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1st year - Botanical Medicine > Bot Med - Respiratory > Flashcards

Bot Med - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common cold?

A 
Viral infection (typically rhinoviruses and coronaviruses) of the upper
respiratory tract presenting with:
• runny nose (rhinitis)
• sore-throat
• cough
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2
Q

herbal actions to treat the common cold?

A
  • adaptogen
  • immunostimulants
  • antimicrobrials
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3
Q

herbs useful for treatment of common cold?

A
  • purple cone flower (Echinacea angustifolium)

* goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

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4
Q

What increases the risk of infection (common cold)?

A

Stress - decreases immune function and increases the risk of infection.

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5
Q

What does an adaptogen do?

A

Increases the ability of the body to cope with stress and prevent infection.

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6
Q

In TCM what do adaptogenic herbs nourish? (why?)

A
  • lung (immunomodulating, anticancer)
  • spleen (stomachic)
  • kidneys (aphrodisiac)
  • heart (sedative)
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7
Q

when would one use an adaptogenic herb?

A
  • stress

* prevent colds & flus

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8
Q

what is the most important adaptogenic lung tonic?

A

Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus)

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9
Q

What does Huang qi (Astragalus membranaceus: Astragalus propinquus) do?

A

increases the ability of the body to cope with stress.

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10
Q

what are the actions of Huang qi?

A
  • adaptogen
  • immunomodulating / immunostimulating
  • antiviral
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11
Q

when would one use Huang qi? (think TCM)

A 
Used as a lung and spleen tonic in TCM formulas for:
• stress
• colds & flu prevention
• fatigue
• cancer
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12
Q

What is the “change of season soup”?

A

classic formula taken to prevent illness in the
spring and fall
• Huang Qi (Astragalus membranaceus) root
• Dang Shen (Codonopsis pilosula) root
• Chinese yam (Dioscorea spp.) root
• Golgi or Lycii berries (Lycium barbarum)

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13
Q

What is a caution regarding huang qi?

A

Contra-indicated during an acute infections.

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14
Q

What is an immunostimulant?

A

Stimulates the immune system to increase the body’s ability to combat
infection.

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15
Q

When would one use an immunostimulant?

A

infection

cancer

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16
Q

what herbs contain immunostimulant properties?

A
  • purple cone flower (Echinacea angustifolium )

* Canadian ginseng (Panax quinquifoloim) = ColdFx

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17
Q

What are the actions of purple cone flower (echinacea angustifolium)

A
  • immunostimulant

* antiinflammatory

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18
Q

when would one use purple cone flower?

A
  • infections

* cancer

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19
Q

what are the phytochemicals in purple cone flower?

A
  • echinoside (e.g. phenylpropanoids glycosides)
  • alkylamides
  • polysaccharides
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20
Q

The phytochemicals in purple cone flower stimulate what…
alkylamides?
carbohydrates?

A

• alkylamides - stimulate cannabinoid type 2 (CB2)
• carbohydrates - stimulate the immune system through different
mechanisms.

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21
Q

What does an antimicrobial do?

A

• alkylamides - stimulate cannabinoid type 2 (CB2)
• carbohydrates - stimulate the immune system through different
mechanisms.

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22
Q

When would one use an antimicrobial?

A

respiratory tract infection

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23
Q

what phytochemicals are present in antimicrobials?

A
  • essential oils
  • monterpenes
  • sesquiterpenes
  • triterpenes
  • napthoquinone
  • anthraquinones
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24
Q

what are the actions of goldenseal (hydrastis canadensis?

A
  • antimicrobial
  • antibacterial
  • antiviral
  • antiparasitic
  • antifungal
  • bitter
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25
Q

when would one use goldenseal?

A
  • respiratory tract infecitons
  • gastrointestinal infection
  • dermatologic infections
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26
Q

what are the phytochemicals present in goldenseal?

A
  • Isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g. berberine, hydrastine)

* flavolignins

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27
Q

Comment on the phytochemicals within goldenseal. What appears to be significant about flavolignans?

A

Flavolignins appear to inhibit MDR pumps and enhance the antimicrobial
action of berberine.

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28
Q

What is influenza?

A

viral infection (RNA viruses) with a similar presentation to the common
cold (runny nose, sore throat, cough) but with pronounced:
• fever
• body aches

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29
Q

what herbal actions are useful in treating influenza?

A
  • antimicrobial
  • antiviral
  • antiaderance
  • immunostimulant
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30
Q

what herbs are useful in treating influenza?

