Booklet 2 My Notes Flashcards
What was the only result of the 1848-1849 revolutions
. Charles Albert’s legacy was the Statuto – only result of the revolutions
When did VEII succeed Charles Albert
March 1849
2 suggestions for why VEII kept the Statuto
. Some say he defied the Austrians to keep the Statuto
. Others say the Austrians told him to keep it to stop people rising up again
Under the Statuto how was parliament split and what did the king have direct control of>
Statuto – of the two parliamentary chambers the upper was appointed by the king, lower only represented, king had direct control of army
What % of the population were literate?
2.25%
Why did nationalists have low expectations for VEII
. Trained to be an autocratic ruler
. His mother and wife were both members of the Austrian imperial family
Impact of Austrian dominance (5 points)
. No way to achieve unity without foreign help
. Military strength
. Venetian republic under tighter Austrian control
. Suppressed constitutions and destroyed revolutionary spirit
. Neapolitan rule re-established in Sicily, two Sicilians united
How was the church able to stop revolutionary ideas spreading
Easy for church to keep control of peasants and stop revolutionary ideas spreading as Mazzini didn’t involve peasants
What did the pope do to those who tried to reduce his power, when did he return to Rome and what did he do?
Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all his earlier reforms
How many troops were stationed in Rome supporting the Pope and what nationality
20,000 French troops
Why did Mazzini fail
. Ideas failed to reach peasants and see their revolutionary potential
. Ideas were too intellectual for the masses, used complex language
Why did liberals dislike Mazzini?
Ideas were too radical and the liberals deemed him dangerous
Why did the rich dislike Mazzini?
He wanted to redistribute wealth in Europe
What did Mazzini create
An ideal which would threaten those in power when adapted by people like Cavour
How could foreign support be gained
By keeping Mazzini’s republicanism in check
After the revolutions who did the nationalists turn their attentions away from and to
Away from Pius IX towards the Piedmontese monarch
What did Piedmont attract in the 1850s
Political refugees
What was VEII considered a hero of
Unification
What did VEII allow to stay
The Statuto
What was one of VEII first actions
To shell Genoa where radicals where
Who and when did he appoint his first PM and what did they do
End of 1849 he appointed Massimo Azeglio as PM – he controlled a moderate conservative administration
What was VEII seen as?
Lazy but courageous
Who did VEII not want having influence
The Catholic Church
What did the British think VEII was?
A cautious liberal
What did the Austrians think VEII was?
A cautious conservative
Who did VEII hate?
Mazzini
What were the left deputies like?
Somewhat democratic, loosely liberal, anti clerical
What were the right deputies like?
Feared revolution, somewhat pro church, anti liberal, anti free trade
What was the electorate
Landowners, 2% of male pop
How many constituencies did the deputies represent
200
What was D’Azeglio position like?
. D’Azeglio only had a small parliamentary majority – weak position
What was D’Azeglio’s first major policy and why was he and VEII annoyed with the church?
. First major policy was to challenge the church
. King and minister were upset when the church in 1848 when they abandoned Charles Albert
When were the Siccardi laws brought in?
March 1850
What were the Siccardi laws (4 points)
Siccardi laws –
. Separate law courts for priests abolished, Statuto said all justice come from the King
. The right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches abolished
. Religious groups property rights were restricted
. Feasts days where people didn’t work were reduced
Who ignored the Siccardi laws and what happened to him?
When senior churchman Archbishop Frasoni ignored these measures, he was imprisoned
How did D’Azeglio try to appease the right
By imposing some press freedom
Who did D’Azeglio upset and what did the mean for him?
D’Azeglio had upset the pope – days were numbered
What was the Connubio and when did it happen?
1851-1852 Cavour made a parliamentary agreement with the leader of the centre left Urbano Ratazzi
What was the impact of the Connubio
The alliance strengthened parliament against the crown and despite the Kings disapproval, Ratazzi was appointed president of the chambers of deputies
What was the impact of the Connubio on D’Azeglio’s government
. D’Azeglio’s moderate right government was weakened
What caused D’Azeglio’s government to fall?
His ministry fell when he tried to move to the next stage of his anti clerical measure was and introduce civil marriage in 1852
What did Cavour ask of VEII and when?
In November 1852 Cavour asked VEII to make him PM
What did Cavour drop plans for?
Civil marriage
What did Cavour attack in 1855?
The wealth of the church
How much did the state give the church per year and what did Cavour abolish?
State gave the church 5 million lire per year so he abolished all monasteries not involved in education or charity
How many monasteries and benefices were closed and how much money did this add to the state?
. 153 monasteries and 1700 benefices were suppressed and added £145,640 to the state’s income
What did Cavour’s church reforms cause and what did he do?
Caused a constitutional crisis and Cavour temporarily resigned but got his way
What did Cavour end and why and who did he sack and when did this happen?
In 1857, the Right who sympathised with the church increased their votes so Cavour sacked Ratazzi and ended the Connubio to create more stability
What happened to a Mazzinian inspired insurrection, where was it and when - what did this show about Mazzini?
. Mazzinian inspired insurrection in Austrian controlled Milan in February 1853 was crushed
. Cavour warned Austria and received thanks from Vienna – showed Mazzini’s methods were weak
Where else did Mazzini lead revolts and what did these failures show?
. Lots revolts lead by Mazzini in Genoa which failed
. Failures proved Mazzini was unlikely to bring about change
Who did Cavour persecute and what did he suppress
Cavour persecuted Mazzini democrats and suppressed Mazzini press
What did Cavour do in government and when?
. In 1857 he found technicalities to reduce a right wing government and appointed himself PM, foreign Minister and Finance Minister
. Was undemocratic but created stability
How did Cavour create stability and what departments did he reform and when?
