Booklet 4 My Notes Flashcards
What was the issue with Rome after 1861?
French troops were still in Rome and Napoleon III would not withdraw them
Under what terms did Napoleon agree to leave Rome and when?
At a convention in September 1864 Napoleon agreed to evacuate Rome in return for the switch of the Italian capital from Turin to Florence
What happened when it was agreed to mov the capital?
23 people died in rioting in Turin
How did Austria feel about Venetia after 1861 and how did the Great Powers feel about their stance>
. Had lost Lombardy but they had no intention of quitting Venetia
. The Great Powers also supported Austria’s position to maintain the balance of power in Europe.
Where did Cavour try to encourage an uprising
Hungary
What did Cavour try to start in Hungary and what was the result?
Cavour had tried to encourage Hungarian revolutionary leaders to start an uprising but it came to nothing
Who else was weakening Austria’s power and how?
The increased power of Prussia, who made a free trade treaty with France in 1862 and excluded Austria
When did Cavour die
June 1861
When was Ricasoli PM
1861-1862
When was Ratazzi PM
March-Dec 1862
When was Farini PM
1862-1861
When was Minghetti PM
1863-1864
When was La Marmora PM
1864-1866
What did Garibaldi set up in 1862?
Society for the Emancipation of Rome and attempted to attack Rome
When was the Society for the Emancipation of Rome set up and by who
1862 and by Garibaldi
Who tried to stop Garibaldi’s attack on Rome and why and what happened to him?
Rattazzi was forced to stop him with troops so as not to upset the French, but now he was seen as anti Italian nationalism and was soon sacked
What did all the new ministers struggle?
. Lack of support from the King combined with weak parliamentary discipline
. All the power was in the hands of the King and not the people
How did Mazzini describe the new Italy?
“Sham”
Who made up most of the government?
Piedmontese nobility and the educated middle class
Who made up the electorate?
An all male parliament was elected by a narrow electorate which made up 2% of the population (literate, male taxpayers from northern Italy)
How many members of parliament were there and how many voters elected them?
443 members of parliament elected by a 150,000 voters
What title did the King have?
The King kept the title “the second” rather than VEI of Italy
What areas were unified under the new Italy?
. A single criminal legal code was adopted except for Tuscany and a civil law code was in the whole of Italy from 1865
. A unified Italian army was formed and modernised under Prussian guidance.
. A unified navy was formed.
. Schools and universities came under state control as a way to create a unified education system
What area was the single criminal legal code not adopted
Tuscany
When was the civil law code adopted in the whole of Italy
1865
How much of his lands did the pope loose to the new kingdom
2/3
When did Cavour face opposition from the pope and why?
In March 1861 Cavour faced opposition from the Pope who had lost two-thirds of his land to the new kingdom
What has the Pope’s temporal power been strayed by?
The Risorgimento
What had the Cavour hoped the Pope would do?
Give up Rome in return for Church freedom of action
What began between the church and Cavour?
Period of Fractious Cohabitation (uneasy relationship between church and state)
What else put the Church’s spiritual power was under threat
Scientific theory, such as Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859)
What did the Pope’s Syllabus of Errors claim? (5 points)
. The church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science
. Rejected all ideas of tolerance for other religions
. Reasserted its temporal power
. It criticised Liberalism, it attacked religious toleration, freedom of expression and thought as well as socialism, nationalism and Communism
. It would not accept progress and modern civilisation
What did Cavour make the church do and what did he demand and when
Made the Church increase taxation to the state and in 1866 demanded that the Church hand over property
When did the Vatican Council meet and what did they decide?
In 1869 the Vatican Council met and agreed to the Dogma of Papal Infallibility, which stated that the Pope’s statements were indisputable
When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed and what did it mark?
July 1870 and it marked the spiritual supremacy of the Pope
What did the Pope declare himself to be?
