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1st year - Botanical Medicine > Bot Med - Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Bot Med - Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Indigestion (dyspepsia) is?

A

complaints after eating that include: fullness, belching, bloating and gas

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2
Q

Herbal actions to use for indigestion?

A
  • bitter

* carminatives

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3
Q

Herbs to use for indigestion with:
Digestive enzymes?
Bitters?
Carminatives?

A 
Digestive Enzymes
• papaya (Carica papaya)
• pineapple (Ananas comosus)
Bitters
• yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea)
• wormwood (Artemesia absinthium)
Carminatives
• chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
• peppermint (Mentha piperita)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
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4
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

supplemental enzymes that help with digest proteins.

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5
Q

Action of digestive enzymes?

A

digestive

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6
Q

when would one use digestive enzymes?

A

indigestion

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7
Q

what herbs are digestive enzymes present in?

A
  • papaya (Carica papaya)

* pineapple (Ananas comosus)

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8
Q

phytochemicals in digestive enzymes?

A

• proteins (papain, bromelain)

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9
Q

What does a bitter tonic do?

A

stimulate appetitie, promotes digestion and “tonifies” the digestive tract.

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10
Q

what actions do bitter tonics (and bitter herbs) have?

A
  • stomachic
  • cholagogue
  • choleretic
  • hepatic
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11
Q 
what herbs have bitters?
iridoid glyosides
quinoline alkaloids
isoquinoline alkaloids
sesquiterpene lactones
A 
Iridoid gycosides
• yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Quinoline alkaloids
• quinine tree (Cinchona officinalis)
Isoquinoline alkaloids
• greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• boldo (Peumus boldus)
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
• barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Sesquiterpen lactones
• chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
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12
Q

how do bitters cause the release of digestive juices?

A
  • gastrin - increase stomach acid and sphincter tone

* cholecystokinin (CCK) - increase bile and pancreatic enzyme release

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13
Q

When would bitters be used?

A
  • indigestion (dyspepsia)
  • “atonic” stomach
  • poor apetite (anorexia)
  • hypochlorhydria
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14
Q

Caution regarding bitters?

A

can aggravate gastritis, ulcers and GERD

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15
Q

What does stomachic do?

A

tones the stomach and helps support digestion

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16
Q

when would one use stomachics?

A
  • Indigestion

* hypochlorhydria

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17
Q

what herbs have stomachic properties

A 
same as bitters:
Iridoid gycosides
• yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Quinoline alkaloids
• quinine tree (Cinchona officinalis)
Isoquinoline alkaloids
• greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• boldo (Peumus boldus)
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
• barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Sesquiterpen lactones
• chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
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18
Q

are bitters the only type of stomachics?

A

no. the main types are bitters but non-bitters exists (cannabis, ginsing, cayenne)

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19
Q

caution concerning stomachics?

A

can aggravate gastritis, ulcers and GERD

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20
Q

Choloretics do?

A

increase the production and release of bile from the liver

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21
Q

when would choloretics be used?

A
  • indigestion
  • cholestasis
  • gall bladder sludge
  • gallstones
  • detoxification
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22
Q

What herbs have choloretic properties?

A 
same as bitters:
Iridoid gycosides
• yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Quinoline alkaloids
• quinine tree (Cinchona officinalis)
Isoquinoline alkaloids
• greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• boldo (Peumus boldus)
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
• barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Sesquiterpen lactones
• chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
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23
Q

cholagogue does?

A

stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and the expulsion of bile

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24
Q

when would cholagogues be used?

A
  • indigestion
  • cholestasis
  • gall bladder sludge
  • gallstones
  • detoxification
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25
Q

What herbs are cholagogues found in?

A 
same as bitters:
Iridoid gycosides
• yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Quinoline alkaloids
• quinine tree (Cinchona officinalis)
Isoquinoline alkaloids
• greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• boldo (Peumus boldus)
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
• barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
Sesquiterpen lactones
• chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
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26
Q

caution regardin cholagogue?

A

gallstones - may increase the risk of bile duct obstruction

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27
Q

What is the action of Yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea)?

A

bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue)

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28
Q

when would one use yellow gentian?

A
  • digestive complaints
  • dyspepsia
  • hypochlorhydria
  • gallstones
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29
Q

what phytochemicals are in yellow gentian?