A
  • elder (Sambucus canadensis; S. nigra)
  • goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
  • licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
  • purple cone flower (Echinacea purpurea)
  • boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
  • lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)
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31
Q

what does an antiviral do?

A

Inhibits the growth of viruses

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32
Q

what herbs posses antiviral properties?

A
  • lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)
  • licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
  • elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra)
  • goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
  • boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
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33
Q

what phytochemicals are in antivirals?

A
  • lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)
  • licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
  • elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra)
  • goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
  • boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
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34
Q

What are the actions of Lomatium (Lomatium dissectum)?

A
  • antiviral
  • expectorant
  • antispasmodic
  • immunostimulant
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35
Q

when would one use lomatium?

A
  • viral infections

* respiratory tract infections (colds, influenza, bronchitis, pneumonia)

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36
Q

what phytochemicals are in lomatium?

A
  • coumarins
  • pthalides
  • essential oils
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37
Q

Caution regarding lomatium?

A

Lomatium rash: occurs in roughly 5-10% of patients who consume the
herb for roughly 5-10 days.

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38
Q

comment regarding lomatium and research?

A

Limited research by traditionally used during influenza pandmics

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39
Q

What are the actions of boneset (eupatorium perfoliatum)?

A
  • antimicrobial
  • antiviral
  • febrifuge
  • diaphoretic
  • immunostimulant
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40
Q

when would one use boneset?

A

Respiratory
• acute febrile respiratory infections with cough, especially when
associated with deep muscle and bone pain
• influenza
• acute bronchitis
• measles
• common cold

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41
Q

What are the phytochemicals of boneset?

A
  • terpenoids (esp. sesquiterpene lactones)
  • polysaccharides
  • flavonoids
  • essential oil
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42
Q

What does a febrifuge (antipyretic) do?

A

Reduces fever.

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43
Q

when would one use a febrifuge?

A

infections causing fever including:
• virus (flus, SARS, dengue fever)
• parasites (malaria)
• bacteria (rheumatic fever)

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44
Q

What does a diaphoretic do?

A

Stimulates perspiration and reduces fever.

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45
Q

when would one use a diaphoretic?

A
  • fever
  • colds and flus
  • detoxification
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46
Q

what herbs have diaphoretic properties?

A
  • elder (Sambucus canadensis; Sabucus. nigra)
  • cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
  • ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
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47
Q

What does an antiadherance do?

A

Prevents the adherence of bacteria or viruses to the mucous membranes.

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48
Q

when would one use an antiadherant?

A
  • influenza
  • urinary tract infections
  • gingivitis
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49
Q

what phytochemicals are in antiadherants?

A
  • tannins

* carbohydrates

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50
Q

What are the actions of Elder (sambucus canadensis; sabucuc. nigra)?

A
  • antiadherance
  • antiviral
  • diaphoretic
  • astringent
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51
Q

when would one use elder?

A
  • upper respiratory tract infections (flower)
  • colds
  • influenza
  • sinusitis
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52
Q

what are the phytochemicals in elder?

A
  • flavonoids
  • anthocyanins
  • tannins
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53
Q

Caution regarding elder?

A

Cyanogenic glycosides - found in the bark, leaves and unripe fruit can
cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. Heat will destroy it.

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54
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation or irritation of the larynx often causing hoarse or loss of
voice

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55
Q

what herbal action would be useful for treating laryngitis?

A

demulcent

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56
Q

what herbs would be useful in treating laryngitis?

A
  • slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)

* marshmallow (Althea officinalis)

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57
Q

what is a common cause of laryngitis?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

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58
Q

what does a demuclent do?

A

Increases the the production of mucous in the respiratory tract thereby
moistening and protecting the lungs and reducing cough.

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59
Q

when would one use a demulcent?

A
  • sore throat
  • laryngitis
  • Dry cough
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60
Q

what herbs have demulcent properties?

A
  • mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
  • colt’s foot
  • marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
  • licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
  • slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)
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61
Q

What are the actions of slippery elm (ulmus rubra)?

A

demulcent

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62
Q

when would one use slippery elm?

A
  • sore throat
  • laryngitis
  • hoarseness of voice
  • singer’s nodes (vocal nodes)
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63
Q

what is the phytochemical of slippery elm?

A

mucilage

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64
Q

comment on what slippery elm is used for?

A

used for for irritation in the ailmentary tract rather than the lungs

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65
Q

what is a cough?