. Stability through liberal ways – administrative reforms in financial department in 1852 and in the foreign office in 1853
When was the electric telegraph built and what cities did it link?
1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris.
What did Cavour have built in 1853
1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris
What was building began in 1857
Building of canals began in 1857 with the construction of the Cavour Canal
When did the building of canals begin?
1857
What industry was thriving in the 1840s and why?
In the 1840s the Piedmontese textile industry thrived, due to a lack of coal in Northern Italy, there was also a lack of factories so both the wool and silk industries were domestic industries.
How many silk workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?
There were 60,000 silk workers in 1844 in Piedmont
How many cotton workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?
There were 114000 cotton workers in 1844 in Piedmont
How much did Cavour increase trade value by in the 1840s and 1850s
Trade increased in value by 300%
How much did the public debt rise from and to, give the values and years
The public debt of Piedmont rose from 120 million Lire in 1847 to 725 million Lire by 1859.
What countries did Cavour have free trade treaties with?
Britain, France and Belgium
What links did Cavour make and what did this give Piedmont?
Created international links with advanced Western states and gave Piedmont the raw materials and machinery
How did Cavour pay for this industrial growth?
Cavour floated large foreign loans to pay off war indemnity to Austria to finance his industrial projects
What did Cavour encourage into Piedmont?
The investment of foreign capital into Piedmont, the majority of it being French.
What was built in 1854 by Cavour?
A line was built to link Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border – mostly funded by the French banker Rothschild
What countries did the line link?
Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border
Who was the line mostly funded by?
The French banker Rothschild
When was the line built?
1854
What was built in 1857 by Cavour?
The tunnel through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps
Where did the tunnel go through?
The tunnel was through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps
When was the tunnel built?
1857
Who financed most of Cavour’s projects?
A number of Parisian based bankers including Rothschild and Laffitte
How many Km of railway did Piedmont have in the 1850s and how much did the whole of Italy have?
Piedmont had 819 km of railway by the end of the 1850s (the whole of Italy only had 1,798 km)
What fraction of Italy’s railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?
Piedmont had 1/3 of the peninsula’s railway by the end of the 1850s
What country did Cavour visit in 1835 and what did he observe?
He had visited Britain in 1835 to observe the construction process of Stephenson
What did Cavour write and when and why?
1846 he wrote an article for a French magazine Revue Nouvelle, which attempted to persuade Charles Albert of railway benefits
What Port was modernised?
The Port of Genoa was modernised
What did Piedmont build in 1855?
Piedmont built Italy’s first steam ship “The Sicilia” in Genoa
When was the first steam ship in Italy built
1855
Where did Cavour visit in 1833 and what sparked his interest?
Visited London and Paris in 1833 and his interest was sparked by Britain’s industrial growth in banking and railways
What did Cavour set up in 1846?
He helped set up the Bank of Turin becoming one of its first 10 directors
When did Cavour set up the Bank of Turin?
1846
What did Cavour found when Charles Albert introduced press censorship?
Il Risorgimento
What type of politician was Cavour?
Non-revolutionary, liberal politician
What % did trade increase by under Cavour’s leadership?
300%
Why did Cavour want unification
To allow for trade and railroad construction
What was Cavour the minister of?
Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, Navy and finance
What did the Austrians want to do between 1815 and 1848 and who led them?
The Austrians, led by Metternich, wanted to stamp out all nationalism
What did Austria do during and after the 1848-49 Revolutions
They had crushed Piedmont in 1848-49 and had reasserted control by late 1849
Why did Austria decline?
Economic challenges from Prussia
What challenged Austria’s dominance of the German Confederation?
Growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein, an economic free trade arrangement
What did Austria try to establish and why did it fail?
Tried to establish a Southern confederation but most Southern states such as Silesia had already joined the Zollverein
When did Cavour get involved with the Crimean War?
1854
What did Cavour get involved with in 1854?
The Crimean War
Whose idea was it for Italy to get involved with Crimea
. Masterstroke of Cavour
. Others believes it came from the British and French who thought that Austria would be more likely to send troops to the Crimea if they were assured that Piedmont wouldn’t attack from the rear
Who did Britain and France declare war on in 1854?
Russia
When did Britain and FRance declare war on Russia?
1854
What was Austria’s stance on the Crimean War?
Neutral
Why was Russia angry with Austria during Crimea?
Austria signed a Four Points Agreement with Gb and France forcing Russia to the negotiate
What did GB and France ask for as the war dragged into 1855?
Asked Piedmont for reinforcements
When did Cavour join the Crimean war?
Cavour joined war in January 1855
How many Piedmontese troops were in the Crimean war?
18,000
Due to Piedmont’s help in the war what were they allowed?
To attend the Peace Treaty at the end
What was Piedmont’s contribution to the Crimean war?
Limited
How many did Piedmont officially claim die vs how many actually died and from what?
Despite official claims of 2000 deaths only 30 died of wounds, the rest from cholera
What and when caused Russia to sue for peace?
In December 1855 Austria threatened to enter the war on the side of the allies
What and when was the treaty which ended the war?
February to April 1856 - Peace Treaty in Paris
Were Piedmont’s unification desires discussed?
Neither Britain or France would upset Austria by discussing Piedmont’s desires in Northern Italy
How did France and Britain feel towards Piedmont after Crimea
The French and British were grateful to Piedmont and “owed them one”.
Who did Cavour meet with at the Congress of Paris and what did they discuss?
Cavour met with Lord Clarendon and only talked about Italian unification
How did Britain feel about the Piedmont situation and what would they do?
. Britain will defend Piedmont if Austria invade but not start a war to keep balance of powers
. British were sympathetic but it was not top of political agenda
What was Piedmont’s foreign policy like?
Anti-Austrian