A
  • secoiridoids (e.g. amarogentin)

* alkaloids

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30
Q

cautions regarding yellow gentian?

A

Contraindications: Pregnancy and lactation (uterine stimulant).
Caution: May aggravate gastritis, hiatal hernia, peptic ulcers, GERD.

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31
Q

how can aggravation be prevented?

A

concomitant ingestion of demulcent herbs

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32
Q

What is colic?

A

• cramping pain that results from smooth muscle spasms (e.g. biliary colic,
intestinal colic, renal colic)

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33
Q

what herbal actions are used to treat colic?

A
  • carminative

* antispasmotic

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34
Q

what herb is used to treat colic?

A

“Gripe water” - contains many carminative herbs and is used for infantile
colic

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35
Q

Carminatives do?

A

promote digestion and relieves gas and bloating

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36
Q

When would carminatives be used?

A
  • indigestion
  • colic
  • flatulence
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37
Q

what herbs have carminative properties?

A
  • peppermint (Mentha piperita),

* lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)

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38
Q

what phytochemicals are present in carminatives?

A

essential oils

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39
Q

What other two actions do carminatives have?

A
  • Increase blood flow to intestines

* relax smooth muscles (sphincters) & normalizes peristalsis

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40
Q

Caution regarding carminatives?

A

can aggravate GERD

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41
Q

What actions does peppermint possess?

A
  • carminative
  • antispasmodic
  • antiemetic
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42
Q

when would one use peppermint?

A
  • indigestion (dyspepsia)
  • bloating & gas
  • flatulence
  • colic
  • irritible bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • nausea
  • motion sickness
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43
Q

what phytochemicals are in peppermint?

A

volatile oils (menthol)

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44
Q

What is an aromatic bitter?

A

Taste less bitter than “pure bitters” and have less tonic effect but the
presence of essential oils (i.e. carminatives) increases the local effects.

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45
Q

what actions do aromatic bitters have?

A
  • bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue)
  • carminative
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46
Q

when would aromatic bitters be used?

A

• atonic stomach conditions (e.g. indigestion, annorhexia,hypochlorhydria,
dyspepsia)
• colic
• gall blader complaints

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47
Q

what herbs contain aromatic bitters?

A
  • garden angelica (Angelica archangelica)

* wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)

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48
Q

Actions of Garden angelica (angelica archangelica)?

A
  • aromatic bitter
  • carminative
  • antispasmodic
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49
Q

when would garden angelica be used?

A
  • digestive complaints
  • colic
  • bloating & gas
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50
Q

what phytochemicals are in garden angelica?

A
  • coumarins, pthalides, furanocoumarin

* phenolic acids

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51
Q

caution regarding garden angelica?

A

• Photosensitization (due to furanocoumarins)

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52
Q

Actions of Wormwood (artenesia absinthium)?

A
  • bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue)
  • carminative
  • antispasmodic
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53
Q

When would one use wormwood?

A
  • gallbladder disease

* digestive complaints

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54
Q

what phytochemicals are in wormwood?

A
  • sesquiterpene lactone dimer (absinthin)

* monoterpene (thujone)

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55
Q

caution regarding wormwood?

A

• Neurotoxin - thujone acts as stimulant of neurons (GABA antagonist).
Essential oil causes seizures and death.
• pregnancy & lactation - contra-inidication (abortifacient)

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56
Q

wormwood significance in absinthe and vermouth?

A
  • absinthe - made of anise, fennel and wormwood.

* vermouth - sometimes includes wormwood

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57
Q

what are gallstones?

A

stones made of cholesterol and/or bilirubin found in the gallbladder,
usually caused by cholestasis and/or infection.

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58
Q

herbal action to treat gallstones?

A
  • antilithic
  • bitters
  • cholagogue
  • choloretic
  • antispasmodics
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59
Q

herbs used to treat gallstones?

A
  • Boldo (Peumus boldus)
  • Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
  • Barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
  • Peppermint (Mentha piperita)
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60
Q

Biliary colic (aka gall bladder attack) occurs when?

A

occurs when stones irritate the

smooth muscles of gall bladder and/or bile duct.

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61
Q

Antilithic does?

A

Prevent and aid in the expulsion of liths (i.e. stones) from the body.

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62
Q

when would one use antilithics?

A
  • gallstones

* kidney stones

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63
Q

what herb has antilithic properties?

A

Boldo (peumus boldus)

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64
Q

What actions does boldo (peamus boldos) have?