A prisoner in the Vatican following the annexing of Rome in 1870
What was Piedmontisation
Imposed Piedmont’s systems over the whole peninsula
What was the issues with Piedmontisation
. Piedmontised at an indecent rate
. The South was unsuitable for unification with Piedmont
. Piedmontisation showed the ignorance of regional affairs in Italy and ignorance of the south
. Lack of resources, both financial and human
How quickly was the legal system in Naples changed and when?
Changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days, in February 1861
What did Piedmontisation divide the kingdom into?
53 provinces each governed by a prefect
What was standardised e.g. customs….
All customs, coinage, weights and measures were standardised
Where was the furthest south Cavour had travelled?
Tuscany
What led to the dissolution of monasteries, how many were dissolved and what did this mean for those areas?
Education had to be paid for so this led to the dissolution of 2382 monasteries and convents which then deprived areas of charitable institutions - the state didn’t replace then and upset religious feelings
Was introduced into the south and who corrupted it?
The jury system but the mafia was corrupted it
What did the south become to the north?
The south became a drain on the north and Piedmont had neither the resources or manpower to administer the region well
What did Historian Mack Smith say about Piedmontisation?
Piedmontisation “reinforced the impression that one region had virtually conquered the rest”
What had been promised to Lombardy but was swept away by Piedmontisation?
Lombardy had been promised its own constitution and it had its own legal system, education system and local government, but they were swept aside by Piedmontisation
Which area was able to retain some independence and who allowed this?
The only exception was Tuscany where the powerful Baron Ricasoli was able to retain Tuscan customs and legal systems, at least in the short term
Who were the Brigands?
Bandits who lived in mountains and forests during the Napoleonic Wars
What did the collapse of Bourbon rule in the south leave
A power vacuum of law and order
Why had Italy increased taxes?
To pay for the 2.5 billion Lire debt caused by the war
What was introduced in the south which put a strain on the farms?
Conscription which took young men from their families, where they were needed on farm
How many took to the hill to avoid military service and what was the date?
25,000 in 1861
What was public opinion of VEII in Sicily
Firmly against him
Who were the Brigands made up of?
The unemployed, the disillusioned and 10000 convicts who escaped during Garibaldi’s campaign
What did the Brigands do?
They robbed, murdered and assassinated
How many did Piedmont deploy to deal with the Brigand threat?
The Piedmontese deployed an army of 120,000 to deal with the Brigand threat
By 1862 how many Brigands were there in the Neapolitan provinces
82,000 Brigands
In 1863 how many troops were engaged in peace keeping and what was this more than?
90,000 troops - more than were used against Austria
When did the Brigands subside and what happened?
1865 and the Brigand leaders fled
What did the Italians do to the Brigands?
Italy executed relatives, those suspected of helping a Brigand, people had no trials, burning towns, refused neutrals
Fact about death toll in Brigands War
More Italians died in the Brigands war than in all other battles for unification combined
What did people vote for in the plebiscites
People voted against the tyranny of the rulers and revolts of the peasants, not for unification
What was the issues with the plebiscites
. Corrupt voting systems e.g. in Nice the “no” slips were not brought to the voting stations
. The “yes” voters didn’t really know what they were voting for
What law made primary education compulsory, when was it brought in, where did it not work and why?
1859, the Casati Law, it didn’t happen in the South as most were illiterate
What did Cavour do to southern opposition?
Crushed it
What had Cavour’s policies of the 1850s left Italy with?
. A 2,450 million lire deficit by 1861
. This doubled four years later after Piedmont took on all the smaller debts of the other states following unification
What did Italy have to pay to maintain and why?
Its army to keep peace in the south and to take Rome and Venetia
What unpopular taxes did Cavour introduce and when?
. Unpopular taxes – e.g. 1865 Flour Tax
. Grist Tax in 1868, a tax on the milling of corn
What did the Grist Tax in 1868 lead to?
Led to 250 deaths and 1000 wounded in riots in the following two weeks
How many Italian bonds were in foreign hands, give the date
By the mid 1860s, over 1/3 of Italian bonds were in foreign hands
What % of state expenditure did the deficit take up, give the date
By 1866, the deficit took up 60% of state expenditure
How many acres of church land was sold and in how long?
