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Unification of Italy Added Info > Booklet 2 My Notes > Flashcards

Booklet 2 My Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What was the only result of the 1848-1849 revolutions

A

. Charles Albert’s legacy was the Statuto – only result of the revolutions

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2
Q

When did VEII succeed Charles Albert

A

March 1849

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3
Q

2 suggestions for why VEII kept the Statuto

A

. Some say he defied the Austrians to keep the Statuto
. Others say the Austrians told him to keep it to stop people rising up again

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4
Q

Under the Statuto how was parliament split and what did the king have direct control of>

A

Statuto – of the two parliamentary chambers the upper was appointed by the king, lower only represented, king had direct control of army

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5
Q

What % of the population were literate?

A

2.25%

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6
Q

Why did nationalists have low expectations for VEII

A

. Trained to be an autocratic ruler
. His mother and wife were both members of the Austrian imperial family

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7
Q

Impact of Austrian dominance (5 points)

A

. No way to achieve unity without foreign help
. Military strength
. Venetian republic under tighter Austrian control
. Suppressed constitutions and destroyed revolutionary spirit
. Neapolitan rule re-established in Sicily, two Sicilians united

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8
Q

How was the church able to stop revolutionary ideas spreading

A

Easy for church to keep control of peasants and stop revolutionary ideas spreading as Mazzini didn’t involve peasants

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9
Q

What did the pope do to those who tried to reduce his power, when did he return to Rome and what did he do?

A

Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all his earlier reforms

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10
Q

How many troops were stationed in Rome supporting the Pope and what nationality

A

20,000 French troops

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11
Q

Why did Mazzini fail

A

. Ideas failed to reach peasants and see their revolutionary potential
. Ideas were too intellectual for the masses, used complex language

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12
Q

Why did liberals dislike Mazzini?

A

Ideas were too radical and the liberals deemed him dangerous

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13
Q

Why did the rich dislike Mazzini?

A

He wanted to redistribute wealth in Europe

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14
Q

What did Mazzini create

A

An ideal which would threaten those in power when adapted by people like Cavour

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15
Q

How could foreign support be gained

A

By keeping Mazzini’s republicanism in check

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16
Q

After the revolutions who did the nationalists turn their attentions away from and to

A

Away from Pius IX towards the Piedmontese monarch

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17
Q

What did Piedmont attract in the 1850s

A

Political refugees

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18
Q

What was VEII considered a hero of

A

Unification

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19
Q

What did VEII allow to stay

A

The Statuto

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20
Q

What was one of VEII first actions

A

To shell Genoa where radicals where

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21
Q

Who and when did he appoint his first PM and what did they do

A

End of 1849 he appointed Massimo Azeglio as PM – he controlled a moderate conservative administration

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22
Q

What was VEII seen as?

A

Lazy but courageous

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23
Q

Who did VEII not want having influence

A

The Catholic Church

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24
Q

What did the British think VEII was?

A

A cautious liberal

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25
Q

What did the Austrians think VEII was?

A

A cautious conservative

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26
Q

Who did VEII hate?

A

Mazzini

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27
Q

What were the left deputies like?

A

Somewhat democratic, loosely liberal, anti clerical

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28
Q

What were the right deputies like?

A

Feared revolution, somewhat pro church, anti liberal, anti free trade

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29
Q

What was the electorate

A

Landowners, 2% of male pop

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30
Q

How many constituencies did the deputies represent

A

200

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31
Q

What was D’Azeglio position like?

A

. D’Azeglio only had a small parliamentary majority – weak position

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32
Q

What was D’Azeglio’s first major policy and why was he and VEII annoyed with the church?

A

. First major policy was to challenge the church
. King and minister were upset when the church in 1848 when they abandoned Charles Albert

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33
Q

When were the Siccardi laws brought in?

A

March 1850

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34
Q

What were the Siccardi laws (4 points)

A

Siccardi laws –
. Separate law courts for priests abolished, Statuto said all justice come from the King
. The right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches abolished
. Religious groups property rights were restricted
. Feasts days where people didn’t work were reduced

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35
Q

Who ignored the Siccardi laws and what happened to him?

A

When senior churchman Archbishop Frasoni ignored these measures, he was imprisoned

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36
Q

How did D’Azeglio try to appease the right

A

By imposing some press freedom

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37
Q

Who did D’Azeglio upset and what did the mean for him?

A

D’Azeglio had upset the pope – days were numbered

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38
Q

What was the Connubio and when did it happen?

