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Anatomy > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

4 principle parts of the brain

A

cerebellum
cerebrum
brainstem: pons, medulla and midbrain
diencephalon: hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland

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2
Q

coverings of the brain

A

bone, meninges and fluid

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3
Q

3 parts of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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4
Q

dura mater extensions

A

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

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5
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

mechanical protection: floats brain and softens hits on bony wall
chemical protection: optimal ionic concentrations fro action potetnials
circulation: nutrients and products to and from bloodstream

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6
Q

production of CSF

A

produced from choroid plexus- capillaries covered in ependymal cells

found in the lateral, third and fourth ventricles

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7
Q

parts for release of CSF

A

1 median aperture and 2 lateral apertures allow for it to exit from the interior of the brain

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8
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by the

A

arachnoid villi

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9
Q

components found in the medulla oblongata

A

-ascending sensory tracts
- descending motor tracts
- nuclei of 5 cranial nerves
- cardiovascular centre
- respiratory centre
- reflec centres

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10
Q

ventral surface buldge of the medulla oblongata

A

-pyramids
- large motor tracts
- decussation of most fibres

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11
Q

olivary nucleus

A
  • proprioreceptive signals
  • neurons send input to the cerebellum
  • gives precision to movements
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12
Q

ventral surface of the medulla oblongata

A

ventral surface bulge and the olive: olivary nucleus

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13
Q

dorsal surface of medulla oblongata

A

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus which are sensory nuerons and relay infomation to the thalamus

cranial nerves 8-12 arise from the medulla

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14
Q

pons

A

-pneumotaxic and apneustic centres to control breathing
- middle cerebellar peduncles to carry sensory info to the cerebellum
- cranial nerves 5-7

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15
Q

midbrain

A

extends from pons to diencephalon

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16
Q

what connects to third ventricle to fourth ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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17
Q

parts of midbrain

A

cerebral penduncles: clusters of motor and sensory neurons
- substantia nigra: helps control subconcious muscle activity
- red nucleus: rich blood supply and iron containing pigment. cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscle movemnst by sending them here.

corpora quadrigemina: made up of superior and inferior colliculi: coordinate eye and head movement with visual and sounds

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18
Q

what areas of the brain are the cranial nerves attached to

A

1,2 with the forebrain
3,4 with the midbrain
5-7 pons
8-12 dorsal medulla oblongata

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19
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles

A

4 rectus muscles (inferior, superior, lateral and medial)
2 oblique muscles (superior and inferior)

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20
Q

cranial nerves for eextrinsic eye muscles

A

lateral rectus - 6
medial rectus - 3
superior rectus - 3
inferior rectus - 3
inferior oblique - 3
superiod oblique- 4

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21
Q

reticular formation

A

complex netwrok of scattered nuclei in the medulla, pons and midbrain.
alerts cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep
,aintains consciousness

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22
Q

part fo cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres
2 lobes :anterior and posterior
vermis : the central area
cerebellar cortex (folia) - gray matter
arbor vitae- white matter
transverse fissure between cerebellum and cerebrun

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23
Q

function of the cerebellum

A

sense of equilibium, fine tunes body movements and manages balance and posture

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24
Q

3 cerebellar peduncles

A

superior - carries motor fibres that extend to motor control areas
middle - carries sensory fibres from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
inferior- sensory information from the spinal chord

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25
Q

what parts surround the 3rd ventricle

A

the diencephalon
the superior part is the thalamus and the walls and floor is the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what si the thalamus

A

mass fo gray matter on each side of the brain. relay station for sensory information before going to the cortex, crude perception of some sensations

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27
Q

functions of thalamic nuclei

A

-relay auditory, visual impulses and taste and somatic sensations
- receive impulses from the cerebellum and basal ganglia
- the anterior nucleus is concerned with emotions, memory and cognition

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28
Q

how many nuclei in the 4 major regions of the hypothalamus

A

about a dozen or so

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29
Q

relay station for olfactory reflexes in the hypothalamus

A

mamillary bodies

30
Q

what structure suspends the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

31
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • regulates daily patterns of sleep
  • body temperature
    -feeding, thirst and satiety centres
  • regulates rage, agression, pain and arousal
    -contains cell bodies of axons that end in the posterior pituitary and secrete hormones
    -synthesizes regulatory hormones that control the anterior pituitary gland
  • controls and integrates activity of the autonomic nervous system which regulates smooth and acardiac muscle and glands
32
Q

strcuturs in the epithalamus

A

pineal gland which secretes melatonin in the dark and promotes sleepiness and sets the biological clock.

habenular nuclei: emotional rsponses to odours

33
Q

function of subthalamus

A

work with the basal ganglia, cerebrun and cerebellum in controlling body movement

34
Q

function of circumventricular organs

A

found in the walls of the 3rd and 4th ventricles
moniter changes in blood chemistry due to a lakc of blood brain barrier

35
Q

corpus collasum

A

band of white matter connecting the left and right hemispheres

36
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

occipital temporal frontal and parietal

37
Q

sulci that speerate the lobes

A

-longitudinal fissure seperates left and right
-central sulcus between the frontal and parietal lobes (has precentral and postcentral gyri)
-parieto-occipital sulcus between parietal and occipital lobes
- lateral sulcus seperating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