In 9 years nearly 9mill acres of Church land was sold
Who bought the land in the north and who bought it in the south?
In the north peasant farmers bought the land, but in the south it was the middle classes
What did peasants who bought the land find?
They had no capital to improve land and were forced to sell
How much of each year’s produce used for debt repayment?
30%
How many were employed in industry by 1861 and. What was the demographic %?
Only 3 million people employed in industry by 1861, of whom 80% were women and children
When were 3 million people employed in industry?
1861
How many km of railway was there by unification
Only 2,773km of railway with the lines built for separate states
What locations had no railways and why?
. Sardinia and Sicily
. The government couldn’t afford railways, but also couldn’t afford not to have them
What happened to the railways in 1865?
In 1865 the railways were privatised but still required huge government investment
When were the railways privatised?
1865
When was the Mount Cenis Tunnel completed and why was this significant?
When the Mount Cenis Tunnel through the Alps was completed in 1871 the Italian network was linked with France – only made trade in north, dual economy
What was completed in 1871?
Mount Cenis Tunnel
What was legal Italy
. Those who were part of the state
. “legal Italy would absorb those who wished to be part of the new Italy and repress those who didn’t.”
What was real Italy?
. Those who felt isolated and betrayed by Piedmontisation
Which historian used the term legal Italy and real Italy
Martin Clark
Why did Garibaldi wrongly believe about Venetia?
Assumed that what had been a success in Naples would work in Venetia
What was formed in December 1861?
Italian Freedom Association formed
When was the Italian Freedom Association formed?
December 1861
When did the Italian Freedom Association first meet and who was president?
March 1862 with Garibaldi as president
Where did Garibaldi tour and why?
Lombardy and tried to raise money for Venice
Which PM summoned Gariabaldi and why and when?
In March 1862 Rattazzi summoned Garibaldi to discuss destabilising the Hapsburg empire - came to nothing
What group was arrested, when, where and who led them?
In May 1862 a group of Garibaldi supporters led by Nullo was arrested on the Austrian border
What did Garibaldi attempt to engineer and when and what did he hope to achieve?
He attempted to engineer an armed rising in 1862 and again in 1864, hoping that uprisings elsewhere in the Hapsburg Empire would draw Austrian troops out of Italy
Why did Garibaldi’s uprisings fail
In both cases news leaked out, upsetting foreign diplomats and forcing the government to stop him
Where did Garibaldi visit in 1864 and why?
He visited London in 1864 to use the publicity to raise the issue of the liberation of Venice
When did Garibaldi visit London
1864
What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair and was it
1866 - Austria was deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region, relations between Austria and Prussia declined
Why was VEII keen for war
To distract the population from the situation in the south
What did La Mamora offer to do?
. Offered to purchase Venetia from Austria for 1000 million lire - failed
Who offered to purchase Venetia from Austria for 1000 million lire?
La Mamora
How much did La Mamora offer to purchase Venetia for?
1000 million lire - failed
Who was the Prussian minister in 1865?
Bismarck
Who did Napoleon meet with and where in 1865 and what was discussed?
Biarritz, in 1865, the Prussian minister Bismarck met with Napoleon who promised neutrality in any war
When did Bismarck meet with Napoleon?
1865
What was the agreement that would give Italy Austria, when was it and who made the agreement?
By April 1866 General Govone’s had made a military agreement with Prussia in which Italy was to receive Venetia in return for war contribution
When did Italy declare war on Austria?
On 20th June 1866, 4 days after Prussia, Italy declared war on Austria
How many men did Italy have in the Austrian war compared to Austria
250,000 men against just 130,000 Austrians
How many ships (name the type of ship) did Italy have compared to Austria?
Their fleet had 12 ironclad ships to Austria’s 7
What were the Italian general staff like?
Inexperienced
Who led the Italian fleet and why?