A
  • antilithic
  • bitter
  • carminative
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65
Q

when would one use boldo?

A
  • gallstones
  • poor gall bladder function
  • indigestion
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66
Q

what phytochemicals are in boldo?

A
  • Isoquinoline alkaloid (e.g. boldine)

* essential oil

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67
Q

antispasmodics do?

A

Prevents and relieves spasms and cramping of smooth muscles

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68
Q

when would one use antispasmodics?

A
  • intestinal colic (gas)

* biliary colic (gallstones)

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69
Q

what herbs have antispasmodic properties?

A
  • greater celandine (Chelidonium majus)
  • deadly nightshade (Atropa belladona)
  • opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)
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70
Q

what phytochemicals are in antispasmodics?

A
  • essential oil
  • alkaloids (isoquinoline & tropane)
  • coumarin & phladies
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71
Q

Actions of Greater celandine (chelidonium majus)?

A
  • antispasmodic
  • bitter
  • stomachic
  • hepatic
  • cholagogue
  • choleretic
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72
Q

when would one use greater celandine?

A
  • gallbladder spasm (biliary colic)
  • biliary dyskinesia
  • gallstones
  • indigestion
  • irritible bowel syndrome (IBS)
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73
Q

phytochemical in greater celandine

A

isoquinoline alkaloids (chelidonine, berberine)

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74
Q

Greater celandine similar to __ and primarily used for __?

A

Similar constituents and actions to Hydrastis canadensis and Sanguinaria
canadensis; primarily used for spastic digestive discomfort e.g. gallbladder
spasms.

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75
Q

Caution regarding greater celandine?

A

• Contra-indications: Pregnancy and lactation (uterine stimulant);
berberine is considered teratogenic.
• Long-term use: Hepatotoxicity; monitor liver function.
• Drug-induced hepatitis: Reported cases (due to isoquinoline alkaloid
exposure).

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76
Q

herbal actions useful for treating nausea and vomiting?

A
  • antiemetic

* carminative

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77
Q

herbs useful in treating nausea and vomiting?

A
  • ginger (Zingiber officinales)
  • German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
  • peppermint (Mentha piperita)
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78
Q

antiemetics do?

A

Relieves nausea and vomiting.

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79
Q

when would one use antiemetics?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • morning sickness
  • sea sickness
  • side-effects of medications (e.g chemotherapy)
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80
Q

herbs with antiemetic properties?

A
  • ginger (Zingiber officinale)

* peppermint (Mentha piperita)

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81
Q

caution regarding antiemetics?

A

• Ginger has been established to be safe during pregnancy. Other
antiemetic herbs should not be avoided or used with caution (e.g.
peppermint, chamomile, deadly night shade)

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82
Q

Actions of ginger (zingiber officinale)?

A
  • antiemetic
  • pungent bitter
  • carminative
  • antispasmodic
  • antiinflammatory
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83
Q

when would one use ginger?

A
  • nausea
  • morning sickness (pregnancy)
  • motion sickness
  • side-effects of chemotherapy
  • indigestion
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84
Q

phytochemicals of ginger?

A
  • essential oils

* phenolic (e.g. Gingerol)

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85
Q

caution regarding ginger?

A
  • Heartburn - may aggravate it

* Anticogulant drugs - may potentiate them (antithrombotic)

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86
Q

herbal actions useful for treating dry mouth?

A
  • silagogue
  • bitter
  • parasympathomimetic
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87
Q

herbs useful for treating dry mouth?

A
  • yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea)
  • ginger (Zingiber officinale)
  • cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
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88
Q

Silagogue does?

A

stimulates salivation

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89
Q

when would one use silagogue?

A

indigestion

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90
Q

herbs with silagogue properties?

A
  • yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea)
  • ginger (Zingiber officinale)
  • cayenne (Capsicum frutescens)
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91
Q

what is heartburn?

A

burning pain in the epigastric region caused by stomach acid travelling up the esophagus

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92
Q

herbal actions useful to treat heartburn?

A
  • demulcent
  • vulnerary
  • bitters* (controversial)
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93
Q

herbs useful to treat heartburn?
demulcents?
bitters?
antiulcerogenics?

A 
Demulcents
• licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
• marshmallow (Althea officinalis)
• slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)
Bitter
• yellow Gentian (Gentiana lutea)
Antiulcerogenic
• meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
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94
Q

cautions regarding heartburn?