38
Q

structure found witihin the lateral sulcus

A

insula

39
Q

structure found witihin the lateral sulcus

A

insula

40
Q

3 types of fibres in cerebral white matter

A

-association fibres between gyri in the same hemisphere
- commissural fibres between one heisphere nd another
-projection fibres from descending and ascneding tracts

41
Q

connections of the basal ganglia

A

connections to the red nucleus, substantia nigra and subthalamus
has an input nad output with the hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebral cortex

42
Q

function fo the basal ganglia

A

control large automatic movements of the skeletal muscles

43
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
mamillary body of hypothalamus
parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
olfactory bulb

44
Q

functions of the limbic system

A

strong emotions, stromg pain, straong emotions also increase memory

45
Q

4 primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

A

primary somatosensory area - postcentral gyrus- 1,2,3
primary visual area 17
primary auditory area 41 42
primary gustatory area 43

46
Q

2 main motor areas of the cerebral cortex

A

primary motor area - precentral gyrus - 4 ( voluntary contractions of skletal muscle)
motor speech area - 44- Broca’s area- production ofspeech

47
Q

association areas of the cerebral cortex

A
  • somatosensory areas 5 and 7 to interpret and integrate
  • visual associaition area 18 and 19 to recognize and evaluate
  • WErnicke’s auditory association area 22 where words beocme speech
    -gnostic area 5,7,39,40 integrate all senses and respond
  • premotor area 6 learn skilled movements
  • frontal eye field 8
48
Q

where are language areas located

A

left cerebral hemisphere in most people

49
Q

what is aphasia

A

inability to use or comprehend words

50
Q

types of aphasia

A

nonfluent aphasia is the inability to properly form words (damage to Brocca’s speech area, know what to say but cant speak it)

fluent aphasia- faulty understanding of spoken or written workds (word deafness or word blindness) - damage to common integrative area or auditory associaition area

51
Q

hemisphere lateralization right vs left

A

left- math and science skills, spoken and written language, reasoning

right- music and artistry, spac and pattern perception, recognition of faes and emotions, generating emotional content of language

52
Q

4 waves of electroencephalogram

A

alpha - awake and resting
beta mental activity
theta emotional stress
delta deep sleep

53
Q

cranial nerves names

A

1- olfactory nerve
2- optic nerve
3- oculomotor
4- trochlear nerve
5- trigeminal
6- adducens nerve
7- facial
8- vestibulocochlear nerve
9- glossopharengeal nerve
10- vagus nerve
11- spinal accessory nerve
12- hypoglossal nerve

oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah such heaven

54
Q

1 olfactory nerv

A

sense of smell

55
Q

2 optic nerve

A

sense of vision - retina

56
Q

3 oculomotor

A

4 extrinsic eye muscles
2 instrinsic eye muslces (pupil and retina)
raises eyelid

57
Q

4 trochlear

A

superior oblique eye muscle

58
Q

5 trigeminal

A

motor- muscles of mastication
sensory- ophtalmic, maxillary, mandibular

59
Q

6 adducens

A

lateral rectus eye muscle

60
Q

7 facial nerve

A

motor- facial muscles, salivary and nasal mucus glands and tear glands
sensory - anterior 2/3 of tongue

61
Q

8 vestibulocochlear nerve

A

cochlear nerve - hearing (damage leads to tinnitus or deafness)
vestibular nerve- balance (damage leads to vertigo or ataxia

62
Q

9 glossopharangeal nerve

A

stylopharyngeal muscle lifts the throats whiel swallowing
secretion sof th eparotid gland
somatic sensation in posterior 1/3 of the tongue

63
Q

10 vagus nerve

A

receives sensations from viscera
controls cardiac muscle and smooth muscle of viscera
secretions of digestive fluid

64
Q

11 spinal accessory

A

cranial portion- arises in medulla and controls throat and soft palate
spinal portion- arises from cervical spinal chord and controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezoids

65
Q

12 hypoglossal

A

muscles of tongue during speech and swallowing

66
Q

development of nervesous system

A

begins in 3rd week
ectoderm forms a thickening (neural plate)
plate folds inwards to form neural groove
edges fold and form nueral tube
neural crest tissue froms on top

67
Q

what does neural crest tissue form

A

spinal and cranial nerves
dorsal root and vranial nerve ganglia
adrenal gland medulla

68
Q

layers of neural tube form:-

A

marginal layer which forms white matter
mantle layer forms gray matter
ependymal layer forms lining of cavities within NS

69
Q

3 anterior enlargements by the end of the 4th week

A

-prosencephalon - forebrain
-mesencephalon- midbrain
-rhombencephalon- hindbrain

70
Q

5 enlarged areas by the end of 5th week

A

prosencephalon–> telencephalon and diencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon–> metencephalon and myelencephalon

71
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

lack of blood flow to the brain which damages brain tissue
cause by two types of strokes: ischemic(decreased blood flow)
hemorrhagic(rupture of vessel)

72
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flwo to the brain

Anatomy (8 decks)

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