A

forced exhalation, which is often an involuntary reflex, in an attempt to
remove an irritating agent, mucous and/or phlegm from the lungs or throat.
• dry cough (non-productive) - no sputum
• wet cough (productive) - lots of phlegm (respiratory catarrh)

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66
Q

what herbal actions are useful in treating coughs?

A
  • antitussive
  • cough suppresant
  • demulcent
  • expectorant
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67
Q

What is an antitussive do?

A

relieves coughing

68
Q

what can coughs be treated by?

A
  • demulcents
  • expectorants
  • cough suppressants
69
Q

when would one use an antitussive?

A
  • dry coughs

* wet coughs

70
Q

what herbs contain antitussive properties?

A
  • mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
  • colt’s foot (Tussilago farfara)
  • wild black cherry (Prunus serotina)
  • opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
71
Q

What actions does mullein (verbascum thapsus) have?

A
  • antitussive
  • demulcent
  • expectorant
72
Q

when would one use mullein?

A
  • lung irritation
  • dry cough
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
73
Q

what are the phytochemicals contained in mullein?

A
  • Mucilage
  • Saponins
  • Flavonoids
  • Essential oils
74
Q

what are the actions of colt’s foor (tussilago farfara)?

A
  • antitussive
  • demulcent
  • expectorant
75
Q

when would one use colt’s foot?

A
  • dry cough
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
76
Q

what are the phytochemicals contained in colt’s foot?

A
  • Mucilage
  • Tannins
  • Triterpenoids (faradiol, arnidiol)
  • Volatile oils
  • Flavonoids
  • Essential oils
  • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
77
Q

caution regarding colt’s foot?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids - avoid high amounts and chronic use

78
Q

what does a cough suppressant do?

A

Antitussive that Inhibits the cough reflex

79
Q

what is the action of cough suppressants?

A

antitussive

80
Q

when would one use a cough suppressant?

A

Dry cough

Spastic cough

81
Q

what herbs are good cough suppressants?

A
  • Wild black cherry (Prunus serotina)
  • Cacao (Theobroma cacao)
  • Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)
82
Q

comment on opiates and theobromine regarding cough suppressants?

A
  • opiates - strong cough suppresants used in the past (but highly addictive)
  • theobromine (methylxanthine) - may be an effective cough suppressant
83
Q

caution regarding cough suppressants?

A

Should be used with caution in wet “productive” cough.

84
Q

action of wild black cherry (prunus serotina)?

A

antitussive

• cough suppressant

85
Q

when would one use wild black cherry?

A
  • spasmodic cough

* dry, unproductive cough

86
Q

phytochemical in wild black cherry?

A

Cyanogenic glycosides (e.g. prunasin) - bark

87
Q

comment on cyanide (phytochemical within wild black cherry)?

A

Cyanide binds to peripheral chemoreceptors on the phrenic nerve inhibiting
the action of muscles involved in respiration and preventing coughing

88
Q

cautions regarding wild black cherry?

A

• Wet Coughs: use with caution
• Toxicity - Hydrogen cyanide - 300 ppm kills a human in minutes. Inhibits
cellular respiration (electron transport chain). A tincture contains obviously
very very small amounts.

89
Q

What are bronchitis, pneumonia & croup?

A

• when respiratory tract infections descend into the bronchioles and lungs.
• typically associated with lots of phlegm (i.e. respiratory catarrh) and
difficulty breathing

90
Q

herbal actions useful in treating bronchitis, pneumonia & croup?

A
  • antimicrobial
  • immunostimulant
  • diaphoretic
  • expectorants
  • antispasmodic
  • bronchodialators
  • antitussive
91
Q

What does an expectorant do?

A

A substance that facilitates the expulsion of phlegm from the lungs.

92
Q

when would one use an expectorant?

A
  • wet cough
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
93
Q

what herbs have expectorant properties?

A
  • Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
  • Blue Gum, (Eucalyptus globulus)
  • Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  • Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
  • Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
  • Colt’s foot (Tussilago farfara)
94
Q

what are the phytochemicals of expectorants?

A
  • saponins
  • essential oils
  • mucilage
  • alkaloids
95
Q

Actions of Elecampane (inula helenium)?

A
  • expectorant
  • antitussive
  • antimicrobial
  • bitter
  • anthelmintic
96
Q

when would one use elecampane?

A
  • chronic wet coughs
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
  • asthma
97
Q

what are the phytochemicals in elecampane?

