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Recap > AMSO - Nautica > Flashcards

AMSO - Nautica Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the Arabian Peninsula have a unique marine biodiversity?

A
  • seasonal upwelling (causing some species to stop migrating -> humpback whale)
  • natural culdesac, water cannot move northward in the Arabian Gulf
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2
Q

Characteristics of the Arabian Gulf

A

shallow + heat -> a lot of evaporation

  • no freshwater inputs, but nutrients are added which causes some areas to become eutrophic
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3
Q

Characteristics of the Red Sea

A
  • oligotrophic (nutrient poor)

- deeper than Arabian Gulf (much)

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4
Q

Oligotrophic

A

nutrient poor

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5
Q

JNCC

A

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (UK)

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6
Q

Source of noise pollution underwater (biological, non-biological, and anthropogenic)

A

Biological:
- communication between species (mammals, fish, shrimps)

Non-biological:
- lightning, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions

Anthropogenic

  • seismic exploration (+ VSP)
  • pile driving
  • explosives
  • sonar
  • dredging
  • development
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7
Q

What are the three main features of sound waves?

A

frequency, amplitude, and wavelength

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8
Q

Frequency

A

the number of pressure waves that pass by a reference point overtime

  • higher frequency = higher pitch
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9
Q

Amplitude

A

the height of the sound waves

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10
Q

Wavelength

A

distances between the peaks of sound waves

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11
Q

Sound moves _ faster underwater

A

4 x

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12
Q

Why does sound move faster in warmer water?

A

because the medium (water) is less dense

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13
Q

_ refract sound allowing it to travel over even greater distances

A

thermoclines

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14
Q

What are the loudest anthropogenic underwater sound sources?

A

sonar and seismic

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15
Q

Seismic exploration

A
  • used to find oil and gas in the sea bed + sediments
  • sound is produced by seismic airguns, travels from the surface to the seabed, and then hydrophones receive the echo of the sounds
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16
Q

VSP

A

Vertical seismic profiling (into a well-hole)

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17
Q

Pile driving

A

placing a foundation into the sea bed, done during offshore development

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18
Q

2 groups of whales

A

Mysticetes and Odontocetes

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19
Q

Odontocetes

A

Toothed whales

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20
Q

Mysticetes

A

Baleen whales

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21
Q

Why is sound important for marine mammals?

A

prime sense

  • communication
  • hunting
  • echolocations
  • navigation
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22
Q

Sharks and rays are attracted by _

A

low pulses, but deterred by loud sounds

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23
Q

Masking

A

when noise pollution prevents marine animals from hearing and communicating properly

24
Q

Tissue damage in marine mammals from noise disturbances

A
  • gas-filled tissue
  • decompression sickness (N in tissue)
  • growth of microscopic bubbles
  • change in behaviour
  • damaged hearing
25
Q

Like humans marine mammals have _ in their ears

A

hairs

26
Q

2 thresholds of damaged hearing from underwater noise pollution

A

temporary

permanent

27
Q

Sharks and rays use _

A

electric and magnetic cues

subsea cables and pipeline deployments attract some species

28
Q

ALAN

A

artificial light at night

29
Q

How are turtles disturbed by light pollution?

A
  • nesting females look for the darkest beach spots
  • light may cause females to lay their eggs in less-favorable spots
  • the light produced by the moon also guides adults and hatchlings, ALAN may guide them in the wrong direction
30
Q

How are corals disturbed by light pollution?

A

disrupts the photosynthetic cycle of symbiotes

31
Q

Marine mammals are classified into 4 taxonomic groups:

A
  1. Cetacea (mysticetes and odontocetes)
  2. Sirenia (manatees and dugong)
  3. Pinnipedia (seals and walruses)
  4. Fissipedia (polar bears and marine otters)
32
Q

How many blow holes does a baleen whale have?

A

2

33
Q

How many blow holes does a toothed whale have?

A

1

34
Q

Ventral pleats

A

creases that run vertically down the underside of a whale’s jaw all the way to its stomach. When feeding, the ventral pleats expand like an accordion to accommodate a huge amount of food-rich water

35
Q

What are the 5 dorsal fin shapes?

A
  1. Falcate
  2. Triangular
  3. Humped
  4. Rounded
  5. Non-existant
36
Q

Rostrum

A

the upper jaw or “snout” of the whale.

37
Q

Caudal peduncle

A

one of a whale’s strongest muscles, right before the fluke

38
Q

Fluke

A

whale tail

39
Q

A taller blow means a _ whale

A

larger

40
Q

What are some characteristics of mysticete feeding?

A
  • jaw opens 90°

- when mouth is closed the whale’s body is very streamline

41
Q

Which behavior in marine mammals indicates disturbance?

A
  • turning away
  • shielding young
  • grouping together
  • suddenly diving or moving away
  • flipper, tail, or jaw slapping
  • dugongs swim in a figure of 8 and then make a sharp turn
42
Q

Carapace

A

hard, upper shell of a turtle

43
Q

Plastron

A

lower shell of a turtle

44
Q

5 marine turtles found around the Arabian Peninsula

A

Most common

  • green turtle
  • hawksbill turtle
  • loggerhead turtle
  • olive ridley turtle
  • leatherback turtle
45
Q

Coastal scutes

A

largest scutes on the carapace of a sea turtle

46
Q

Prefrontal scutes

A

number of scutes on a turtle’s forehead

47
Q

turtles can’t see _ light wavelengths

A

red

48
Q

Female turtles can _ _ more than once per season

A

successfully nest but also often have multiple nesting attempts until it is successful

49
Q

Elasmobranchs

A

sharks and rays (cartilaginous fish)

50
Q

What are the main sense of elasmobranchs?

A

smell and sensing magnetic fields

sharks and rays

51
Q

PAM

A

passive acoustic monitoring

- hydrophones used to detect and identify marine mammal vocalizations

52
Q

Exclusion zone (seismic surveys)

A

500m zone around the center of the source (air guns)

53
Q

Soft-start (seismic surveys)

A

slowly introducing sound into the environment (20-40 minutes)

54
Q

Pre-shooting search (seismic surveys)

A

30 - 60 minutes (depending on water depth) search before the soft-start to insure that no marine species are present

55
Q

What should be done when a turtle covered in barnacles is found?

A

DO NOT remove them, but place it in freshwater

56
Q

What should or should not be done when an injured turtle is found?

A

Do’s

  • reduce stress and noice
  • cover the head and eyes
  • keep in shade
  • protect plastron (usually soft)(place towel under)
  • ensure that the turtle’s head is above the surface
  • hold on the sides of the carapace
  • place turtle head first into water and let go
  • if a turtle is unconscious, place its hind legs higher so water is drained from the lungs and check its reflexes (eyes, flipper)

Don’ts

  • remove encrustations
  • give food
  • throw nets back into ocean (ghost nets)

Recap (14 decks)

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