- Connects spinal cord to brain - Integration of reflexes necessary for survival aka regulatory center for breathing, digestion, cardiovascular contol, etc.

- Involved in control of locomotion, balance and posture - Located posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum - Hold around 50% of the brains neurons, but is 10% of brain mass - Works with the cerebrum to coordinate skeletal muscle movement, and how to smoothly act on actions.

- Contains the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamous - Located deep within the brain - Associated with regulatory functions and coordinating output of master gland of the body (pituitary gland--connected to the endocrine system) - Responsible for things like day and night cycle, mood/ emotions, thirst and hunger

- Responsible for conscious though, higher level processing and control - Largest part of the brain with two large hemispheres - Planning, reasoning, analyzing and assessing memories

- Connective tissue layer that surrounds the brain and spinal chord - Skull < Dura mater; composed of the periosteal dura and the meningeal dura; inbetween is the dural venus sinus creating a flax cerebri that goes all the way down into the arachnoidmater < Subdural space; underneath meningeal dura; contains CSF < arachnoid mater; thin layer of fibrous web like membrane < subarachnoid space; web like features filled with CSF < pai matter < brain

- Produces CSF in its spaces - Ventricles begin as two large C shape cavity on the side of the corpus collosum in each hemisphere of the brain. - CSF production begins in the lateral ventricle < CSF moves to the third ventricle which surrounds the region of the diencephalon via the ventricular foramen < runs through narrow duct called cerebral aqueduct from the midbrain and enter the fourth ventricle where it comes in contact with the pons, medulla and cerebellum - The ventricles are linked with ependymal cells that produce CSF - In the fourth ventricle, there are 3 openings that allow for CSF to leave ventricle to the subarachnoid space to circulate outside the brain.

- Serum-like fluid lacking proteins, but containing nutrients for the brain and spinal cord - Most synthesized in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle - CSF moves right high to low pressure

- Ependimel cells < capillary containing blood < connective tissue < together, they create a tight junction to filter blood to CSF

1. Aterial blood enters the choroid to be filted as CSF 3. 2. Choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricle make the CSF 3. It goes through the interventricle foramina to the third ventricle. 4. The thrid ventricle can also make some amount of CSF in its plexus 5. That goes to the third ventricle and passes through the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to the fourth ventricle 6. Some amount of CSF can be made in the fourth ventricle 7. Exits through the lateral and medial apertures to the subarachnoid space 8. Goes around the central canal of the spinal cord to the aranchoid villi of the dura mater to become venus blood.

- Most inferior part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord - Center for vital reflexes such as heart rate, BP, respiration, swallowing, sneezing, coughing - Supports a variety of cranial nerves: 5,7,9,10,11,12

- White matter decending tracks that carry information from the brain to the spinal cord. - These are mainly motor tracks for the motor system, where all electrical signals will be sent to skeletal muscles for conscious control

- Involved in balance, coordination, modulation of sound (how information gets in our ear) - Bilateral structure

- Located superior to the MO - connects various parts of the brain - Responsible for sleep centre (REM), respiratory center Anteriors: 1. Pontine nuclei: communication between cerebrum and cerebellum Posterior: 2. Nuclei of cranial nerves 5,6,7,8

- Most superior portion of the brainstem - Nuclei of cranial nerve 3, 4, 5

- Part of the midbrain - Contains 4 nuclei forming mounds on dorsal surface of midbrain separated as a colliculus SUPERIOR COLLICULI - Involved in visual reflexes, tract eye movement INFERIOR COLLICULI - involved in hearing

- Group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem - Controls cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycle Note: reticular formation is activated when awake

Brain Flashcards by Nidhi B

Brain

Part of CNS contained in cranial cavity

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Brainstem

Connects spinal cord to brain
Integration of reflexes necessary for survival aka regulatory center for breathing, digestion, cardiovascular contol, etc.

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Cerebellum

Involved in control of locomotion, balance and posture
Located posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum
Hold around 50% of the brains neurons, but is 10% of brain mass
Works with the cerebrum to coordinate skeletal muscle movement, and how to smoothly act on actions.

