Boots' Crossword Flashcards
Specific carbamate for which 2-PAM therapy is CI…
carbaryl
Used in both OP and CM toxicity…
atropine
Naphthalene causes this kind of damage to RBCs…
oxidative
Channels that organochlorines target…
sodium
Stimulation of this by nicotine can cause self-decontamination…
CRTZ
Most sensitive to pyrethrins…
fish
Inhibitory NT that accounts for some of the toxicity of Ivermectin…
GABA
IV _____ therapy is sometimes used to treat highly lipophilic toxins.
lipid
CNS ______ is a common presenting sign of Amitraz toxicity.
depression
Piscicide that targets cellular metabolism…
rotenone
Perhaps the most prominent sign with pyrethrin toxicity…
tremors
Rapid paralysis of insects by the action of pyrethrins on neuronal Na channels…
knockdown
Can occur during aggressive treatment of pyrethrin toxicity and prolong CSs
hypothermia
Acidification of the urine can _____ excretion of nicotine.
increase
Very high lipophilicity of DDT has led to this in the food chain…
bioaccumulation
Treats severe muscle tremors in pyrethrin toxicity…
methocarbamol
Organochlorine toxicity usually causes ____ of the CNS.
stimulation
The half life of Ivermectin is ______ than that of Amitrax.
longer
Clinically found in cats with naphthalene toxicity…
methemoglobin
Specific antagonist for Amitraz toxicity…
atipamazole
Nicotine, OP, and CM all mimic exaggerated amounts of this NT…
ACh
Dose repeatedly if a toxin is known to undergo enterohepatic recycling…
activated charcoal
Free hemoglobin poses a risk of damage to these…
kidneys
Where most Ivermectin is excreted intact…
feces
These pyrethroids are more potent insecticides because of their alpha-cyano group…
Type 2
This happens to organochlorines in fat animals…
redistribition
Protein responsible for keeping Ivermectin out of the CNS…
p glycoprotein
Can greatly enhance the absorption of rotenone…
oils
Suspected to be part of D-limonene’s MoA…
hypotension
Increases the skin absorption of some pyrethroids (like fenvalerate)
DEET
CI if significant CNS depression of seizures present…
emesis
OP bond to AChE, different from CMs…
irreversible
Toxin with a very rapid onset that could be enhanced by concurrent antacid therapy..
nicotine
Onset and duration of CM toxicity is usually _____ than OP.
faster
Naphthaline mothballs do it in salt water…
float
A common feature of organochlorine toxicosis…
seizures
Generally more toxic by inhalation than by ingestion…
rotenone
Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are relatively _____ in air and light.
unstable
Piperonyl butoxide is often added to pyrethroids to do this to their metabolism…
slow
Rotenone metabolites are this, different from fish and insects…
nontoxic
Most sensitive to organochlorine toxicity…
cat
Presence of organochlorine residues in this tissue confirms exposure but not toxicity…
fat
An excitatory neurotoxin in dogs and cats for which the MoA has not been determined…
DEET
With OP this kind of polyneuropathy is sometimes seen…
delayed
Flower extract that can be used as an insecticide…
pyrethrum
OPs may undergo storage ______ but CMs do not.
activation
Receptors first affected by ACh inhibitors…
muscarinic
Onset of signs after nicotine exposure…
rapid
With nicotine toxicity a _____ urine pH will reduce excretion.
high
P-glycoprotein acts as this kind of pump to keep Ivermectin out of the CNS…
efflux
Sometimes seen in Amitraz toxicity due to the toxin’s effect on insulin…
hyperglycemia
D-limonene is frequently used in shampoos that repel this parasite…
flea
Inappropriate use of canine products on felines is a common cause for this toxicity…
pyrethroid
Fenthion is an example of an OP that requires this for toxicity…
bioactivation
Slowing Na+ efflux and K+ influx leading to partial depolarization of nerves is the main MoA of what toxin group?
