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Toxicology > Boots' Crossword > Flashcards

Boots' Crossword Flashcards

1
Q

Specific carbamate for which 2-PAM therapy is CI…

A

carbaryl

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2
Q

Used in both OP and CM toxicity…

A

atropine

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3
Q

Naphthalene causes this kind of damage to RBCs…

A

oxidative

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4
Q

Channels that organochlorines target…

A

sodium

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5
Q

Stimulation of this by nicotine can cause self-decontamination…

A

CRTZ

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6
Q

Most sensitive to pyrethrins…

A

fish

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7
Q

Inhibitory NT that accounts for some of the toxicity of Ivermectin…

A

GABA

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8
Q

IV _____ therapy is sometimes used to treat highly lipophilic toxins.

A

lipid

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9
Q

CNS ______ is a common presenting sign of Amitraz toxicity.

A

depression

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10
Q

Piscicide that targets cellular metabolism…

A

rotenone

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11
Q

Perhaps the most prominent sign with pyrethrin toxicity…

A

tremors

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12
Q

Rapid paralysis of insects by the action of pyrethrins on neuronal Na channels…

A

knockdown

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13
Q

Can occur during aggressive treatment of pyrethrin toxicity and prolong CSs

A

hypothermia

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14
Q

Acidification of the urine can _____ excretion of nicotine.

A

increase

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15
Q

Very high lipophilicity of DDT has led to this in the food chain…

A

bioaccumulation

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16
Q

Treats severe muscle tremors in pyrethrin toxicity…

A

methocarbamol

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17
Q

Organochlorine toxicity usually causes ____ of the CNS.

A

stimulation

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18
Q

The half life of Ivermectin is ______ than that of Amitrax.

A

longer

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19
Q

Clinically found in cats with naphthalene toxicity…

A

methemoglobin

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20
Q

Specific antagonist for Amitraz toxicity…

A

atipamazole

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21
Q

Nicotine, OP, and CM all mimic exaggerated amounts of this NT…

A

ACh

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22
Q

Dose repeatedly if a toxin is known to undergo enterohepatic recycling…

A

activated charcoal

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23
Q

Free hemoglobin poses a risk of damage to these…

A

kidneys

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24
Q

Where most Ivermectin is excreted intact…

A

feces

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25
Q

These pyrethroids are more potent insecticides because of their alpha-cyano group…

A

Type 2

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26
Q

This happens to organochlorines in fat animals…

A

redistribition

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27
Q

Protein responsible for keeping Ivermectin out of the CNS…

A

p glycoprotein

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28
Q

Can greatly enhance the absorption of rotenone…

A

oils

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29
Q

Suspected to be part of D-limonene’s MoA…

A

hypotension

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30
Q

Increases the skin absorption of some pyrethroids (like fenvalerate)

A

DEET

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31
Q

CI if significant CNS depression of seizures present…

A

emesis

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32
Q

OP bond to AChE, different from CMs…

A

irreversible

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33
Q

Toxin with a very rapid onset that could be enhanced by concurrent antacid therapy..

A

nicotine

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34
Q

Onset and duration of CM toxicity is usually _____ than OP.

A

faster

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35
Q

Naphthaline mothballs do it in salt water…

A

float

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36
Q

A common feature of organochlorine toxicosis…

A

seizures

37
Q

Generally more toxic by inhalation than by ingestion…

A

rotenone

38
Q

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are relatively _____ in air and light.

A

unstable

39
Q

Piperonyl butoxide is often added to pyrethroids to do this to their metabolism…

A

slow

40
Q

Rotenone metabolites are this, different from fish and insects…

A

nontoxic

41
Q

Most sensitive to organochlorine toxicity…

A

cat

42
Q

Presence of organochlorine residues in this tissue confirms exposure but not toxicity…

A

fat

43
Q

An excitatory neurotoxin in dogs and cats for which the MoA has not been determined…

A

DEET

44
Q

With OP this kind of polyneuropathy is sometimes seen…

A

delayed

45
Q

Flower extract that can be used as an insecticide…

A

pyrethrum

46
Q

OPs may undergo storage ______ but CMs do not.

A

activation

47
Q

Receptors first affected by ACh inhibitors…

A

muscarinic

48
Q

Onset of signs after nicotine exposure…

A

rapid

49
Q

With nicotine toxicity a _____ urine pH will reduce excretion.

A

high

50
Q

P-glycoprotein acts as this kind of pump to keep Ivermectin out of the CNS…

A

efflux

51
Q

Sometimes seen in Amitraz toxicity due to the toxin’s effect on insulin…

A

hyperglycemia

52
Q

D-limonene is frequently used in shampoos that repel this parasite…

A

flea

53
Q

Inappropriate use of canine products on felines is a common cause for this toxicity…

A

pyrethroid

54
Q

Fenthion is an example of an OP that requires this for toxicity…

A

bioactivation

55
Q

Slowing Na+ efflux and K+ influx leading to partial depolarization of nerves is the main MoA of what toxin group?