A
  • sesquiterpene lactones (e.g. alantolactones)
  • essential oils
  • mucilage
98
Q

used in formulas or alone?

A

in formulas, rarely alone

99
Q

actions of eucapyptus (eucalyptus globulus)?

A
  • expectorant
  • antispasmodic
  • antiseptic
  • antimicrobial
100
Q

when would one use eucalyptus?

A
  • productive coughs (orally or steam inhalation)
  • colds
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
101
Q

what are the phytochemicals in eucalyptus?

A
  • Volatile oils

* Monoterpenes (Eucalyptol)

102
Q

actions of licorice (glycherrhiza glabra)?

A
  • expectorant
  • antiviral
  • demulcent
103
Q

when would would use licorice?

A
  • influenza
  • bronchitis
  • severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
104
Q

phytochemicals of licorice?

A
  • saponins (Glycyrrhizin)

* triterpenoid glycoside (glycyrrhizinic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid)

105
Q

another action of licorice in regards to mucous?

A

Increases mucouse production - glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits the breakdown
of prostaglandin PGE-2 and PGF-2α.

106
Q

caution regarding licorice?

A
  • Blood pressure

* Pregnancy & lactation

107
Q

Actions of white horehound (marrubium vulgare)?

A
  • expectorant
  • antispasmodic
  • bitter
108
Q

when would one use white horehound?

A
  • wet cough
  • bronchitis
  • asthma
109
Q

phytochemicals of white horehound?

A

Marrubiin is also found in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis).

110
Q

Other than white horehound, where is marrubin found?

A

Pregnancy: Use with caution. Mild emmenagogue properties.

111
Q

caution regarding white horehound?

A
  • expectorant
  • emetic
  • antispasmodic
112
Q

actions of indian tobacco (lobelia inflata)?

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia
113
Q

when would one use indian tobacco?

A

lobeline (piperidine alkaloids)

114
Q

phytochemical of indian tobacco?

A

Stronger expectorant with narrower therapeutic than the others discussed.

115
Q

comment on indian tobacco regarding expectorant strength and therapeutic index?

A
  • High doses: Nausea and vomiting.
  • Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use.
  • Caution: Heart disease, severe atherosclerosis, tachycardia, arrhythmias
116
Q

what does an antispasmodic do?

A

Relieves spasms of smooth muscles.

117
Q

when would one use an antispasmodic?

A
  • laboured breathing
  • spastic cough
  • bronchitis
  • whooping cough
  • croup
  • asthma
118
Q

herbs that have antispasmodic properties?

A
  • horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
  • thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
  • red clover (Trifolium pretense)
119
Q

phytochemicals on antispasmodics?

A
  • flavonoids
  • essential oil
  • diterpenoids
120
Q

actions of thyme (thymus vulgaris)

A
  • antitussive
  • antispasmodic
  • expectorant
  • antimicrobial
121
Q

when would one use thyme?

A 
Infections associated with copious mucous, bronchial constriction and
spasmodic cough
• bronchitis, pneumonia
• croup
• pertussis
122
Q

phytochemicals of thyme?

A
  • Essential oils
  • Monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol)
  • Flavonoids
123
Q

Caution regarding thyme?

A

Thyme is an important spasmolytic for tracheal while peppermint is the
choice for the intestines

124
Q

Actions of red clover (trifolium pretense)?

A
  • antispasmodic
  • expectorant
  • antitussive
  • alterative
125
Q

when would one use red clover?

A
  • spasmodic cough
  • pertussis (whooping cough)
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia
126
Q

phytochemicals contained in red clover?

A
  • coumarins

* isoflavenoids

127
Q

where/what part of the plant are the coumarins found in higher amounts in red clover?

A

flowers

128
Q

caution regarding red clover

A

Anticoagulants - may interact with coumarin.

129
Q

what is asthma?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with bronchospasms &
decreased airflow obstruction with the following symptoms:
• shortness of breath
• wheezing
• coughing
• chest tightness

130
Q

what herbal actions are useful in treatment of asthma?

A
  • bronchodilators
  • expectorants
  • antiinflammatories
131
Q

what is “bronchial asthma”?

A

“bronchial asthma” - periodic “asthma attack” coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

132
Q

what does a bronchodilator do?

A

Opens bronchioles to make it easier to breathe.

133
Q

when would one use a bronchodilator?

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • pneumonia
134
Q

what herbs have bronchodilator properties?

