Booklet 3 My Notes Flashcards
When was the National Society formed an who dominated it
1850s, dominated by Italian exiles living in Piedmont
What was the aim of the National Society
To promote Italian unity
What did Cavour allow the National Society to do
Grow in Piedmont
What did National Society members accept by the 1850s
Leadership of Italy mighty be under Piedmontese monarch rather than a republic
When did Cavour meet Manin
1856
When did Cavour meet Garibaldi
1856
Who (2 people) did Cavour meet and what did they discuss
. Manin
. Garibaldi - to discuss possible war with Austria
Why was Cavour worried about the National Society
He didn’t want France to think he was organising and backing a group of dangerous radicals
After the Congress of Paris who did Cavour and Napoleon keep up the dialogue with
. Napoleon’s nephew Prince Jerome
. Cavour’s trusted friend Niagra
How did uprising under the National Society shift
. From disrespectful uprisings to more civilised
Why was Napoleon in Italy in 1830
The Bonaparte family was exiled from France due to the Vienna settlement of 1815
Why was Napoleon a sympathiser of Italian nationalism
. Full of romantic, impractical dreams
. Genuine, vague, liberal ideals
. Adventure + search for prestige was part of his heritage
When was Napoleon elected as president of the French Republic
December 1848
Why and when did Napoleon help the pope
1849 to win the support of the Catholic Church
What did Napoleon agree to with Mazzini, when was it agreed and why
Agreed to an armistice with Mazzini in April-June 1849 so he could reinforce his army to attack Mazzini with 20,00 French soldiers
Why was Napoleon’s defence of the Pope an error
He became champion of the most illiberal regime in Europe and betrayed Republican principles
Why Napoleon became involved in Italy?
. Drive Austria out
. Create an enlarged Piedmont (big enough to be useful ally but not too big to threaten independence from France)
. Could get Nice and Savoy
. Replace Austrian influence with French
What other groups thought of Napoleon’s plans:
Nationalists – no Austrians
Moderates – old absolute leaders gone
VE and Cavour – Piedmont expanded
Clergy – Political power of pope grows
French Nationalists – new territory and French replace Austrians
Bonapartes – expand power and prestige
When and what was the Orsini bomb plot
January 1858 - attempt made on Louis Napoleon’s life
Who was involved in the Orsini bomb plot
4 Italian nationalists led by count Felice Orsini
What did Orsini do?
. Orsini made 3 large bombs in London, outwitted French police by going via Brussels
. Bomb thrown at Napoleon and Eugenie on way to opera
How many did Orsini kill?
. 8 dead and 150 injured, not Napoleon or wife though
Aftermath of Orsini plot
. Initially, Napoleon III was bitter towards Piedmont as they allowed Orsini to avoid arrest and make his way to France
. VEII saved the day by presenting Piedmont as the best guarantee against the excesses of radicals
What did progress between Piedmont and France culminate in
The Pact of Plombieres - a secret meeting between Cavour and Napoleon
When was the Pact of Plombieres?
July 21st 1858
What was it decided that French military intervention would result in at Plombieres
Austrian expulsion from Lombardy and Venetia, enlargement of Piedmont and an Italy made up of four major power blocs
Whose favour were the outcomes of Plombieres in and what did this make Cavour
. More in Napoleon’s favour
. Made Cavour an opportunist - willing to compromise for liberation of northern Italy
As part of Plombieres terms what did Austria have to be seen as?
. Must be seen as the aggressors
. If France looked like aggressors Prussia might defend Austria
. Feared that Britain would not tolerate replacing Austrian control of Italy with French control
What kingdoms would be created and who would they be controlled by according to Plombieres?
. A Kingdom of Upper Italy, ruled by the House of Savoy created to cover the provinces of Piedmont, Lombardy and Venetia, and the duchies of Parma, Modena and the Papal Legations.
. A kingdom of Central Italy would be controlled by Tuscany and would include Umbria and the Papal Marches.
What would happen to Rome according to Plombieres?
. Rome and the surrounding area would remain under control of the Pope, who would lead an Italian confederation – later abandoned
What would happen to Naples according to Plombieres?
Naples would remain to not upset the Tsar of Russia, an ally of the Bourbons
What would France get in return for…. according to Plombieres
France would get Nice and Savoy in return for 200,000 soldiers
How would the Plombiere agreement be sealed?
