Booklet 4 My Notes Flashcards
What was the issue with Rome after 1861?
French troops were still in Rome and Napoleon III would not withdraw them
Under what terms did Napoleon agree to leave Rome and when?
At a convention in September 1864 Napoleon agreed to evacuate Rome in return for the switch of the Italian capital from Turin to Florence
What happened when it was agreed to mov the capital?
23 people died in rioting in Turin
How did Austria feel about Venetia after 1861 and how did the Great Powers feel about their stance>
. Had lost Lombardy but they had no intention of quitting Venetia
. The Great Powers also supported Austria’s position to maintain the balance of power in Europe.
Where did Cavour try to encourage an uprising
Hungary
What did Cavour try to start in Hungary and what was the result?
Cavour had tried to encourage Hungarian revolutionary leaders to start an uprising but it came to nothing
Who else was weakening Austria’s power and how?
The increased power of Prussia, who made a free trade treaty with France in 1862 and excluded Austria
When did Cavour die
June 1861
When was Ricasoli PM
1861-1862
When was Ratazzi PM
March-Dec 1862
When was Farini PM
1862-1861
When was Minghetti PM
1863-1864
When was La Marmora PM
1864-1866
What did Garibaldi set up in 1862?
Society for the Emancipation of Rome and attempted to attack Rome
When was the Society for the Emancipation of Rome set up and by who
1862 and by Garibaldi
Who tried to stop Garibaldi’s attack on Rome and why and what happened to him?
Rattazzi was forced to stop him with troops so as not to upset the French, but now he was seen as anti Italian nationalism and was soon sacked
What did all the new ministers struggle?
. Lack of support from the King combined with weak parliamentary discipline
. All the power was in the hands of the King and not the people
How did Mazzini describe the new Italy?
“Sham”
Who made up most of the government?
Piedmontese nobility and the educated middle class
Who made up the electorate?
An all male parliament was elected by a narrow electorate which made up 2% of the population (literate, male taxpayers from northern Italy)
How many members of parliament were there and how many voters elected them?
443 members of parliament elected by a 150,000 voters
What title did the King have?
The King kept the title “the second” rather than VEI of Italy
What areas were unified under the new Italy?
. A single criminal legal code was adopted except for Tuscany and a civil law code was in the whole of Italy from 1865
. A unified Italian army was formed and modernised under Prussian guidance.
. A unified navy was formed.
. Schools and universities came under state control as a way to create a unified education system
What area was the single criminal legal code not adopted
Tuscany
When was the civil law code adopted in the whole of Italy
1865
How much of his lands did the pope loose to the new kingdom
2/3
When did Cavour face opposition from the pope and why?
In March 1861 Cavour faced opposition from the Pope who had lost two-thirds of his land to the new kingdom
What has the Pope’s temporal power been strayed by?
The Risorgimento
What had the Cavour hoped the Pope would do?
Give up Rome in return for Church freedom of action
What began between the church and Cavour?
Period of Fractious Cohabitation (uneasy relationship between church and state)
What else put the Church’s spiritual power was under threat
Scientific theory, such as Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859)
What did the Pope’s Syllabus of Errors claim? (5 points)
. The church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science
. Rejected all ideas of tolerance for other religions
. Reasserted its temporal power
. It criticised Liberalism, it attacked religious toleration, freedom of expression and thought as well as socialism, nationalism and Communism
. It would not accept progress and modern civilisation
What did Cavour make the church do and what did he demand and when
Made the Church increase taxation to the state and in 1866 demanded that the Church hand over property
When did the Vatican Council meet and what did they decide?
In 1869 the Vatican Council met and agreed to the Dogma of Papal Infallibility, which stated that the Pope’s statements were indisputable
When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed and what did it mark?
July 1870 and it marked the spiritual supremacy of the Pope
What did the Pope declare himself to be?
A prisoner in the Vatican following the annexing of Rome in 1870
What was Piedmontisation
Imposed Piedmont’s systems over the whole peninsula
What was the issues with Piedmontisation
. Piedmontised at an indecent rate
. The South was unsuitable for unification with Piedmont
. Piedmontisation showed the ignorance of regional affairs in Italy and ignorance of the south
. Lack of resources, both financial and human
How quickly was the legal system in Naples changed and when?
Changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days, in February 1861
What did Piedmontisation divide the kingdom into?
53 provinces each governed by a prefect
What was standardised e.g. customs….
All customs, coinage, weights and measures were standardised
Where was the furthest south Cavour had travelled?
Tuscany
What led to the dissolution of monasteries, how many were dissolved and what did this mean for those areas?
Education had to be paid for so this led to the dissolution of 2382 monasteries and convents which then deprived areas of charitable institutions - the state didn’t replace then and upset religious feelings
Was introduced into the south and who corrupted it?
The jury system but the mafia was corrupted it
What did the south become to the north?
The south became a drain on the north and Piedmont had neither the resources or manpower to administer the region well
What did Historian Mack Smith say about Piedmontisation?
Piedmontisation “reinforced the impression that one region had virtually conquered the rest”
What had been promised to Lombardy but was swept away by Piedmontisation?
Lombardy had been promised its own constitution and it had its own legal system, education system and local government, but they were swept aside by Piedmontisation
Which area was able to retain some independence and who allowed this?
The only exception was Tuscany where the powerful Baron Ricasoli was able to retain Tuscan customs and legal systems, at least in the short term
Who were the Brigands?
Bandits who lived in mountains and forests during the Napoleonic Wars
What did the collapse of Bourbon rule in the south leave
A power vacuum of law and order
Why had Italy increased taxes?
To pay for the 2.5 billion Lire debt caused by the war
What was introduced in the south which put a strain on the farms?
Conscription which took young men from their families, where they were needed on farm
How many took to the hill to avoid military service and what was the date?
25,000 in 1861
What was public opinion of VEII in Sicily
Firmly against him
Who were the Brigands made up of?
The unemployed, the disillusioned and 10000 convicts who escaped during Garibaldi’s campaign
What did the Brigands do?
They robbed, murdered and assassinated
How many did Piedmont deploy to deal with the Brigand threat?
The Piedmontese deployed an army of 120,000 to deal with the Brigand threat
By 1862 how many Brigands were there in the Neapolitan provinces
82,000 Brigands
In 1863 how many troops were engaged in peace keeping and what was this more than?
90,000 troops - more than were used against Austria
When did the Brigands subside and what happened?
1865 and the Brigand leaders fled
What did the Italians do to the Brigands?
Italy executed relatives, those suspected of helping a Brigand, people had no trials, burning towns, refused neutrals
Fact about death toll in Brigands War
More Italians died in the Brigands war than in all other battles for unification combined
What did people vote for in the plebiscites
People voted against the tyranny of the rulers and revolts of the peasants, not for unification
What was the issues with the plebiscites
. Corrupt voting systems e.g. in Nice the “no” slips were not brought to the voting stations
. The “yes” voters didn’t really know what they were voting for
What law made primary education compulsory, when was it brought in, where did it not work and why?
1859, the Casati Law, it didn’t happen in the South as most were illiterate
What did Cavour do to southern opposition?
Crushed it
What had Cavour’s policies of the 1850s left Italy with?
. A 2,450 million lire deficit by 1861
. This doubled four years later after Piedmont took on all the smaller debts of the other states following unification
What did Italy have to pay to maintain and why?
Its army to keep peace in the south and to take Rome and Venetia
What unpopular taxes did Cavour introduce and when?
. Unpopular taxes – e.g. 1865 Flour Tax
. Grist Tax in 1868, a tax on the milling of corn
What did the Grist Tax in 1868 lead to?
Led to 250 deaths and 1000 wounded in riots in the following two weeks
How many Italian bonds were in foreign hands, give the date
By the mid 1860s, over 1/3 of Italian bonds were in foreign hands
What % of state expenditure did the deficit take up, give the date
By 1866, the deficit took up 60% of state expenditure
How many acres of church land was sold and in how long?
In 9 years nearly 9mill acres of Church land was sold
Who bought the land in the north and who bought it in the south?
In the north peasant farmers bought the land, but in the south it was the middle classes
What did peasants who bought the land find?
They had no capital to improve land and were forced to sell