A

1851-1852 Cavour made a parliamentary agreement with the leader of the centre left Urbano Ratazzi

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39
Q

What was the impact of the Connubio

A

The alliance strengthened parliament against the crown and despite the Kings disapproval, Ratazzi was appointed president of the chambers of deputies

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40
Q

What was the impact of the Connubio on D’Azeglio’s government

A

. D’Azeglio’s moderate right government was weakened

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41
Q

What caused D’Azeglio’s government to fall?

A

His ministry fell when he tried to move to the next stage of his anti clerical measure was and introduce civil marriage in 1852

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42
Q

What did Cavour ask of VEII and when?

A

In November 1852 Cavour asked VEII to make him PM

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43
Q

What did Cavour drop plans for?

A

Civil marriage

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44
Q

What did Cavour attack in 1855?

A

The wealth of the church

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45
Q

How much did the state give the church per year and what did Cavour abolish?

A

State gave the church 5 million lire per year so he abolished all monasteries not involved in education or charity

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46
Q

How many monasteries and benefices were closed and how much money did this add to the state?

A

. 153 monasteries and 1700 benefices were suppressed and added £145,640 to the state’s income

47
Q

What did Cavour’s church reforms cause and what did he do?

A

Caused a constitutional crisis and Cavour temporarily resigned but got his way

48
Q

What did Cavour end and why and who did he sack and when did this happen?

A

In 1857, the Right who sympathised with the church increased their votes so Cavour sacked Ratazzi and ended the Connubio to create more stability

49
Q

What happened to a Mazzinian inspired insurrection, where was it and when - what did this show about Mazzini?

A

. Mazzinian inspired insurrection in Austrian controlled Milan in February 1853 was crushed
. Cavour warned Austria and received thanks from Vienna – showed Mazzini’s methods were weak

50
Q

Where else did Mazzini lead revolts and what did these failures show?

A

. Lots revolts lead by Mazzini in Genoa which failed
. Failures proved Mazzini was unlikely to bring about change

51
Q

Who did Cavour persecute and what did he suppress

A

Cavour persecuted Mazzini democrats and suppressed Mazzini press

52
Q

What did Cavour do in government and when?

A

. In 1857 he found technicalities to reduce a right wing government and appointed himself PM, foreign Minister and Finance Minister
. Was undemocratic but created stability

53
Q

How did Cavour create stability and what departments did he reform and when?

A

. Stability through liberal ways – administrative reforms in financial department in 1852 and in the foreign office in 1853

54
Q

When was the electric telegraph built and what cities did it link?

A

1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris.

55
Q

What did Cavour have built in 1853

A

1853 - the electric telegraph linked Turin to Paris

56
Q

What was building began in 1857

A

Building of canals began in 1857 with the construction of the Cavour Canal

57
Q

When did the building of canals begin?

A

1857

58
Q

What industry was thriving in the 1840s and why?

A

In the 1840s the Piedmontese textile industry thrived, due to a lack of coal in Northern Italy, there was also a lack of factories so both the wool and silk industries were domestic industries.

59
Q

How many silk workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

A

There were 60,000 silk workers in 1844 in Piedmont

60
Q

How many cotton workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

A

There were 114000 cotton workers in 1844 in Piedmont

61
Q

How much did Cavour increase trade value by in the 1840s and 1850s

A

Trade increased in value by 300%

62
Q

How much did the public debt rise from and to, give the values and years

A

The public debt of Piedmont rose from 120 million Lire in 1847 to 725 million Lire by 1859.

63
Q

What countries did Cavour have free trade treaties with?

A

Britain, France and Belgium

64
Q

What links did Cavour make and what did this give Piedmont?

A

Created international links with advanced Western states and gave Piedmont the raw materials and machinery

65
Q

How did Cavour pay for this industrial growth?

A

Cavour floated large foreign loans to pay off war indemnity to Austria to finance his industrial projects

66
Q

What did Cavour encourage into Piedmont?

A

The investment of foreign capital into Piedmont, the majority of it being French.

67
Q

What was built in 1854 by Cavour?

A

A line was built to link Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border – mostly funded by the French banker Rothschild

68
Q

What countries did the line link?

A

Milan, Turin, Genoa and the French Border

69
Q

Who was the line mostly funded by?

A

The French banker Rothschild

70
Q

When was the line built?

A

1854

71
Q

What was built in 1857 by Cavour?

A

The tunnel through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps

72
Q

Where did the tunnel go through?

A

The tunnel was through Mount Cenis making a crossing through the Alps

73
Q

When was the tunnel built?

A

1857

74
Q

Who financed most of Cavour’s projects?

A

A number of Parisian based bankers including Rothschild and Laffitte

75
Q

How many Km of railway did Piedmont have in the 1850s and how much did the whole of Italy have?