A
  • Carminatives can aggravate GERD

* Bitters - not recommended in many texts but can increae LES tone

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95
Q

other things to consider regarding heartburn?

A
  • do not overeat
  • work with gravity
  • avoid: carminatives, spicy food, coffee and alcohol
  • lose weight
  • increase soluble fiber in the diet
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96
Q

demulcents do?

A

soothes irritated mucous membranes

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97
Q

when would one use demulcents?

A
  • heartburn
  • esophagitis
  • gastritis
  • colitis
  • bronchitis
  • cystitis
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98
Q

what herbs contain demulcents?

A
  • marshmallow (Althaea officinalis)
  • licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
  • slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)
  • ground flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds
  • oatmeal (Avena sativa)
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99
Q

caution regarding demulcents?

A

creates slimy mucilage and/or stimulates the production of mucous

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100
Q

actions of marshmellow (althea officinalis)?

A
  • demulcent
  • expectorant
  • emollient
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101
Q

when would when use marshmellow?

A
  • heartburn
  • gastritis
  • gastric & peptic ulcer
102
Q

phytochemicals in marshmellow?

A
  • mucilage
  • soluble fiber
  • tannins (root)
  • flavonoids
  • phenolic acids
103
Q

Actions of licorice (glycyrrhiza glabra)?

A
  • antiulcerogenic

* demulcent

104
Q

when would one use licorice?

A
  • gastric & peptic ulcer

* Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)

105
Q

phytochemicals of licorice?

A
  • Triterpenoid (e.g. glycyrrhizic acid)
  • Saponin (e.g. glycyrrhizin)
  • Flavonoids
  • Isoflavenoids
106
Q

what licorice can be used with hypertension…what does it have removed?

A 
Deglycerrated licorice (DGL) has glycyrrhizin removed. Can be safely
used with hypertsion.
107
Q

caution regarding licorice?

A

Glycyrrhizin causes “pseudoaldosteronism” leading to elevated blood
pressure.

108
Q

Gastritis & gastric ulcer definition and symptoms?

A 
• gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that may result in
ulcer formation.
• symptoms include:
• abdominal (epigastric) pain
• bloating and gas
• burping
• loss of appetite
• black tarry stool
109
Q

herbal actions useful in treating gastritis and gastric ulcers?

A
  • demulcent
  • antimicrobials
  • antiulcer
  • antacid
  • antiulcerogenic
  • vulnerary
  • astringent
  • antispasmotic
110
Q 
herbs useful for treating gastritis and gastric ulcers;
demulcent?
antacid?
vulnerary?
chamomile?
A 
Demulcent
• Licorice (Glycherrhiza glabra)
• Marshmallow (Althea officinalis)
Antacid
• meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
Vulnerary
• chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
Chamomile
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
111
Q

comments regarding gastritis and gastric ulcers?

A

Roberts formula

  • geranium maculatum
  • hydrastis
  • slippery elm
112
Q

caution regarding gastritis and gastric ulcers?

A 
Bitter herbs (e.g. Goldenseal) can aggravate gastritis by increasing
stomach acidity. Demulcent herbs can reduce aggravation.
113
Q

antiulcerogenics (antiulcer/ulceroprotective) does?

A

decreases the formation and speeds up the healing of ulcers

114
Q

actions of antiulcerogenics?

A
  • astringent
  • vulnerary
  • antacid
115
Q

when would one use antiulcerogenics?

A
  • gastric ulcer

* peptic ulcer

116
Q

herbs containg antiulcerogenic properties?

A
  • licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  • meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria)
  • german chamomile (Matricaria recutita)
117
Q

actions of meadow sweet (filipendula ulmaria)?

A
  • stomachic
  • antacid
  • antiulcerogenic
  • antiinflammatory
118
Q

when would meadowsweet be used?

A
  • gastic ulcer
  • gastritis
  • gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • hyperchlorhydria
119
Q

phytochemicals in meadowsweet?

A
  • simple phenolics (e.g. salicyclates)
  • tannins
  • flavonoids
120
Q

caution regarding meadowsweet?

A
  • Pregnancy and lactation; safety has not yet been established
  • Contr-indicated: salicyclate sensitivity, children (Reye’s syndrome).
  • Anticoagulants (Coumadin) - may interact due to salicyclates.
121
Q

Astringents do?