The agreement would be sealed by the marriage of the 15 year old daughter of Victor Emmanuel (Marie Clotilde) to the middle aged prince Jerome Bonaparte
What were VEII issue’s in 1859?
. Had to make Austria look like the aggressor
. Encourage popular enthusiasm for war
. Keep Napoleon committed
. Avoid upsetting other European powers
. Price an army of 100,000 to match Napoleon’s promise of 200,000 French soldiers
How many soldiers did VEII get for the war
20,000 untrained volunteers from National Society + 60,000 Piedmontese soldiers
How would others Europeans feel about the war
. Prussians sympathised with the Austrians
. Russians would remain neutral
. British sympathetic to Italian unity, but did not want war in Europe
. Most did not want to see Austrian domination in northern Italy replaced by the French
What happened in March 1859?
Piedmont mobilised their army
What happened in April 1859?
Austrians mobilised, costly for Austria
What happened in 23rd April 1859?
Austria demanded Piedmont demobilise within 3 days
What happened in 29th April 1859?
. Austria declared war
. General Franz Gyulai invaded Piedmont, but were delayed by poor weather giving time for the French forces to arrive by rail to support Piedmont
How did Austria prepare for the war
. Commanded by ‘courtier soldiers’ (nobles, not always career soldiers)
. Took 10 days to mobilise
. Only partial mobilisation as troops had to be left in Hungary
. 90,000 troops
How France + Piedmont prepared?
. Piedmont officers were reluctant to engage + wanted to leave fighting to the French
. The army arrived by train, but in advance of their supplies
. Some men died of exposure before getting to battlefield
Battle of Magenta: who won and when
. Decisive victory for French/Sardinian forces by 4th of June
. But clearly a French victory as no Piedmontese soldiers died
Battle of Magenta: how many Austrians with how many guns
. 14,000 Austrians
. 40 guns
Battle of Magenta: how many French/Sardinian with how many guns
. 10,700 men
. 18 guns
Battle of Magenta: what happened on the 20th of May
French/Sardininan cavalry halted the Austrian army near Montebello, causing it to retreat
Battle of Magenta: Napoleon’s tactics to deal with the Austrian army
Moved his French troops by rail to circle the Austrian army to the north to cut off communication and supply
Battle of Magenta: what caused the first serious battle
He ordered the Sardinians to move towards Palestro and on 30th May, when the Austrians responded, there was the first serious battle
Battle of Magenta: what was Garibaldi doing
Garibaldi and the Cacciatori delle Alpi, had a minor victory at Como
Battle of Magenta: what did Napoleon intend to establish and what did he do
. Napoleon III left most of his men on the Sardinian side of the river, and took 30,000 troops across the Ticino heading for the village of Magenta where he intended to establish a bridgehead.
Battle of Magenta: what did the Austrians turn every house into
A miniature fortress
Battle of Magenta: who took on the brunt of the fighting
5,000 grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard
Battle of Solferino: where were the Austrians driven back to and on what date
The Quadrilaterals – lost influence, 21st to 24th June
Battle of Solferino: how many enemy casualties
21,000 out of 128,000
Battle of Solferino: how many allied casualties
17,000 casualties out of 137,000
Battle of Solferino: name of leader who was defeated and what was he faced with
Franz Josef was defeated and faced with revolution in Hungary
Battle of Solferino: how did the battle end
Franz Josef met with Napoleon where an armistice was signed without Piedmont
Battle of Solferino: what was won
Lombardy – two northern states unified
Battle of Solferino: where did the Austrians charge out of and why
Solferino to attack the Allied Army
Battle of Solferino: what city and the Piedmontese-French army taken and where did they march
Milan and then marched east to finish off Austria before Prussia could get involved
Battle of Solferino: how did the Austrians try to beat the allies and what did the allies try to capture?
.The Austrians attempted to surprise them by switching onto the attack
. The Austrians tried to crush the French right wing and the Allies tried to capture Solferino and pierce the Austrian centre
Battle of Solferino: how big was the battle area?
Sixty square miles
Why did Napoleon sue for peace?
. High casualty rates.