A

Piedmont had 819 km of railway by the end of the 1850s (the whole of Italy only had 1,798 km)

76
Q

What fraction of Italy’s railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

A

Piedmont had 1/3 of the peninsula’s railway by the end of the 1850s

77
Q

What country did Cavour visit in 1835 and what did he observe?

A

He had visited Britain in 1835 to observe the construction process of Stephenson

78
Q

What did Cavour write and when and why?

A

1846 he wrote an article for a French magazine Revue Nouvelle, which attempted to persuade Charles Albert of railway benefits

79
Q

What Port was modernised?

A

The Port of Genoa was modernised

80
Q

What did Piedmont build in 1855?

A

Piedmont built Italy’s first steam ship “The Sicilia” in Genoa

81
Q

When was the first steam ship in Italy built

A

1855

82
Q

Where did Cavour visit in 1833 and what sparked his interest?

A

Visited London and Paris in 1833 and his interest was sparked by Britain’s industrial growth in banking and railways

83
Q

What did Cavour set up in 1846?

A

He helped set up the Bank of Turin becoming one of its first 10 directors

84
Q

When did Cavour set up the Bank of Turin?

A

1846

85
Q

What did Cavour found when Charles Albert introduced press censorship?

A

Il Risorgimento

86
Q

What type of politician was Cavour?

A

Non-revolutionary, liberal politician

87
Q

What % did trade increase by under Cavour’s leadership?

A

300%

88
Q

Why did Cavour want unification

A

To allow for trade and railroad construction

89
Q

What was Cavour the minister of?

A

Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, Navy and finance

90
Q

What did the Austrians want to do between 1815 and 1848 and who led them?

A

The Austrians, led by Metternich, wanted to stamp out all nationalism

91
Q

What did Austria do during and after the 1848-49 Revolutions

A

They had crushed Piedmont in 1848-49 and had reasserted control by late 1849

92
Q

Why did Austria decline?

A

Economic challenges from Prussia

93
Q

What challenged Austria’s dominance of the German Confederation?

A

Growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein, an economic free trade arrangement

94
Q

What did Austria try to establish and why did it fail?

A

Tried to establish a Southern confederation but most Southern states such as Silesia had already joined the Zollverein

95
Q

When did Cavour get involved with the Crimean War?

A

1854

96
Q

What did Cavour get involved with in 1854?

A

The Crimean War

97
Q

Whose idea was it for Italy to get involved with Crimea

A

. Masterstroke of Cavour
. Others believes it came from the British and French who thought that Austria would be more likely to send troops to the Crimea if they were assured that Piedmont wouldn’t attack from the rear

98
Q

Who did Britain and France declare war on in 1854?

A

Russia

99
Q

When did Britain and FRance declare war on Russia?

A

1854

100
Q

What was Austria’s stance on the Crimean War?

A

Neutral

101
Q

Why was Russia angry with Austria during Crimea?

A

Austria signed a Four Points Agreement with Gb and France forcing Russia to the negotiate

102
Q

What did GB and France ask for as the war dragged into 1855?

A

Asked Piedmont for reinforcements

103
Q

When did Cavour join the Crimean war?

A

Cavour joined war in January 1855

104
Q

How many Piedmontese troops were in the Crimean war?

A

18,000

105
Q

Due to Piedmont’s help in the war what were they allowed?

A

To attend the Peace Treaty at the end

106
Q

What was Piedmont’s contribution to the Crimean war?

A

Limited

107
Q

How many did Piedmont officially claim die vs how many actually died and from what?

A

Despite official claims of 2000 deaths only 30 died of wounds, the rest from cholera

108
Q

What and when caused Russia to sue for peace?

A

In December 1855 Austria threatened to enter the war on the side of the allies

109
Q

What and when was the treaty which ended the war?

A

February to April 1856 - Peace Treaty in Paris

110
Q

Were Piedmont’s unification desires discussed?

A

Neither Britain or France would upset Austria by discussing Piedmont’s desires in Northern Italy

111
Q

How did France and Britain feel towards Piedmont after Crimea

A

The French and British were grateful to Piedmont and “owed them one”.

112
Q

Who did Cavour meet with at the Congress of Paris and what did they discuss?

A

Cavour met with Lord Clarendon and only talked about Italian unification

113
Q

How did Britain feel about the Piedmont situation and what would they do?

A

. Britain will defend Piedmont if Austria invade but not start a war to keep balance of powers
. British were sympathetic but it was not top of political agenda

114
Q

What was Piedmont’s foreign policy like?

A

Anti-Austrian

Unification of Italy Added Info (13 decks)

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