Botany Flashcards
Prop roots
Plants such as corn have these roots
they start from over of the stem and then grow down the sink into the earth
What do plants produce when they reproduce sexually?
Spores
Pollen comes from the…
male parts of flowers
Pollination
When pollen arrives at the female part of the flower
In which part of the plants does food development start?
The ovaries
Main equation of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + Oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Directions for photosynthesis (simplified)
- Light energy from sun is used to combine CO2 and H2O, molecules are rearranged into sugar and oxygen
- The oxygen gas is let out and the sugar is served to all parts of the plant that need matter and energy
- If sugar is left over it is combined into starch and stored
Where in the plant is sugar produced?
Leaves
Put simply how do plants grow?
They grow in groups of cells other tips called apical meristems divide into two to produce new cells
Human uses for plants
Part of ecosystem Food Medicine Clothing Building materials Stress reduction in nature Keep water clean (importance of wetlands)
Period (periodic table)
row
- move to the right (per row) heavier elements
Family/group (periodic table)
column
- have similar properties
3 components of a atom and how they are organized
- neutrons (0) in nucleus
- protons (+) in nucleus
- electrons (-) orbit around core (also have different shells) (no mass)
Covalent bond
when an electron is shared between two atoms
- strongest bonds in plant cells
Atomic number
number of protons (determines element)
Ion
an atom that has lost/gained an electron
Isotope
an atom with a different number of neutrons than a normal atom of the same element
- have different masses
Molecules
joined atoms
…. determine how atoms interact.
Electrons
Chemical bonds
the attraction that joins atoms together to form a molecule
Ionic bond
the attraction between ions of opposite charges (strong in dry environments)
Polar covalent bonds
when atoms share electrons unequally (may change the charges of different sides of molecules)
Hydrogen bonds
relatively week bonds between polar groups
- molecules are electrically sticky
Polarity
in chemical bonding, the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond. Specifically, while bonds between identical atoms, as in H2, are electrically uniform in the sense that both hydrogen atoms are electrically neutral, bonds between atoms of different elements are electrically inequivalent
Acids and bases …. into a solution
release ions
Acids
- molecules that release hydrogen ions into solutions
ex: HCL splits into H+ and Cl- ions in water
Bases
- molecules that release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solutions
ex: Sodium hydroxide splits into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
pH is measured by …
the concentration of hydrogen ions
Increasing H+ ions in a solution…
decreases the pH, more acidic
Ours cells have a … pH
neutral (7)
4 main macromolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
Monosccharide
small, more simple sugar (sweet tasting)
ex. glucose (fast source of energy)
Glucose molecules can be … or …
Linear or loops (in water)
Glucose + fructose
sucrose (disaccharide)
Oligosaccharide
short chains of monosaccharides
Polysaccharide
complex carbs.
long chains of monosaccharides
ex: starch, cellulose (fiber) (long chain of glucose)
If both starch and cellulose are made from glucose molecules, what makes them so different in terms of human digestion?
humans can break links in starch molecules but not in cellulose molecules
Creating proteins…
amino acids are linked with peptide bonds (covalent bonds)
Protein functions:
- enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
- structure - support cell (cytoskeletal proteins)
- transportation - into + within the cell
- receptors - on the surface or inside of cells (respond to hormones)
2 types of nucleic acids in cells:
- DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
2. RNA - ribonucleic acid (more flexible moves out of nucleus)
Nucleic acids are made from …
nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides:
- adenine
- cytosine
- guanine
- thymine
- uracil
3 components of nucleotides
- 5-carbon sugar (RNA: ribose, DNA: deoxyribose)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
The two polynucleotide chains that form DNA are attached by …
hydrogen bonds
DNA: … polynucleotide chains
RNA: … polynucleotide chains
DNA: 2
RNA: 1
Chromosomes
DNA folded around proteins
Lipids
molecules that don’t mix with water
carbon and hydrogen molecules (hydrocarbons) (non-polar bonds, so electrically neutral)
store a lot of energy
Cells use … to create boundaries around/within cells
lipids
Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
water-fearing vs. water-loving
4 main lipids needed in plant cells
- Triglycerides (fats + oils) (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
- Phospholipids (make up membranes) (hydrophilic at one end and hydrophobic at the other)
- Steroids (some plant hormones) (growth, behavior, and defense)
- Waxes (protective coating, from water loss and insects)
Glycerol
3-carbon molecule
Unsaturated bond
when 2 carbon atoms share two pairs of electrons, forming a double bond (can’t take as many hydrogen atoms)
ex: butter
Saturated bond
lots of carbon atoms joined by single bonds (straight chain)