A

contracts and thickens tissues to decrease permeability and increase
resistance to physical stress

122
Q

when would one use astringents?

A
  • diarrhea
  • ulcers
  • wound healing
123
Q

what herbs have astringent properties?

A
  • oak (Quercus spp.)

* witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)

124
Q

phytochemicals of astringents?

125
Q

what affect do astringents have on some toxins?

A

deactivates certain toxins form micro-organisms

126
Q

caution regarding astringents?

A

tannins can impair absorption of nutrients

127
Q

actions of Crane’s bill (geranium maculatum)?

A
  • astringent

* styptic

128
Q

when would one use crane’s bill?

A
  • ulcers
  • diarrhea
  • lacerations
129
Q

phytochemicals in crane’s bill?

130
Q

relation to witch hazel and oak?

A

same actions

131
Q

caution regarding crane’s bill?

A

• Long-term use - high amounts internally can decrease permeability of the
intestinal tract and lead to malabsorption.
• Interactions - may bind to certain nutrients. Take on empty stomach.

132
Q

what do internal vulneraries do?

A

speed up the healing of wounds

133
Q

when would one use unternal vulneraries?

A
  • gastric ulcers
  • mouth ulcers
  • esophagitis (heartburn)
134
Q

what herbs have internal vulnerary properties?

A
  • chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla)
  • marigold (Calendula officinalis)
  • greater plantain (Plantago major)
135
Q

caution regarding internal vulnerary?

A

The following are not recommended for internal use:
• arnica (Arnica montana)
• comfrey (Symphytum officinalis)

136
Q

Actions of chamomile?

A
  • vulnerary
  • carminative
  • antiinflammatory
  • antiulcer
  • antiemetic
  • antispasmotic
137
Q

when would one use chamomile?

A
  • gastric ulcer
  • duodenal ulcer
  • colic
  • flatulence
  • nausea
  • motion sickness
138
Q

phytochemicals of chamomile?

A

sesquiterpenes (bisabolol, matricin, chamazulen)

139
Q

what has similar properties as chamomile?

A

yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

140
Q

what herbal actions are useful for treating acute poisoning?

A
  • emetic

* stimulating laxative

141
Q

what herbs are useful for treating acute poisoning;
emetic?
stimulating laxative?

A 
Emetic
• Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
• Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata)
Stimulating laxative
• Castor oil
142
Q

what do emetics do?

A

induce vomiting

143
Q

when would one use emetics?

A
  • poisoning
  • detoxification
  • certain infections
144
Q

what herbs have emetic properties?

A
  • Ipecac (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)

* Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata)

145
Q

what phytochemica is present in emetics?

146
Q

cautions regarding emetics?

A

Contra-indicated with certain corrosive agents.

147
Q

actions of Ipecac (cephaelis ipecacuanha)?

A
  • emetic

* antimicrobial

148
Q

when would one use ipecac?

A

overdose & poisoning

149
Q

Comment on syrup of ipecac?

A

once used to treat poisoning. It is no longer
recommended because of lack of evidence on efficacy in treating
poisoning and potential for harm.

150
Q

cautions regarding ipecac?

A
  • Contra-indicated during pregnancy.

* Contra-indicated for ingestion of corrosive chemicals.

151
Q

phytichemicals of ipecac?

A

isoquinoline alkaloid (emetine)

152
Q

what is a “toxic” liver?

A

liver becomes over-burndened with toxins (drugs, endogenous waste,
environmental pollutants) when the body is exposed to lots of toxins and/or
the routes of elimination are not functioning

153
Q

symptoms of “toxic” liver?

A

nausea, fatigue, poor mental function, skin

problems, sensitivity to drugs.

154
Q

detox steps in the liver?

A

1) Phase I - involves redox reactions using p450 enzymes
2) Phase II - conjugates the toxins with other compounds
• Sulfur compounds (e.g. glutathione, cysteine)
• Glycine
• Methyl groups (SAM, B12, Folic acid)
• Acetyl groups (e.g. acetyl CoA)
• Glucoronic acid

155
Q

herbal actions useful to treat “toxic” liver?