A

organochlorine

56
Q

Dichlorvos is unique among OPs in that it can do this in fat…

A

sequester

57
Q

Late stages and ultimate death with OP and CM toxicity results from this occurring at nicotinic receptors…

A

blockade

58
Q

Enterohepatic recycling is significant in organochlorine toxicity because of this feature of the toxin…

A

lipophilicity

59
Q

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis has rarely been reported with this product…

A

D-limonene

60
Q

CM bond to AChE which is part of the reason 2-PAM is less effective…

A

reversible

61
Q

If a cat presents with acute toxicity consisting of CNS depression, hypotension, and a wet oily spot on their back, you may not be surprised if the spot smells like this…

A

citrus

62
Q

Unlike OP toxicity in other animals, in ruminants you may see CNS…

A

depression

63
Q

A RBC morphology that indicates oxidative stress and can be seen in naphthalene toxicity…

A

Heinz body

64
Q

A more potent way to be exposed to rotenone…

A

inhalation

65
Q

A metabolite of DDT is o,p-DDD (mitotane) which can affect this gland…

A

adrenal

66
Q

Functional adaptation and receptor down-regulation can account for this seen in some chronic OP exposures…

A

tolerance

67
Q

Decontamination for D-limonene exposure will usually involve this…

A

bathing

68
Q

Has a very long half-life (years) in soil…

A

DDT

69
Q

OP that require lethal synthesis are generally _____ toxic to very young animals.

A

less

70
Q

Minimal number of mothballs that could cause toxicity to a 6.5kg dog if ingested…

A

one

71
Q

If a toxin is a weak ​acid​, how best would we enhance urinary excretion of the toxin?

a. Acidify the urine (ammonium chloride)
b. Alkalinize the urine (bicarbonate)
c. I don’t care

A

B.

72
Q

Which of the following is n​ot​ a clinical sign that would be consistent with muscarinic stimulation?

a. Diarrhea
b. Salivation
c. Tachycardia
d. Lacrimation
e. Emesis

A

C.

73
Q

All of the following are general contraindications to inducing emesis after toxin ingestion ​except:​

a. Patient is depressed/unconscious
b. Patient is seizuring/high risk of seizures
c. Known enterohepatic recirculation
d. Known corrosive toxin

A

C.

74
Q

Which of the following best describes the MoA of OP insecticides as toxicants?

a. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholine
b. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholine
c. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
d. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase

A

D.

75
Q

Which of the following aspects of toxicity are the same between OP and CM insecticides?

a. Both toxicants undergo storage activation
b. Both toxicants undergo lethal synthesis
c. Cholinesterase activity can be tested for either
d. Pralidoxime is an effective treatment for either

A

C.

76
Q

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorines) like DDT are highly lipophilic and excreted in the bile. This suggests that they are likely undergoing which of the following?

a. First-pass metabolism
b. Lethal synthesis
c. Enterohepatic recirculation
d. Poor distribution in fat

A

C.

77
Q

What condition in canine patients is commonly treated with o,p-DDD?

a. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)
b. Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome)
c. Overdose of exogenous corticosteroids
d. Primary pituitary hyperplasia

A

B.

78
Q

Which of the following species is most sensitive to the toxic effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons (oganochlorines) like DDT?

a. Dogs
b. Horses
c. Cattle
d. Cats

A

D.

79
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the organochlorine (chlorinated hydrocarbon) toxicants?

a. Alteration of neuronal sodium channels
b. Increased release of GABA
c. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
d. Acute cerebral edema

A

A.

80
Q

Which of the following insecticide toxicants would you expect to have the longest half-life?

a. Organophosphates
b. Carbamates
c. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
d. Pyrethrins

A

C.

81
Q

Why do you want to avoid hypothermia when treating small patients who have had topical pyrethrin exposure?

a. They are likely already hypothermic from muscle tremors
b. Hypothermia may accelerate hepatic bioactivation of the toxin
c. Hypothermia may further alter sodium channel kinetics
d. Hypothermia will increase the risk of progressing from muscle signs to CNS signs

A

C.

82
Q

What is the purpose of adding piperonyl butoxide to an insecticide?

a. It decreases toxicity of the drug in mammals
b. It delays metabolism of the drug in insects
c. It alters the effect of the insecticide on Na channels
d. It enhances ‘knockdown’ effect of the insecticide

A

B.

83
Q

What is the suspected mechanism of action of D-limonene toxicity in cats?

a. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
b. Delayed closure of neuronal Na+ channels
c. Neurogenic vasodilation
d. GABA agon

A

C.

84
Q

If alkalinization of the stomach increases absorption of nicotine, do you suspect that it is most likely a:

a. Weak acid
b. Weak base

A

B.

85
Q

If chelation therapy is recommended for a toxicant when levels reach 5mg%, will a blood level of 900mcg/dL require therapy?

a. Yes
b. No

A

B.

86
Q

Which of the following toxicants is primarily a CNS depressant?

a. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
b. Carbamate
c. Amitraz
d. Pyrethrin

A

C.

87
Q

Which of the following findings would make you the least worried about the risk of renal failure?

a. Hematuria
b. Hemoglobinuria
c. Myoglobinuria

A

A.

88
Q

If you wanted to use Ivomec® extra-label and you know that toxicity can be seen at doses as low as 300 mcg for a 1kg
kitten, how many milliliters of undiluted 1% Ivomec® would that be?
a. 0.003 mL
b. 0.03 mL
c. 0.3 mL
d. 3mL

A

B.

Toxicology (7 decks)

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