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Recap > Botany > Flashcards

Botany Flashcards

1
Q

Prop roots

A

Plants such as corn have these roots

they start from over of the stem and then grow down the sink into the earth

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2
Q

What do plants produce when they reproduce sexually?

A

Spores

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3
Q

Pollen comes from the…

A

male parts of flowers

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4
Q

Pollination

A

When pollen arrives at the female part of the flower

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5
Q

In which part of the plants does food development start?

A

The ovaries

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6
Q

Main equation of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + Oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

Directions for photosynthesis (simplified)

A
  1. Light energy from sun is used to combine CO2 and H2O, molecules are rearranged into sugar and oxygen
  2. The oxygen gas is let out and the sugar is served to all parts of the plant that need matter and energy
  3. If sugar is left over it is combined into starch and stored
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8
Q

Where in the plant is sugar produced?

A

Leaves

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9
Q

Put simply how do plants grow?

A

They grow in groups of cells other tips called apical meristems divide into two to produce new cells

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10
Q

Human uses for plants

A 
Part of ecosystem
Food
Medicine
Clothing
Building materials 
Stress reduction in nature 
Keep water clean (importance of wetlands)
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11
Q

Period (periodic table)

A

row

  • move to the right (per row) heavier elements
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12
Q

Family/group (periodic table)

A

column

  • have similar properties
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13
Q

3 components of a atom and how they are organized

A
  • neutrons (0) in nucleus
  • protons (+) in nucleus
  • electrons (-) orbit around core (also have different shells) (no mass)
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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

when an electron is shared between two atoms

  • strongest bonds in plant cells
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15
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons (determines element)

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16
Q

Ion

A

an atom that has lost/gained an electron

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17
Q

Isotope

A

an atom with a different number of neutrons than a normal atom of the same element

  • have different masses
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18
Q

Molecules

A

joined atoms

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19
Q

…. determine how atoms interact.

A

Electrons

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20
Q

Chemical bonds

A

the attraction that joins atoms together to form a molecule

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21
Q

Ionic bond

A

the attraction between ions of opposite charges (strong in dry environments)

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22
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

when atoms share electrons unequally (may change the charges of different sides of molecules)

23
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

relatively week bonds between polar groups

  • molecules are electrically sticky
24
Q

Polarity

A

in chemical bonding, the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond. Specifically, while bonds between identical atoms, as in H2, are electrically uniform in the sense that both hydrogen atoms are electrically neutral, bonds between atoms of different elements are electrically inequivalent

25
Q

Acids and bases …. into a solution

A

release ions

26
Q

Acids

A
  • molecules that release hydrogen ions into solutions

ex: HCL splits into H+ and Cl- ions in water

27
Q

Bases

A
  • molecules that release hydroxide ions (OH-) into solutions

ex: Sodium hydroxide splits into sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in water

28
Q

pH is measured by …

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions

29
Q

Increasing H+ ions in a solution…

A

decreases the pH, more acidic

30
Q

Ours cells have a … pH

A

neutral (7)

31
Q

4 main macromolecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Lipids
32
Q

Monosccharide

A

small, more simple sugar (sweet tasting)

ex. glucose (fast source of energy)

33
Q

Glucose molecules can be … or …

A

Linear or loops (in water)

34
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (disaccharide)

35
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

short chains of monosaccharides

36
Q

Polysaccharide

A

complex carbs.

long chains of monosaccharides

ex: starch, cellulose (fiber) (long chain of glucose)

37
Q

If both starch and cellulose are made from glucose molecules, what makes them so different in terms of human digestion?

A

humans can break links in starch molecules but not in cellulose molecules

38
Q

Creating proteins…

A

amino acids are linked with peptide bonds (covalent bonds)

39
Q

Protein functions:

A
  1. enzymes - speed up chemical reactions
  2. structure - support cell (cytoskeletal proteins)
  3. transportation - into + within the cell
  4. receptors - on the surface or inside of cells (respond to hormones)
40
Q

2 types of nucleic acids in cells:

A
  1. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

2. RNA - ribonucleic acid (more flexible moves out of nucleus)

41
Q

Nucleic acids are made from …

A

nucleotides

42
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides:

A
  1. adenine
  2. cytosine
  3. guanine
  4. thymine
  5. uracil
43
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A
  1. 5-carbon sugar (RNA: ribose, DNA: deoxyribose)
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base
44
Q

The two polynucleotide chains that form DNA are attached by …

A

hydrogen bonds

45
Q

DNA: … polynucleotide chains

RNA: … polynucleotide chains

A

DNA: 2

RNA: 1

46
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA folded around proteins

47
Q

Lipids

A

molecules that don’t mix with water

carbon and hydrogen molecules (hydrocarbons) (non-polar bonds, so electrically neutral)

store a lot of energy

48
Q

Cells use … to create boundaries around/within cells

A

lipids

49
Q

Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic

A

water-fearing vs. water-loving

50
Q

4 main lipids needed in plant cells

A
  1. Triglycerides (fats + oils) (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
  2. Phospholipids (make up membranes) (hydrophilic at one end and hydrophobic at the other)
  3. Steroids (some plant hormones) (growth, behavior, and defense)
  4. Waxes (protective coating, from water loss and insects)
51
Q

Glycerol

A

3-carbon molecule

52
Q

Unsaturated bond

A

when 2 carbon atoms share two pairs of electrons, forming a double bond (can’t take as many hydrogen atoms)

ex: butter

53
Q

Saturated bond

A

lots of carbon atoms joined by single bonds (straight chain)

Recap (14 decks)

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