. Only one doctor per 500 casualties on the Allied side
. France did not think that Piedmont could maintain the conflict for much longer as they lacked equipment and expertise
. Defeating Austria would require a lengthy and expensive siege as they were at the Quadrennials
. Cavour seemed interested in the Central Duchies - went beyond terms of the Plombieres
. Napoleon believed that the Papal States were under threat
. 24th June 1859, the Prussian army mobilised on the banks of the Rhine
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? Doctor fact
Only one doctor per 500 casualties on the Allied side
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? What did France think about Piedmont’s army
. France did not think that Piedmont could maintain the conflict for much longer as they lacked equipment and expertise
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? Austrian strength
. Defeating Austria would require a lengthy and expensive siege as they were at the Quadrennials
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? What was Cavour interested in?
. Cavour seemed interested in the Central Duchies - went beyond terms of the Plombieres
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? What did Napoleon believe were under threat
. Papal States
Why did Napoleon sue for peace? What did the Prussians do?
. 24th June 1859, the Prussian army mobilised on the banks of the Rhine
Why did Cavour resign
. Piedmont excluded from talks at Villafranca
. Austria gave Lombardy to France, who might give it to Piedmont
. Venetia to remain in Austrian hands
. Piedmont was forbidden to annex Mantua and Peschiera in Lombardy
What happened to the duchies after Solferino
. Piedmont was not to be given control of Modena or Parma and the rulers who had been forced to flee, were to be restored.
What would France not take from Piedmont and why after the war
. France would not take Nice and Savoy, as the terms of Plombieres were not fully filled
When was the Treaty of Zurich
November 1859
Who was Baron Bettino Ricasoli
. Strong supporter of Italian unity
. Leader of the Tuscan government in 1859
. Arranged annexation of Tuscany to Piedmont
Role of National Society in April 1859
Popular demonstration in Florence caused the Grand Duke Leopold to flee and the creation of a provisional government led by Baron Bettino Ricasoli
Role of National Society in May 1850
The National Society organised peaceful revolutions in Modena and Parma, and the rulers fled leaving provisional governments in control
Role of National Society in June 1859 with Modena and Parma
The Duke of Modena and the Duchess-Regent of Parma fled their provinces, they were replaced by a government led by Luigi Farini, which was close to Piedmont, all major government decisions were being approved Turin, making this area almost a Piedmontese colony
Role of National Society in June 1859 with Bologna
Unrest developed in the Papal controlled Bologna. Piedmontese commissioners, mostly members of the National Society, moved in to restore government
What did Napoleon say about central Italy at the Treaty of Zurich?
Napoleon said no force should be used to for central Italy due to high casualties at other war
How did Napoleon change his stance on the Pope’s control and what did he write?
In December, The Pope and the Congress, a pamphlet written on behalf of Napoleon was published suggesting that the Pope should lose control of the Legations
When did Cavour return as PM
21st January 1860
What did Cavour negotiate when he returned?
The Treaty of Turin with Napoleon - Savoy and Nice would be handed over to France (subject to a plebicite) if Napoleon would agree with the Piedmontese annexation of the central duchies
How did Cavour convince Napoleon of Central Duchy annexation
Plebiscites
How did Cavour use the war for the Duchy situation
. Cavour used the war and propaganda to drum up nationalist feeling in the Duchies
What is Emilia what did they vote in the plebiscites?
. Emilia (Parma, Romagna and Modena) voted 426,000 to 1,506 for annexation by Piedmont
What did Tuscany vote in the plebiscites?
. Tuscany voted 366,571 to 14,925 in favour (however, 153,000 abstained)
What did Savoy vote in the plebiscites and when?
. In April, 130,583 people voted in favour of French-speaking Savoy joining France, only 285 objected
What did Nice vote in the plebiscites and when?
In Italian speaking Nice 24,448 voted in favour of joining France, whereas 160 were against
How did Napoleon impact the Nice plebiscite vote?
Napoleon had the vote take place when the French army were passing through on their way home from Lombardy
Who did Garibaldi meet in Marseilles and what year?
