Brainstem, cranial nerves, anatomy of cerebellum/diencephalon/telencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

medulla pyramids are located

A

in between VMF and VLS (ventromedial fissure and sulcus)

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2
Q

every motor fiber crosses here at the spinomedullary junction

A

decussation of pyramids

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3
Q

bundles of nerve fibers that originate in the motor cortex, descend to innervate neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

A

corticospinal/corticobulbar tract

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4
Q

basilar artery sits here

A

basilar groove (in pons)

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5
Q

3 things in ventral midbrain

A

interpeduncular fossa, crus cerebri/cerebral peduncles, optic tract/chiasm

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6
Q

3 things in dorsal medulla

A

dorsal median/lateral/intermediate sulci, cunate and gracile tubercle, cunate and gracile nuclei

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7
Q

dorsal pons

A

floor of 4th ventricle

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8
Q

dorsal midbrain has

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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9
Q

superior colliculi

A

relay stations for visual systems

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10
Q

inferior colliculi

A

relay stations for auditory systems

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11
Q

internal features of medulla

A

non-cranial nerve nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei, white matter tracts (corticospinal-corticobulbar tact)

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12
Q

internal features of pons

A

non-cranial nerve nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei, longitudinal fibers, transverse fibers (pontocerebellar fibers)

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13
Q

internal features of midbrain

A

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra

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14
Q

lies dorsal to cerebral aqueduct and consists mainly of paired colliculi; roof

A

tectum

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15
Q

ventral to aqueduct and contains ascending and descending tracts, nuclei of cranial nerves

A

tegmentum

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16
Q

corticospinal/cortiobulbar motor fibers =

A

basis penduculi (cerebral peduncles)

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17
Q

large motor nucleus between tegmentum and BP; affected in people with parkisons

A

substantia nigra

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18
Q

functional significance of medulla

A

cardiovascular regulation, motor speech, balance and coordination

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19
Q

syndromes of medulla

A

arnold chiari malformation and lateral medullary syndrome

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20
Q

arnold chiari malformation

A

herniation of cerebellum and medulla through foramen magnum

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21
Q

lateral medullary syndrome

A

damage of lateral medulla due to disruption of its blood supply (vagus n)

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22
Q

functional significance of the pons

A

respiration and consciousness through reticular activating formation (damage may affect sensation and movement in face)

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23
Q

syndrome of pons

A

locked in syndrome - significant damage to ventral pons and basilar artery - eyes track/express emotions but cannot speak/move

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24
Q

functional significance of midbrain

A

visual/auditory/motor systems, pain modulation

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25
Q

areas of the midbrain are frequently damages in pathology that involves

A

raised intra-cranial pressure

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26
Q

cerebellum connected to dorsal brainstem by 3 pairs of large white matter fiber pathways called

A

cerebellar peduncles

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27
Q

cerebellar peduncles form the

A

lateral walls of the fourth ventricle

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28
Q

contain efferent fibers from cerebellum and attach to midbrain just inferior to inferior colliculi

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

29
Q

contain afferent fibers destined for cerebellum, attached to lateral border of pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

30
Q

contain both afferent/efferent from cerebellum, attached to dorsolateral medulla

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

31
Q

location of thalamus

A

below lateral ventricles

32
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

below, in front of thalamus

33
Q

location of third ventricle

A

center or brain; below corpus callous and body of lateral ventricles, between 2 thalami

34
Q

location of pineal gland

A

between superior colliculi of midbrain

35
Q

location of maxillary bodies

A

protrude from ventral hypothalamus

36
Q

location of pituitary gland

A

protrude from ventral hypothalamus

37
Q

4 major areas of diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus

38
Q

function of thalamus

A

integrate and relay sensory info

39
Q

function of epithalamus

A

processes olfactory, limbic, and autonomic (emotions and memories)

40
Q

pineal gland delays

A

onset of puberty

41
Q

hypothalamus function

A

homeostasis and physiological function (eating, temp, hormones, sleep, etc)

42
Q

sub thalamus function

A

part of basal ganglia, regulate movement

43
Q

clinical problems associated with thalamic dysfunction

A

lesions - loss or distortion of specific sensations

44
Q

clinical problems associated with sub thalamic dysfunction

A

hemiballismus - ballistic movement on one side of the body (opposite side of lesion is affected)

45
Q

location of primary motor area

A

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, medial and lateral surface

46
Q

major role of primary motor area

A

voluntary execution of skilled movement, controls opposite side of the body

47
Q

lesions of primary motor area

A

weakness and other motor symptoms on contralateral side of body

48
Q

location of premotor area

A

frontal lobe, rostral to precentral gyrus, lateral only

49
Q

major role of premotor area

A

motor planning for externally guided movement

50
Q

lesions in premotor area

A

apraxia or motor planning disorder

51
Q

location of supplementary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe, rostral to precentral gyrus, medial only

52
Q

major role of supplementary motor cortex

A

motor planning for internally guided movement

53
Q

lesions in supplementary motor cortex

A

apraxia or motor planning disorder

54
Q

location of frontal eye field

A

frontal lobe, lateral only

55
Q

major role of frontal eye fields

A

voluntary eye movements for intentional exploration of environment

56
Q

major role of prefrontal area

A

affective behaviors, judgment, problem solving, social appropriateness

57
Q

lesions in prefrontal area

A

apathy, poor motivation, flat affect, socially inappropriate, poor judgement

58
Q

major role of broca’s area

A

expressive language

59
Q

primary sensory area location

A

parietal lobe, posterior to central gyrus

60
Q

major role of primary sensory area

A

detection and localization of sensation from opposite side of body

61
Q

lesions to primary sensory area

A

sensory deficits on contralateral side of body

62
Q

major role of sensory association area

A

sensory processing and perception

63
Q

lesions to sensory association area

A

stereognosis

64
Q

major role of wernicke’s area and lesion

A

language comprehension (receptive language); lesion is receptive aphasia

65
Q

lesion in primary visual cortex

A

hemianopsia (loss of vision in half of visual field)

66
Q

which telencephalon structures are part of the basal ganglia

A

putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, substantia nigra

67
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

influences motor control

68
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

commissural pathway that crosses midline; connects sides of CNS