organochlorine
Dichlorvos is unique among OPs in that it can do this in fat…
sequester
Late stages and ultimate death with OP and CM toxicity results from this occurring at nicotinic receptors…
blockade
Enterohepatic recycling is significant in organochlorine toxicity because of this feature of the toxin…
lipophilicity
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis has rarely been reported with this product…
D-limonene
CM bond to AChE which is part of the reason 2-PAM is less effective…
reversible
If a cat presents with acute toxicity consisting of CNS depression, hypotension, and a wet oily spot on their back, you may not be surprised if the spot smells like this…
citrus
Unlike OP toxicity in other animals, in ruminants you may see CNS…
depression
A RBC morphology that indicates oxidative stress and can be seen in naphthalene toxicity…
Heinz body
A more potent way to be exposed to rotenone…
inhalation
A metabolite of DDT is o,p-DDD (mitotane) which can affect this gland…
adrenal
Functional adaptation and receptor down-regulation can account for this seen in some chronic OP exposures…
tolerance
Decontamination for D-limonene exposure will usually involve this…
bathing
Has a very long half-life (years) in soil…
DDT
OP that require lethal synthesis are generally _____ toxic to very young animals.
less
Minimal number of mothballs that could cause toxicity to a 6.5kg dog if ingested…
one
If a toxin is a weak acid, how best would we enhance urinary excretion of the toxin?
a. Acidify the urine (ammonium chloride)
b. Alkalinize the urine (bicarbonate)
c. I don’t care
B.
Which of the following is not a clinical sign that would be consistent with muscarinic stimulation?
a. Diarrhea
b. Salivation
c. Tachycardia
d. Lacrimation
e. Emesis
C.
All of the following are general contraindications to inducing emesis after toxin ingestion except:
a. Patient is depressed/unconscious
b. Patient is seizuring/high risk of seizures
c. Known enterohepatic recirculation
d. Known corrosive toxin
C.
Which of the following best describes the MoA of OP insecticides as toxicants?
a. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholine
b. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholine
c. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
d. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
D.
Which of the following aspects of toxicity are the same between OP and CM insecticides?
a. Both toxicants undergo storage activation
b. Both toxicants undergo lethal synthesis
c. Cholinesterase activity can be tested for either
d. Pralidoxime is an effective treatment for either
C.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (organochlorines) like DDT are highly lipophilic and excreted in the bile. This suggests that they are likely undergoing which of the following?
a. First-pass metabolism
b. Lethal synthesis
c. Enterohepatic recirculation
d. Poor distribution in fat
C.
What condition in canine patients is commonly treated with o,p-DDD?
a. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)
b. Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome)
c. Overdose of exogenous corticosteroids
d. Primary pituitary hyperplasia
B.
Which of the following species is most sensitive to the toxic effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons (oganochlorines) like DDT?
a. Dogs
b. Horses
c. Cattle
d. Cats
D.
What is the mechanism of action of the organochlorine (chlorinated hydrocarbon) toxicants?
a. Alteration of neuronal sodium channels
b. Increased release of GABA
c. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
d. Acute cerebral edema
A.
Which of the following insecticide toxicants would you expect to have the longest half-life?
a. Organophosphates
b. Carbamates
c. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
d. Pyrethrins
C.
Why do you want to avoid hypothermia when treating small patients who have had topical pyrethrin exposure?
a. They are likely already hypothermic from muscle tremors
b. Hypothermia may accelerate hepatic bioactivation of the toxin
c. Hypothermia may further alter sodium channel kinetics
d. Hypothermia will increase the risk of progressing from muscle signs to CNS signs
C.
What is the purpose of adding piperonyl butoxide to an insecticide?
a. It decreases toxicity of the drug in mammals
b. It delays metabolism of the drug in insects
c. It alters the effect of the insecticide on Na channels
d. It enhances ‘knockdown’ effect of the insecticide
B.
What is the suspected mechanism of action of D-limonene toxicity in cats?
a. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
b. Delayed closure of neuronal Na+ channels
c. Neurogenic vasodilation
d. GABA agon
C.
If alkalinization of the stomach increases absorption of nicotine, do you suspect that it is most likely a:
a. Weak acid
b. Weak base
B.
If chelation therapy is recommended for a toxicant when levels reach 5mg%, will a blood level of 900mcg/dL require therapy?
a. Yes
b. No
B.
Which of the following toxicants is primarily a CNS depressant?
a. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
b. Carbamate
c. Amitraz
d. Pyrethrin
C.
Which of the following findings would make you the least worried about the risk of renal failure?
a. Hematuria
b. Hemoglobinuria
c. Myoglobinuria
A.
If you wanted to use Ivomec® extra-label and you know that toxicity can be seen at doses as low as 300 mcg for a 1kg
kitten, how many milliliters of undiluted 1% Ivomec® would that be?
a. 0.003 mL
b. 0.03 mL
c. 0.3 mL
d. 3mL
B.