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Diencephalon

Contains the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamous
Located deep within the brain
Associated with regulatory functions and coordinating output of master gland of the body (pituitary gland–connected to the endocrine system)
Responsible for things like day and night cycle, mood/ emotions, thirst and hunger

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Cerebrum

Responsible for conscious though, higher level processing and control
Largest part of the brain with two large hemispheres
Planning, reasoning, analyzing and assessing memories

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The brain is protected by

Cranial bones
Craininal meninges (the pia, arachnoid and dura mater)
CSF

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Meninges

Connective tissue layer that surrounds the brain and spinal chord
Skull < Dura mater; composed of the periosteal dura and the meningeal dura; inbetween is the dural venus sinus creating a flax cerebri that goes all the way down into the arachnoidmater < Subdural space; underneath meningeal dura; contains CSF < arachnoid mater; thin layer of fibrous web like membrane < subarachnoid space; web like features filled with CSF < pai matter < brain

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Venticles

Produces CSF in its spaces
Ventricles begin as two large C shape cavity on the side of the corpus collosum in each hemisphere of the brain.
CSF production begins in the lateral ventricle < CSF moves to the third ventricle which surrounds the region of the diencephalon via the ventricular foramen < runs through narrow duct called cerebral aqueduct from the midbrain and enter the fourth ventricle where it comes in contact with the pons, medulla and cerebellum
The ventricles are linked with ependymal cells that produce CSF
In the fourth ventricle, there are 3 openings that allow for CSF to leave ventricle to the subarachnoid space to circulate outside the brain.

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CSF

Serum-like fluid lacking proteins, but containing nutrients for the brain and spinal cord
Most synthesized in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle
CSF moves right high to low pressure

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Choroid plexus

Ependimel cells < capillary containing blood < connective tissue < together, they create a tight junction to filter blood to CSF

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Process

Aterial blood enters the choroid to be filted as CSF
1. Choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricle make the CSF
It goes through the interventricle foramina to the third ventricle.
The thrid ventricle can also make some amount of CSF in its plexus
That goes to the third ventricle and passes through the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain to the fourth ventricle
Some amount of CSF can be made in the fourth ventricle
Exits through the lateral and medial apertures to the subarachnoid space
Goes around the central canal of the spinal cord to the aranchoid villi of the dura mater to become venus blood.

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Components of the brain stem

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

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Medulla oblongata

Most inferior part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord
Center for vital reflexes such as heart rate, BP, respiration, swallowing, sneezing, coughing
Supports a variety of cranial nerves: 5,7,9,10,11,12

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Pyramids

White matter decending tracks that carry information from the brain to the spinal cord.
These are mainly motor tracks for the motor system, where all electrical signals will be sent to skeletal muscles for conscious control

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Olive

Involved in balance, coordination, modulation of sound (how information gets in our ear)
Bilateral structure

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Pons

Located superior to the MO
connects various parts of the brain
Responsible for sleep centre (REM), respiratory center

Anteriors:
1. Pontine nuclei: communication between cerebrum and cerebellum
Posterior:
2. Nuclei of cranial nerves 5,6,7,8

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Midbrain

Most superior portion of the brainstem
Nuclei of cranial nerve 3, 4, 5

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Tectum

Part of the midbrain
Contains 4 nuclei forming mounds on dorsal surface of midbrain separated as a colliculus

SUPERIOR COLLICULI
- Involved in visual reflexes, tract eye movement
INFERIOR COLLICULI
- involved in hearing

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Peduncles

Superior, middle, inferior
-Bundle of axon pathway carrying infromation from one area to another.

