Brain and Meninges Flashcards
What are the layers of the scalp
S-skin
C-connective tissue; where collagen, fat, arteries and veins and nerves of the scalp are
A-Aponeurotic layer; has connections to muscles of fascial expression
L-Loose arreloar CT that allows movement of the tightly bound 3 superficial layers over the skull
P- periostal layer; layer that lies on the periostal surace of the outer layer of the skull. Its removable except over skull sutures
What is the dura mater innervated by
Three divisons of the trigeminal nerve and the cervical spinal nerves C1-2
What are the branches of V1
Meningeal branches of the opthalmic nerve supply the tentorium cerebelli and the posterior part of the middle cranial fossa
What are the branches of V2
meningeal branches of the maxillary nerve supply the dura mater in the medial part of the middle cranial fossa
What are the branches of V3
Meningeal branches of the mandibular nerve supply the dura mater in the lateral part of the middle cranial fossa
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of
The maxillary artery (from the external carotid artery) and enters the cranial fossa through the foramen spinosum and divides into anterior and posterior branches
What do leptomeninges consist of
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
where is CSF located
in subarachnoid space
what are the dural partitions
projections that separate different parts of the brain, support and stabilize it and provide pathways for venous drainage
What are the 5 ways the brain can be divided
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencepalon Myelencephalon
What makes up the telencephalon
cerebrum
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
mesencephalon
midbrain
metencephalon
cerebellum and pons
myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
What is the frontal lobe respobsible for
speech, thought, learning, emotion and movement
what is parietal lobe responsible for
processes sensory information such as touch pain and temperature
what is temporal lobe responsible for
memory and hearing
what is occipital lobe responsible for
vision
what does the brain stem consist of
mesencephalon, medulla oblongata and pons. controls breathing, heart rate, and bp
What is the acronym for the cranial nerves
On Old Towering Top A Vocal German Viewed Some Hops
What are the 12 cranial nerves
I: Olfactory II: Optic nerve III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear V: Trigeminal VI: Abducens VII: Facial VIII: Vestibulocochlear IX: Glossopharyngeal X: Vagus nerve XI: Spinal accessory nerve XII: hypoglossal nerve
Where does the olfactory nerve originate and exit
Origin: Receptors in nasal cavity
Exit: Cribiform plate
Where does optic nerve originate and exit
Origin: Receptors in retina
Exit: Optic canal
Where does oculomotor nerve originate and exit
Origin: Anterior surface of the brainstem bet. mesencephalon and pons.
Exit: Superior orbital fissure
Where does trochlear nerve originate and exit
Superior orbital fissure
Where does trigeminal nerve originate and exit
Origin: V1, V2, and V3
Exit: Superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum and ovale
Where does abducens originate and exit
arises from brainstem between pons and medulla
Exit: superior oribital fissure
Where does facial nerve origiate and exit
Origin: lateral surface of brainstem between the pons and medulla oblangata
Exit: Internal acousic meatus
Where does vestibulocochlear nerve originate and exit
Origin: lateral surface of brainstem between pons and medulla
Exit: Internal acoustic meatus
Where does glossopharyngeal originate and exit
origin: upper medulla
exit: jugular foramen
Where does vagus nerve originate and exit
origin: medulla
exit: jugular foramen
Where does spinal accesory nerve originate and exit
origin: cranial root of medulla
exit: jugular foramen
where does hypoglossal originate and exit
origin: rooftlets of anterior medulla oblangata
exit hypoglossal canal
What do the vertebral arteries supply
the brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior part of the cerebrum
What do the internal carotid arteries supply
most of the cerebrum and diencephalon
How does the circle of willis anastomise
An anterior communicating artery connecting the left and right anterior cerebral arteries to each other. Two posterior communicating arteries, one on each side, connecting the internal carotid artery with the posterior cerebral artery.
Where do the dural venous sinuses collect venous blood from
- Cerebral veins
- Cerebellar veins
- veins draining the brainstem
- diploic veins
- emissary veins: venous from from outside the cranial cavity
What do the cavernous sinuses receive blood from
cerebral veins
opthalmic veins (from orbit)
sphenoparietal sinus
blood from the cavernous sinus drains into
- the superior petrosal sinus–> transverse sinus
- inferior petrosal sinus
- -> internal jugular vein
what structures pass through cavernous sinus
the internal carotid artery
abducent nerve
What is a blocked cerebral vessel
most common type of stroke
what are the two types of blocked cerebral vessels:
Cerebral thrombosis: Blood clot forms within the brain caused by atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries
2. cerebral embolism
what is cerebral embolism
blood clot forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the brain caused by plaque buildup at or around the bifurcation of the common carotid artery or by atrial fibrillation
What is a ruptured intracranial vessel
tissues are deprived of blood supply and accumulation of blood within the skull causes pressure on the brain that can rapidly become fatal.
what is carotid cavernous sinus fistula
a rupture within the cavernous sinus of either the internal carotid artery or one of its smaller dural branches, resulting in the mixing of high pressure arterial blood into the low pressure venous system.
