Brain Behavior Mechanism

Question 1

What are some outcomes after ACL reconstruction?

Answer 1

-1/3 patients fail to return to sport
-increased levels of injury related fear
-individuals with fear of reinjury were 13x more likely to suffer a second ACL tear within 24 month of return to sport

Question 2

Injury related fear and Reaction time

Answer 2

-increased levels of injury-related fear have been associated with slower lower extremity reaction time
-slower reaction time is associated with musculoskeletal injury risk
-neuropsychological response to injury

Question 3

Fear Avoidance Model

Answer 3

avoid certain activities where pain is possible
or escape (further withdrawal)
low fear = confrontation, recovery

Question 4

What is Neuropsychology?

Answer 4

a branch of psychology concerned with how the brain and the rest of the nervous system influences a persons cognitions and behaviors

Question 5

What is Neuroplasticity?

Answer 5

the general ability of the nervous system to continuously change and adapt in context-dependent manner throughout out lifetime

Question 6

Musculoskeletal Injury causes a

Answer 6

change to nervous system
(parts explained)

Question 7

Thalamus

Answer 7

receives all sensory input from the brain stem
(visual, auditory, olfactory, somatic)
-sends sensory input to subcortical and cortical structures
-direct link to the AMYGDALA

Question 8

Amygdala

Answer 8

-emotional stress and learning
-pleasure, fear, addiction
-directly connected to brain stem and hypothalamus
-leads to expression of fear

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

-threat assessment
-linke nervous system and endocrine system
-facilitate release of cortisol

Question 10

Hippocampus

Answer 10

-processing and storage of memory
-spatial memory (environment and surroundings)
-initiates and process the fear response

Question 11

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 11

• production of emotions
• associated with motivation and executive function
  -can stop fear response

Question 12

How do all these parts connect?

Answer 12

-prefrontal cortex: thinking, logic, evaluation
-hippocampus: memory and emotions
-amygdala: fight or flight, stores memories of event

Question 13

Can fear be adaptive?

Answer 13

can reduce fear
-changing thought process

Question 14

Fear extinction

Answer 14

reduced anxiety

Question 15

Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation

Answer 15

1. start with a plan (let the patient be apart of the plan so an athlete knows what to expect making unique
   goals to aid in motivation)
2. motor learning
3. retention
4. re check (make adjustments as needed)

Question 16

Rehab leads to

Answer 16

change in sensory input to have a desired motor output
*adaptive neuroplasticity

Question 17

Model of Constraints (Motor Learning)

Answer 17

-individual: heredity, past experience
-task: demands, difficulty
-environmental: physical, sociocultural, feedback

Question 18

Cognitive phase

Answer 18

Visual system in high demand
-unable to attend to external events

Question 19

Associative phase

Answer 19

reallocation of attentional resources

Question 20

Autonomous phase

Answer 20

proprioception>visual
-free to focus on external factors

Question 21

Stages of Neuroplasticity

Answer 21

1.sensory neuroplasticity
2. proprioception
3. motor neuroplasticity
4. postural control
5. movement control

Question 22

Sensory neuroplasticity

Answer 22

-afferent input disrupted
-somatosensory processing altered

Question 23

Proprioception

Answer 23

-inhibited joint position and motion detection
-depressed somatosensory contribution to motor control

Question 24

Motor Neuroplasticity

Answer 24

-efferent output altered
-motor processing requires more planning and visual feedback

Question 25

Postural Control

Answer 25

-decreased stability without visual feedback

Question 26

Movement Control

Answer 26

visual feedback reliance to maintain neuromuscular control

Question 27

Psychology of injury and rehabilitation overview

Answer 27

-not just addressing emotional response after injury
-attention is king for neuroplasticity
-skill acquisition is important for rehab along with participation in sport

Question 28

understand

Answer 28

how brain connects and responds to different parts