Superior:
communication of cerebellum with the midbrain
Middle:
communication of cerebellum with the pons
Inferior:
communication of cerebellum with medulla oblongata

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Reticular formation

Group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem
Controls cyclic activities such as sleep-wake cycle
Note: reticular formation is activated when awake

Cerebellum (detailed)

Flocculondular lobe: takes information from environment to keep balance
Vermis: gross motor coordination like walking (anterior), fine motor coordination (posterior)
Cerebellar (lateral) hemisphere - fine motor coordination
Arbor vitae: white matter brings information to the peduncles
Folia: surface fold in the grey matter cortex

Thalamus

Consists of two pairs of grey matter space connected via interthalamic adhesion.
recieves major part of sensory input (all sensory information synapses at the thalamus before it is sent to the cerebral coretex)
Helps filter information so not everything has to be interpreted at the cerebral cortex.
Expection is the olfactory senes

medial geniculate nucleus

auditory impulse
takes info from inner ear to the primary auditory cerebral cortex to the temporal lobe

lateral geniculate nucleus

-visual impulse
- gathers info from retin and brings it to the occipital lobe.

Subthalamus

- Inferior to the thalamus and superior to hypothalamus - Primarily white matter - Subthalamic nuclei controls motor function which involves grey matter

Epithalamus

- Posterior and superior to the thalamus - Contains the hambenula nucleu repsonsible for emotional and visceral responses to odor - Pineal gland responsibel for secretion of melatonin and onset of puberty...acts as a biological clock

Hypothalamus

- Most inferior portion - Contains a stalk called the infundibulum connecting the hypothalamus to the pituatary gland creating a link between nervous and endocrine system - The pituitary gland is responsible for secretion of horomons...made of white matter and connective tissue - Many clusters of nuclei controlling body functions, namely mood and emotion.

Cerebrum

- Outer layer: cerebral cortex (gray matter)...largest part of the brain where higher level processing occurs - Deep clusters of nuclei (gray matter)...basal nuclei involved in motor functions - In between: cerebral medulla (white matter)...mylinated axon that connects grey matter regions and white matter regions to other parts of the brain.

Cerebral cortex

- Gyrus (precental gyrus = longitudinal fissure, location of primary motor cortex; postcentral gyrus = somatosensory, where sensory information gets interpreted) - Sulcus - Fissure

Frontal lobe

- motor function - aggression, mood

Temporal lobe

- Olfactory, audio input - Memory

Parietal lobe

- touch, pressure - blood pH - most sensory (expect small, taste, vision, hearing)

Occipital lobe

- Reception and integration of visual output

Association fibers (tracts)

- connect areas of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

Commissural fibers

- connect the cerebral hemisphere (corpus collosum)

Projection fibers

between the cerebrum and other parts of the brian and spinal cord

Cranial nerves

- part of the PNS...they arise from the brain as oppose to the spinal cord. - 12 nerves

Olfactory, I

- Sensory - Function: Smell

Optic, II

- Sensory - Function: Vision

Oculomotor, III

- Motor...propreoception Function: SOMATIC MOTOR: Movements of the eyeball and upper eyelid - Six skeletal muscles on the sclara, helping the eye move in a variety of directions. This nerve controls 4/6 of these muscles PARASYMPATHETIC MOTOR: Pupil constriction, muscles to focuses lends

Trochlear

- Motor Function: Movement of the eyeball - The nerve inverates only one muscle

Trigeminal, V

- Motor, sensory Ophthalmic = Sensory Function: Upper facial structure Maxillary = Sensory Function: middle facial strcuture Mandibular = Sensory, motor Function: Lower facial strucure, anterior ear mastication

Abducens, VI

- Motor Function: Movement of the eyeball laterally

Facial, VII

- Motor, sensory FUNCTION: Sensory: Taste on the first 2/3 of tongue Motor: Facial expression Parasymoathetic motor: Salivary/ lacrimal glands

Vestibulocochlear, VIII

- Sensory Function: Hearing/ balance

Glossopharyngeal, IX

- Sensory/ motor Function: Sensory: Taste (the other 1/3), monitors swallowing muscles, blood pressure, blood gases Motor: Swallowing Parasympathetic motor: Paroid gland (saliva)

Vagus, X

- Sensory, motor Function: - Motor: Voice production, swallowing - Sensory: BP/ Blood gases - Parasymaptics motor: GI control, respiration, lower HR

Accessory, XI

- Motor Function: - Head movements (i.e sternocleidomastoid, trapezious) - Also helps control swallowing

Hypoglossal, XII

- Motor Function: - Speech/ swallowing