A
  • alteratives (depuratives)
  • cholagogoue & cholorectic
  • hepatoprotective
  • laxatives (stimulating and bulk)
  • diuretics
156
Q 
herbs useful for treating "toxic" liver;
hepatoprotective?
choloretic & cholagogues?
bulk laxative?
bowel tonic?
phase 2 support?
A 
Hepatoprotective
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
Cholorectic & Cholagogues
• chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis)
Bulk laxative
• psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium)
Bowel tonic
• yellow dock (Rumex crispus)
Phase 2 Support
• garlic (e.g. allicin)
• cruciferous vegetables (e.g. sulforaphane)
157
Q

what does a hepatic do?

A

aids in liver function

158
Q

actions of a hepatic?

A
  • bitters
  • cholagogoue
  • cholorectic
  • hepatoprotective
159
Q

when would one use a hepatic?

A
  • detoxification
  • liver disease
  • “hepatic torpor” (i.e. lazy liver)
160
Q

herbs with hepatic properties?

A
  • dandelion
  • barberry
  • chickory
161
Q

hepatics and bitters?

A

Most “bitter” herbs are classified as hepatics

162
Q

action of dandelion (taraxacum officinale)?

A

bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue)

163
Q

when would one use dandelion?

A
  • indigestion
  • gallstones
  • detox
164
Q

phytochemicals in dandelion?

A
  • Sesquiterpene lactone

* fiber (inulin)

165
Q

cautions regarding dandelions?

A
  • Considered safe.

* Gallstones - may increase the risk of bile duct obstruction.

166
Q

Burdock, chicory and dandelion are in what family and are bitter why?

A

Burdock, chicory and dandelion are all in the Asteraceae. They are all
bitter due to sesquiterpene lactones and contain inulin in their roots.

167
Q

actions of chicory (cichorium intybus)?

A
  • bitter (stomachic, hepatic, cholagogue, choleretic, sialogogue)
  • alterative
168
Q

when would one use chicory?

A
  • indigestion
  • gallstones
  • detox
169
Q

phytochemicals in chicory?

A
  • Sesquiterpene lactone

* fiber (inulin)

170
Q

cautions regarding chicory?

A
  • Considered safe.

* Gallstones - may increase the risk of bile duct obstruction.

171
Q

what is hepatitis and what causes it?

A 
Inflammation of the liver (typically associated with elevated liver enzymes).
Causes include:
• infection
• drugs
• herbs
• toxins
• alcohol
• fatty liver disease
172
Q

herbal actions useful in treating hepatitis?

A
  • hepatoprotective
  • antiinflammatory
  • antioxidant
  • cholagogoue & Cholorectic
  • antimicrobial
173
Q

herbs useful in treating hepatitis?

A

milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

174
Q

Hepatoprotectives do?

A

direclty and/or indirectly helps protect the liver.

175
Q

actions of hepatoprotectives?

A
  • antioxidant

* antiinflammatory

176
Q

when would one use hepatoprotectives?

A
  • general detoxification
  • hepatitis
  • adverse drug reaction
  • mushroom poisoning
177
Q

what herbs contain hepatoprotective properties?

A 
Flavonolignans
• milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
Triterpenoids
• ginseng (Panax quinqefolium)
Polyphenolics
• turmeric (Curcuma longa)
178
Q

actions of milk thistle (silybum marianum)?

A
  • hepatoprotective

* bitter

179
Q

when would one use milk thistle?

A
  • hepatitis
  • toxic liver disease
  • mushroom poisoning
  • skin conditions
180
Q

phytochemicals of milk thistle?

A

Flavolignin (silymarin, silybin)

181
Q

mechanism of action of milk thistle?

A
  • Liver regeneration - stimualting RNA polymerase I activity
  • Stabilizes lipids - protects cell membranes
  • Antioxidant
  • Increase glutathione
  • Prevent binding of toxins
  • Inhibits beta-glucoronidase
182
Q

hepatotoxics do?

A

damages the liver and may cause hepatitis or liver cancer

183
Q

herbs that have hepatotoxic properties?

A

Case of hepatotoxicity exist for the following:
• black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
• greater celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• comfrey (Symphytum officinalis)

184
Q

phytochemicals with hepatotoxic properties?

A 
Case of hepatotoxicity exist for the following:
• pyrrolizidine alkaloids
• phenylpropenes
• isoquinoline alkaloids
• coumarins
185
Q

what is p450 inhibitor?

A

Inhibits phase I detoxification enzymes, which can result in a decrease in
the clearance of certain substances (i.e. increase drug effects)

186
Q

what is the p450 inhibitor found in?

A

grapefruit juice

187
Q

what phytochemicals have p450 inhibito qualities?