Admiral Persano only led the fleet due to corruption and bribery
What % of the army reached the front?
25%
On the 24th of June were did Italian forces fight and what happened?
On 24th June Italian forces fought at Custoza, but disintegrated after panic + confused orders
When did the Italians fight at Custoza?
24th of June 1866
What was destroyed at the Battle of Lissa and when was the battle?
A month later in July, Persano’s fleet was destroyed
What Battle was Persano’s fleet destroyed at?
Battle of Lissa
How many ships did Persano loose?
He lost 3 ships including the “Re d’Italia”, the pride of the Italian navy
How many shells had the fleet fired and what happened?
The fleet had fired 1450 shells and not scored one major hit
What happened with Garibaldi the day after the fleet lost their ships and what was the battle called?
The following day, Garibaldi’s volunteers defeated an Austrian force in the battle of Bezzecca, and moved toward Trento
Where and when did the Prussia’s crush the Austrians?
The Prussians crushed the Austrians at Sadowa on July 3rd
What did Bismarck do after the Prussians crushed Austria?
Prussian Prime Minister Bismarck saw that his own ends in the war had been achieved, and signed an armistice with Austria on July 26
When and why did Italy stop fighting?
Italy, deserted by her ally, officially laid down its arms on August 12 1866
What was the legacy of the war with Austria?
. War was a miserable failure
. Did not inspire nationalism
How had the Venetian’s reacted to the war?
There had been no Venetian uprising in support of the Italian forces
What was the French stance on the 1866 war?
As a result of a secret treaty between France and Austria, France had agreed to remain neutral in the war in return for Venetia
After the war what did Austria do with Venetia?
Austria gave Venetia to France
What did Napoleon do with Venetia?
Immediately ceded Venetia to Italy
What did the plebiscite votes in Venice show
The plebiscite held in Venice approved annexation to Italy by 650,000 votes to 69
Was there a Congress?
No congress so Prussia dictated terms to Italy and Austria
What did Crispi write?
“To be Italian was something that we once longed for, now, in the present circumstances it is shameful”
What did the war with Austria cause for Italy and what was done to overcome this?
The war caused big debt and had to be paid for by nationalising church land in 1867 and Grist Tax - 1868
Why did Italy want Rome?
. Not geographically united without it
. Symbol of foreign interference - wanted independence.
. It was the spiritual heartbeat of Italy
. The Italian government needed to bring the Pope under control
When did Napoleon fail to protect the Pope and what did this cause?
In 1860 which caused a Catholic backlash in France
What happened and when which meant France decided to keep French troops in Rome?
They forced a vote on Rome in the French Chamber of Deputies and Senate in March 1861, and agreed to keep French troops in Rome
What did negotiations over Rome between VEII and Napoleon III result in?
The September Convention of 1864
What did the September Convention of 1864 mean
. The Pope could raise an army of 10,000 troops for protection and in return the French would leave within two years
. The Italians, in return promised not a to attack Rome and to make Florence the capital instead of Turin
Why was guarding Rome an issue for the French
. Proving to be very expensive
. Napoleon III was unhappy at having to guard the oppressive regime of the Pope, when he had more liberal qualities
When did the government move to Tuscany?
1865
Where did the government move to in 1865?
Tuscany
When did the last French troops leave
December 1866
When and why did the French troops return to Rome
In 1867 after Garibaldi tried to seize Rome a second time
What year did the French study until
1870
Why and when did Gariabldi leave where he retired to (give name of where he retired to) and what did he do
Frustrated at the lack of action of the government, Garibaldi left Caprera in 1862, gathered 4000
How did Piedmont initially react to Garibaldi’s attack on Rome and why?
Piedmont turned a blind eye initially hoping that the French would withdraw
What did Piedmont do after France did not withdraw?
The government was forced to stop Garibaldi
When, where and how was Garibaldi stopped?
On 29th August Garibaldi was stopped in the mountains at Aspromonte, where he was shot in the foot.
