow the internal carotid into the brain
special “visceral” afferents from the brainstem supply..
senses of taste, smell
special somatic afferents from the brainstem supply..
eye, ear (seeing, hearing)
sensory nuclei: 1st order neurons or 2nd order?
2nd order
motor nuclei of cranial nerves are made of..
alpha motor neurons OR preganglionic parasympathetics
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves are one of these 2 types of neurons
pseudounipolar or bipolar neurons
motor ganglia of cranial nerves are this type of neuron
multipolar parasympathetic
in the brainstem, sensory nuclei are ____, while motor nuclei are more ____
lateral; medial
sulcus limitans: what is rostral to it? what is caudal to it?
alar plate is caudal; basal plate is rostral
the basal plate becomes part of the..
ventral horn/somatic efferents/MOTOR NUCLEI
the alar plate becomes part of the..
dorsal horn/somatic afferents/sensory
in the brainstem, the alar plate is ____ to the sulcus limitans; the basal plate is _____ to the sulcus limitans.
alar plate is lateral; basal plate is medial
hypoglossal trigone: derived from which plate?
basal plate: motor nuclei that supplies skeletal muscles of tongue
what neurons make up somatic sensory?
pseudounipolar neurons
what neurons make up visceral sensory?
pseudounipolar neurons
what neurons have up visceral motor?
preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
what neurons make up somatic motor?
alpha motor neurons
branchial arch skeletal muscle alpha motor neurons (SVE) migrate..
down and away from the ventricle
sensory: general somatic cranial nerves
5, 7, 9, 10 (skin and mucous membranes)
special sensory cranial nerves
2, 8 (eye and ear)
general visceral sensory cranial nerves
9, 10 (internal organs)
special visceral sensory cranial nerves
7, 9, 10, 1 (taste, olfactory)
general somatic motor cranial nerves
12, 3, 4, 6 (tongue, eye muscles)
general visceral motor cranial nerves
3, 7, 9, 10 (parasympathetics)
special visceral motor cranial nerves
5, 7 ambiguous nucleus (branchial muscles)
somatic skeletal muscles of head and neck is only..
eye and tongue
branchial arch muscle of mastication supplied by..
CN V
branchial arch muscle of facial expression supplied by..
CN VII
pharynx and larynx branchial arch muscle supplied by..
IX, X, XI
nucleus ambiguous contains which cranial nerves
IX, X, XI
branchial arch skeletal muscle: somatic or visceral?
special visceral
branchial (pharyngeal arches): 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th innervations
V, VII, IX, X respectively
hypoglossal nucleus (somatic motor) goes to which muscles? what type of neurons?
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue; alpha motor neurons (purely motor)
nucleus for taste, general sensation of viscera
solitary nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus carries which cranial nerve(s)?
7, 9, 10 (general somatic sensory) use trigeminal system nucleus to get to the outer ear, etc
for the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) the dorsal nucleus of the vagus becomes the..
inferior salvatory nucleus