A
  • flavanone (e.g. naringin)

* furanocoumarins (e.g. burgomontein)

188
Q

caution regardin p450 inhibitor/grapefruit juice?

A

grapefruit juice alters bioavailability of certain drugs and can dangerously
elevate their blood levels.

189
Q

what is p450 inducer?

A

Increases the activity of p450 enzyme, which can result in faster clearance
of certain substances (e.g. drugs, hormones) and/or formation of toxic
intermediate products.

190
Q

what herbs posses p450 inducer qualities?

A
  • St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

* cruciferous vegetables (Indole-3-carbinol)

191
Q

caution regarding p450 inducers?

A

• drug interaction - can increase the clearance of certain drugs
• p450 induction without adequate phase 2 support can lead to the
production of reactive intermediates (hepatotoxic and carcinogens)

192
Q

what are phase 2 inducers?

A

• induce the phase 2 enzymes and supply them with substrates for
conjugation.

193
Q

herbs containing phase 2 inducer qualities?

A
  • garlic (Allium sativum)
  • cruciferous vegetables
  • milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
194
Q

phytocemicals of phase 2 inducers?

A

organosulfur compounds (allicin, sulforaphane. glutathione)

195
Q

herbal actions useful for treating constipation?

A
  • bulk laxative
  • stimulating laxative
  • carminative
196
Q

herbs useful for treating constipation;
bulk laxatives?
stimulating laxatives?
Carminitives?

A 
Bulk laxatives
• ground flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds -
• Psyllium Husk (Plantago psyllium)
Stimulating laxatives
• Senna (Senna sp.)
Carminatives
• peppermint (Mentha piperita)
• lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
197
Q

stimulating laxatives do?

A

Promotes bowel movements by causing influx of water into the lumen and
stimulating peristalsis.

198
Q

action of stimulating laxatives?

A
  • Increase influx of fluid into the lumen

* Increases peristalsis.

199
Q

when would one use a stimulating laxative?

A

constipation

200
Q

Herbs with stimulating laxative properties

A
  • Castor oil
  • Senna (Senna spp.)
  • Aloe “resin” (Aloe vera)
201
Q

caution regarding stimulating laxatives?

A
  • Dependance may occur if taken for more than 7-10 days.

* May affect electrolytes (sodium and pottasium) levels in the blood

202
Q

Action of Senna (senna sp.)

A

stimulating laxative

203
Q

when would one use senna?

A

acute constipation

204
Q

phytochemicals of senna?

A

anthraquinone (sennosides)

205
Q

when does senna cause bowel movement?

A

in 6-8 hours

206
Q

what would you combine senna with to decrease colic?

A

carminitives

207
Q

cautions regarding senna?

A

• Colic - often causes it
• Discoloration of urine (red/brown)
• Melanosis - brown discoloration of the bowels
• Dependance may occur if taken for more than 7-10 days.
• May affect electrolytes (sodium and pottasium) levelsand cause
hypokalemia

208
Q

Action of Castor oil (ricinus communis)

A
  • purgative

* stimulating laxative

209
Q

when would one use castor oil?

A
  • poisoning

* constipation

210
Q

phytochemical of castor oil?

A

fixed oil (ricinoleic acid)

211
Q

when does it cause bowel movement?

212
Q

cautions regarding castor oil?

A
  • not recommended as a laxative
  • long-term use may cause “leaky gut syndrome”
  • Colic - often causes it
213
Q

what is a bulk laxative

A

• absorbs water and expands creating “bulk” that stimulates stretch
receptors.

214
Q

when would one use a bulk laxative?

A
  • sluggish bowels

* chronic constipation

215
Q

what herbs are bulk laxatives?

A
  • psyllium husk (Plantago psyllium)

* ground flax (Linum usitatissimum) seeds

216
Q

what phytochemicals are bulk laxatives?

A

soluble fiber

217
Q

are bulk laxatives recommended for acute constipation?

218
Q

Actions of psyllium husk (plantago psyllium)?

A
  • bulk laxative

* mucilage

219
Q

when would one use psyllium husk?

A
  • constipation
  • diarrhea
  • IBS
220
Q

what effect does psyllium husk have on flatus?

A

May increase flatus.

221
Q

is psyllium husk recommended for acute constipation? why or why not?

A

not recommended because it may aggravate the

situation

222
Q

what is a prebiotic?