A
  • ephedra (Ephedra sinica)
  • jimson weed (Datura sp.)
  • coffee
135
Q

what are the phytochemicals of bronchodilators?

A
  • phenethylamine (ephedrine)
  • tropane alkaloids (atropine)
  • methylxanthine (theophylline, caffeine)
136
Q

actions of ephedra (ephedra sinica)?

A
  • bronchodialator
  • sympathomimetic
  • diaphoretic
  • decongestant
  • antispasmodic
137
Q

when would one use ephedra?

A
  • constricted breathing
  • bronchitis
  • acute asthma
  • nasal congestion associated with infection or allergies
  • sinusitis
138
Q

phytochemicals of ephedra?

A

Phenethylamines (Ephedrine)

139
Q

Cautions regarding ephedra?

A

• Side effects: Tachycardia, insomnia, decreased appetite, dry mouth,
tremors.
• Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use.

140
Q

actions of jimson weed (datura stramonium)?

A
  • anticholinergic
  • antispasmodic
  • bronchodilator
141
Q

when would one use jimson weed?

A

acute asthma (smoked)

142
Q

phytochemicals of jimsone weed?

A

tropane alkaloids (atropine)

143
Q

cation regardin jimson weed?

A

• Side effects: Narrow therapeutic index. Tachycardia, insomnia,
decreased appetite, dry mouth, tremors, hallucinations.
• Pregnancy & lactation: Avoid use.

144
Q

what are allergies?

A

Immune response to a foreign substances typically causing:
• runny nose (rhinitis)
• itchy eyes
• fatigue

145
Q

herbal actions to treat allergies?

A
  • antiallergic

* antihistamine

146
Q

herbs to treat allergies?

A
  • eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)
  • nettle
  • rosemary
  • astragalus
147
Q

What does a decongestant do?

A

Relieves nasal congestion (i.e. nasal catarrh).
• sympathetic stimulation
• antihistamine

148
Q

when would one use a decongestant?

A
  • upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
  • sinusitis
  • rhinitis
  • allergies
149
Q

what herbs have decongestant properties?

A
  • ma Huang (Ephedra sinica)
  • blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus)
  • Cayenne
150
Q

phytochemicals of decongestants?

A
  • alkaloid
  • flavanoids
  • phenolics
151
Q

What do antiallergics do?

A

Decreases the symptoms associated with allergies:
• runny nose (rhinitis)
• itchy eyes (conjunctivitis)

152
Q

when would one use an antiallergic?

A
  • upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)
  • sinusitis
  • rhinitis
153
Q

what herbs possess antiallergic properties?

A
  • eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis)

* nettle (Urtica spp.)

154
Q

Actions of eyebright (euphrasia officinalis)?

A
  • astringent
  • antiallergic
  • anticatarrhal
  • antiinflammatory
155
Q

when would one use eyebright?

A

Reduces catarrh of the eyes, nose, and ears.
• conjunctivitis
• rhinitis

156
Q

phytochemicals of eyebright?

A
  • Iridoid glycosides (acubin)
  • Volatile oil
  • Phenolic acids
  • Flavonoids
  • Tannins
157
Q

comment about eyebright and topical application?

A

Topical application - applied to the eyes for both allergies and infections

158
Q

Actions of Nettle (urtica spp.)

A
  • antiallergic (antihistamine)
  • astringent
  • antiinflammatory
159
Q

when would one use nettle?

A

seasonal allergies

160
Q

phytochemicals of nettle?

A
  • phytosterols (modulate hormone receptors)
  • lignins (modulate hormone receptors)
  • flavonoids
161
Q

what herbal actions are good in treatment of ear infections (otitis media; otitis externa)

A
  • antimicrobial
  • vulnerary
  • anodyne
162
Q

what herbs are good for treating ear infections?

A 
Ear oil
• Allium sativum
• Verbascum thapsus
• Calendula flores
• Hypericum perforatum
163
Q

comment about recurrent ear infections?

A

Recurrent ear infection are commonly associated with food allergies.

164
Q

action of garlic?

A

antimicrobial

165
Q

when would one use garlic?

A
  • bacterial infections
  • fungal infections
  • viral infections
  • parasitic infections
166
Q

phytochemicals in garlic?

A

organosulphides (e.g. allicin)

167
Q

caution regarding garlic?

A
  • Anticoagulants - may potentiate

* Surgery - avoid excess amounts before and after procedure

1st year - Botanical Medicine (8 decks)

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