Brainstem, cranial nerves, anatomy of cerebellum/diencephalon/telencephalon

Question 1

medulla pyramids are located

Answer 1

in between VMF and VLS (ventromedial fissure and sulcus)

Question 2

every motor fiber crosses here at the spinomedullary junction

Answer 2

decussation of pyramids

Question 3

bundles of nerve fibers that originate in the motor cortex, descend to innervate neurons in brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 3

corticospinal/corticobulbar tract

Question 4

basilar artery sits here

Answer 4

basilar groove (in pons)

Question 5

3 things in ventral midbrain

Answer 5

interpeduncular fossa, crus cerebri/cerebral peduncles, optic tract/chiasm

Question 6

3 things in dorsal medulla

Answer 6

dorsal median/lateral/intermediate sulci, cunate and gracile tubercle, cunate and gracile nuclei

Question 7

dorsal pons

Answer 7

floor of 4th ventricle

Question 8

dorsal midbrain has

Answer 8

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 9

superior colliculi

Answer 9

relay stations for visual systems

Question 10

inferior colliculi

Answer 10

relay stations for auditory systems

Question 11

internal features of medulla

Answer 11

non-cranial nerve nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei, white matter tracts (corticospinal-corticobulbar tact)

Question 12

internal features of pons

Answer 12

non-cranial nerve nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei, longitudinal fibers, transverse fibers (pontocerebellar fibers)

Question 13

internal features of midbrain

Answer 13

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra

Question 14

lies dorsal to cerebral aqueduct and consists mainly of paired colliculi; roof

Answer 14

tectum

Question 15

ventral to aqueduct and contains ascending and descending tracts, nuclei of cranial nerves

Answer 15

tegmentum

Question 16

corticospinal/cortiobulbar motor fibers =

Answer 16

basis penduculi (cerebral peduncles)

Question 17

large motor nucleus between tegmentum and BP; affected in people with parkisons

Answer 17

substantia nigra

Question 18

functional significance of medulla

Answer 18

cardiovascular regulation, motor speech, balance and coordination

Question 19

syndromes of medulla

Answer 19

arnold chiari malformation and lateral medullary syndrome

Question 20

arnold chiari malformation

Answer 20

herniation of cerebellum and medulla through foramen magnum

Question 21

lateral medullary syndrome

Answer 21

damage of lateral medulla due to disruption of its blood supply (vagus n)

Question 22

functional significance of the pons

Answer 22

respiration and consciousness through reticular activating formation (damage may affect sensation and movement in face)

Question 23

syndrome of pons

Answer 23

locked in syndrome - significant damage to ventral pons and basilar artery - eyes track/express emotions but cannot speak/move

Question 24

functional significance of midbrain

Answer 24

visual/auditory/motor systems, pain modulation

Question 25

areas of the midbrain are frequently damages in pathology that involves

Answer 25

raised intra-cranial pressure

Question 26

cerebellum connected to dorsal brainstem by 3 pairs of large white matter fiber pathways called

Answer 26

cerebellar peduncles

Question 27

cerebellar peduncles form the

Answer 27

lateral walls of the fourth ventricle

Question 28

contain efferent fibers from cerebellum and attach to midbrain just inferior to inferior colliculi

Answer 28

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 29

contain afferent fibers destined for cerebellum, attached to lateral border of pons

Answer 29

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 30

contain both afferent/efferent from cerebellum, attached to dorsolateral medulla

Answer 30

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 31

location of thalamus

Answer 31

below lateral ventricles

Question 32

location of hypothalamus

Answer 32

below, in front of thalamus

Question 33

location of third ventricle

Answer 33

center or brain; below corpus callous and body of lateral ventricles, between 2 thalami

Question 34

location of pineal gland

Answer 34

between superior colliculi of midbrain

Question 35

location of maxillary bodies

Answer 35

protrude from ventral hypothalamus

Question 36

location of pituitary gland

Answer 36

protrude from ventral hypothalamus

Question 37

4 major areas of diencephalon

Answer 37

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus

Question 38

function of thalamus

Answer 38

integrate and relay sensory info

Question 39

function of epithalamus

Answer 39

processes olfactory, limbic, and autonomic (emotions and memories)

Question 40

pineal gland delays

Answer 40

onset of puberty

Question 41

hypothalamus function

Answer 41

homeostasis and physiological function (eating, temp, hormones, sleep, etc)

Question 42

sub thalamus function

Answer 42

part of basal ganglia, regulate movement

Question 43

clinical problems associated with thalamic dysfunction

Answer 43

lesions - loss or distortion of specific sensations

Question 44

clinical problems associated with sub thalamic dysfunction

Answer 44

hemiballismus - ballistic movement on one side of the body (opposite side of lesion is affected)

Question 45

location of primary motor area

Answer 45

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus, medial and lateral surface

Question 46

major role of primary motor area

Answer 46

voluntary execution of skilled movement, controls opposite side of the body

Question 47

lesions of primary motor area

Answer 47

weakness and other motor symptoms on contralateral side of body

Question 48

location of premotor area

Answer 48

frontal lobe, rostral to precentral gyrus, lateral only

Question 49

major role of premotor area

Answer 49

motor planning for externally guided movement

Question 50

lesions in premotor area

Answer 50

apraxia or motor planning disorder

Question 51

location of supplementary motor cortex

Answer 51

frontal lobe, rostral to precentral gyrus, medial only

Question 52

major role of supplementary motor cortex

Answer 52

motor planning for internally guided movement

Question 53

lesions in supplementary motor cortex

Answer 53

apraxia or motor planning disorder

Question 54

location of frontal eye field

Answer 54

frontal lobe, lateral only

Question 55

major role of frontal eye fields

Answer 55

voluntary eye movements for intentional exploration of environment

Question 56

major role of prefrontal area

Answer 56

affective behaviors, judgment, problem solving, social appropriateness

Question 57

lesions in prefrontal area

Answer 57

apathy, poor motivation, flat affect, socially inappropriate, poor judgement

Question 58

major role of broca's area

Answer 58

expressive language

Question 59

primary sensory area location

Answer 59

parietal lobe, posterior to central gyrus

Question 60

major role of primary sensory area

Answer 60

detection and localization of sensation from opposite side of body

Question 61

lesions to primary sensory area

Answer 61

sensory deficits on contralateral side of body

Question 62

major role of sensory association area

Answer 62

sensory processing and perception

Question 63

lesions to sensory association area

Answer 63

stereognosis

Question 64

major role of wernicke's area and lesion

Answer 64

language comprehension (receptive language); lesion is receptive aphasia

Question 65

lesion in primary visual cortex

Answer 65

hemianopsia (loss of vision in half of visual field)

Question 66

which telencephalon structures are part of the basal ganglia

Answer 66

putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, substantia nigra

Question 67

function of basal ganglia

Answer 67

influences motor control

Question 68

function of corpus callosum

Answer 68

commissural pathway that crosses midline; connects sides of CNS