A

• a substance that increases the growth of “good” bacteria in the gut.

223
Q

what are actions of prebiotics?

A
  • immunomodulator

* laxative

224
Q

when would one use a prebiotic?

A
  • dysbiosis
  • poor immune function
  • constipation
  • diarrhea
  • leaky gut
225
Q

what herbs contain prebiotic properties?

A
  • chickory root (Cichorium intybus)
  • burdock root (Arctium lappa)
  • dandelion root (Taraxacum officinale)
  • oatmeal (Avena sativa)
226
Q

what phytochemicals are prebiotic?

A
  • soluble fiber
  • inulin
  • oligosaccharides e.g. fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
227
Q

Prebiotic effect on flatus?

A

may increase flatus

228
Q

Significance of short-chain fatty acids and prebiotics?

A

short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) - produced by gut bacteria consuming
prebiotics. They are important in feeding enterocytes and maintaining gut
health.

229
Q

what is diarrhea?

A

the inability of the bowels to reabsorb water and form “solid” blowel
moviement

230
Q

causes of diarrhea?

A
  • infections (e.g. E. coli, giardia, cholera) and dysbiosis
  • stress
  • irritants (e.g. drugs, food sensitivities, etc)
  • inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g Chron’s ulcerative colitis)
  • lactose intolerance
231
Q

associated symptoms of diarrhea?

A
  • fecal incontinence
  • rectal bleeding
  • cramping pains
  • low blood pressure
232
Q

herbal actions useful in treating diarrhea?

A
  • bulk laxatives
  • astringent
  • antispasmotic
  • carminatives
  • antimicrobial
233
Q 
Herbs useful in treating diarrhea;
soluble fiber?
tannins?
antimicrobial?
carminatives?
A 
Soluble fiber
• slippery elm (Ulmus rubra)
• psyllium Husk (Plantago psyllium)
• marshmallow Root (Althaea officinalis)
Tannins
• green bannanas
• crane's bill (Geranium maculatum)
• oak (Quercus spp.)
• Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Antimicrobial
• goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)
Caminatives
• peppermint (Mentha piperita)
234
Q

caution regarding treatment of diarrhea?

A

astringents should not be used long-term

235
Q

actions of bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus)?

A
  • astringent
  • antimicrobial
  • antiinflammatory
  • antioxidant
236
Q

when would one use bilberry?

A

infantile diarrhea

237
Q

Phytochemicals of bilberry?

A
  • tannins (non-hydrolyzable)

* anthocyanin

238
Q

anthocyanin concentration in bilberries vs blueberries?

A

4 times higher in bilberries

239
Q

what is IBS?

A

A functional bowel conditions that presents with abdominal pain (colic) and
alternating diarrhea and constipation

240
Q

potential causes of IBS?

A
  • dysbiosis
  • stress
  • food sensitivities
  • lactose intolerance
  • poor diet (low fiber and high refined sugar)
241
Q

herbal actions useful in treating IBS?

A
  • carminatives
  • bitters
  • bulk laxative
  • antimicrobials
242
Q

Herbs useful in treating IBS?

A 
Carminatives & Antispasmotic
• lemon balm
• chelidonium
• peppermint
Herbs containing soluble fiber:
• psyllium Husk (Plantago psyllium)
• ground flax
243
Q

other important therapies in treating IBS?

A
  • probiotics
  • elimination diet
  • stress-management
244
Q

Actions of lemon balm (melissa officinalis)?

A
  • carminative
  • antispasmodic
  • nervine
245
Q

when would one use lemon balm?

A
  • ‘nervous stomach’
  • irritible bowel syndrome (IBS)
  • dyspepsia
  • bloating
  • flatulence
  • colic
246
Q

phytochemicals of lemon balm?

A

volatile oils

247
Q

caution regarding lemon balm?

A

Caution in hypothyroidism; may potentially modulate thyroid function.

248
Q

herbal actions useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • antiinflammatories
  • carminatives
  • bitters
  • antimicrobials
249
Q

herbs useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Antiinflammatories
• turmeric (Curcuma longa)
• ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• wormwood (Artemesia absinthium)

250
Q

other important therapies in treating inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • probiotics
  • elimination diet
  • Vitamin D
251
Q

caution regarding inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Soluble fiber - should be used with caution because it can aggravate acute
flare ups of IBD

1st year - Botanical Medicine (8 decks)

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