What happened to Garibaldi after Rome
He was pardoned
What was the Garibaldi situation like for the government
Embarrassing for the government, who had wounded and imprisoned a nationalist hero.
When was Florence proclaimed capital
April 1865
What did Garibaldi do during house arrest
Gariabaldi escaped from house arrest on Caprera and sailed to the mainland to take Rome
How did France deal with Garibaldi’s second attack on Rome?
France sent an army equipped with modern breech-loading rifles back to Rome and Garibaldi was easily defeated at Mentana on November 3rd 1867 – French were back in Rome
What did Garibaldi fail to realise when he attacked Rome?
He would have to face the French and there was no popular uprising against the Pope
What did Napoleon seek with Italy and Austria and when?
In May 1870 Napoleon sought an anti-Prussian alliance with Italy and Austria
On what condition would Italy agree to the anti-Prussian alliance?
Italy would not agree unless Rome was the prize but French Catholics wouldn’t allow it
Did Austria join the alliance?
Without Italy, the Austrians could not join France and risk another war with Italy
What did France do with Prussia?
France withdrew the Roman garrison to fight Prussia
What happened to the French against Prussia?
Defeat at Sedan
What did PM Lanza gain after France fought with Prussia?
Gained a formal agreement with Spain, Austria and Catholic states in Germany to send Italian troops on Rome
Who did VEII send to Pius IX and why?
VEII sent San Martino to Pius IX offering a face-saving proposal allowing the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome
How did the Pope receive San Martino
Pope’s reception of San Martino was unfriendly and he left
When did the Italian Army cross the papal frontier and what did they do?
Crossed on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome
Where did the Italian army reach on 19 September and what did they do?
The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under a siege
When did the Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls?
19 September
How many people died when Italy entered Rome?
49 Italian soldiers and four officers, and 19 papal troops died
When was Rome annexed to Italy and what was the plebiscite vote
October 1870 - 133,681 to 1507 in favour
What law did the Italian government pass in May 1871?
The Law of Guarantees to appease the Pope - it recognised the powers of the Pope and gave him a grant of £129000 per annum
What did the Law of Guarantees recognise and how much did it give the pope?
The Law of Guarantees was to appease the Pope - it recognised the powers of the Pope and gave him a grant of £129000 per annum
When was the Law of Guarantees passed?
May 1871
What did Pius IX declares himself as
A prisoner in the Vatican, although he was not actually restrained from coming and going
When was the capital officially moved to Rome
July 1871
When did the Pope officially recognise the Kingdom of Italy
1929
Factors promoting unity
. The monarchy
. Statuto
. Local government
. Civil service
. The army – conscription,
What fraction of government expenditure was on the army?
1/4
What was the main industry in the south and what did they lack
. South had a lack of capital and skilled labour
. Agriculture was the main industry
How did unification cause a collapse in industry in the south?
Unification led to the removal of tariffs which had protected southern industry - caused the collapse of industries such as silk which couldn’t compete with their northern competition
What did the government use most of the tax money for?
To invest in public works, land reclamation and the military – mainly in the north
What % died before their 1st birthday in the south in 1871
22.7%
What % died before their 5th birthday in the south in 1871
50%
What migration did poverty lead to?
To seasonal migration to richer northern areas or abroad to France, USA, Argentina etc.
How many Italians migrated in 1871
120,000 Italians emigrated
What were the two chambers of the Italian parliament called
Chamber of Deputies and Senate
How many and % of the electorate could vote in 1871?
Only 500000 which is 2.2% of the population
What % of those who were eligible to vote, voted and which groups boycotted the vote
60% as Catholics and republicans boycotted on principle
Italian irredentism
Nationalist movement in Italy which promoted the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italians and Italian-speaking people formed a majority
Which groups were most likely to have an irredentist agenda
Republicans
What did Irredentists in the north want
To free Italians living under Habsurg rule such as Trentino, Istria and Trieste
What did Crispi call for in 1870
The return of Nice and Savoy to Italian control