Mazzini - 1832
What did Garibaldi join and when and what did he become involved with
Joined Young Italy in 1833 and became involved in Mazzini’s revolutionary plans in Piedmont
What happened to Garibaldi after the revolutionary plans in Piedmont went wrong
Garibaldi was sentenced to death but he escaped to South America, stayed for 12 years
What did Garibaldi do in Rio
Found a branch of Young Italy in Rio and became involved in revolutionary plans
What did Garibaldi do in Uruguay
. Joined Uruguayan army and fought against an Argentinian takeover
. Raised an Italian legion of guerrilla figures who were responsible for the win
Why were red shirts worn?
. Wore red shirts for first time in Uruguayan army
. Shirts were cheap, easy to make and did not show blood
. Inspired by New York fire brigade
. Production of shirts willing undertaken by young seamstress in Italy - nationalism
Garibaldi the man
. Simple life
. Ruthless and determined
. Main interests were women and fighting
How was Garibaldi treated when he returned to Italy in 1848
. On return to Italy he had a near religious adoration from ordinary people
. Songs, ballads, prints and show him as semi divine
Who did Garibaldi offer his services to in 1848 and what happened
. Immediately offered his services to Charles Albert
. King distrusted him and refused to see him
What did Garibaldi join in 1848
. He joined the revolutionary government in Milan in Lombardy
What did Garibaldi think of Charles Albert in 1848
. Believed Charles Albert was the only man to unite Italy, hurt Mazzini
Garibaldi’s role in the Roman Republic
. Declared in 1849 after the Pope fled
. Helped drive back French attacks
. Republic fell in July
. Sword was so bent from fighting
What did Garibaldi promise on his march to the coast
. Promised hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death
How many volunteered to march to the coast with Garibaldi
. 5000 men volunteered
How many reached the coast and who else dies
After 800km only 1500 reached the coast, his wife died
Where did Garibaldi escape from and flee to?
Garibaldi escaped Genoa and fled to North America
Who did Garibaldi keep in touch with in exile
The National Society
When did war with Austria begin
Spring 1859
Where did Gariabldi fight during the war with Austria and what did VEII give him
. Northern Italy
. Gold Medal for Valour
How many volunteers did Garibaldi command during the Austrian war and where had they come from?
Large numbers of volunteers had crossed into Piedmont from Lombardy, and Garibaldi commanded 3,000 of these volunteers
What happened to Garibaldi once the French forces arrive
He was sent north
What did Garibaldi capture and when, what was the name of the battle?
Garibaldi captured a lightly defended pass (Battle of San Fermo, 27 May 1859)
What did Garibaldi do in the Alpine campaign and how did the Austrians react?
. Garibaldi occupied the town, where he captured a large amount of supplies.
. Austrians were retreating east towards the Quadrilateral
What was the impact of the Alpine Campaign
This Alpine Campaign had little impact on the outcome of the war, it did demonstrate that Garibaldi was capable of beating high quality Austrian troops
What did Cavour do with Garibaldi after Plombieres and what did Garibaldi offer?
. Invited Garibaldi to discuss his plans to force war with Austria
. Garibaldi offered to train and recruit volunteers, he was behind the Piedmontese King
What did Cavour do which made Garibaldi angry
Cavour handed over Nice to France
What did Cavour think about Garibaldi’s trip to Sicily?
Cavour sensed Garibaldi’s trip to Sicily would fail due to small numbers and poor weapons
How did Cavour feel about the south?
. Cavour though the south was too backward and poor to takeover
How did Cavour react to Garibaldi’s request for his support?
. Refuse Garibaldi’s request for arms and equipment, did not give him official Piedmontese support
. Tried to arrest Garibaldi but was too late, worried about popular support as Garibaldi had public support
Why did Cavour worry he could not stop Garibaldi?
. He was too popular
What did Garibaldi introduce on Sicily and what would he not do and why?
Piedmont law but would not hand the island over to VEII believing he would lose the power to attack Naples
What was Garibaldi originally preparing to do befor the Sicily expedition?
Preparing to march to defend Nice from France
Why did Garibaldi change his plans?
Heard about an upbringing in Sicily, Mazzini told him to go there and help Young Italy
How may volunteers did Garibaldi gather and when did he set sail
Gathered 1200 volunteers and in May 1860 set sail with ‘The Thousand’
What name did Garibaldi leave for Sicily in?
Italy and Victor Emmanuel
How many weapons did Garibaldi have on his way to Sicily?
1000 rifles but no ammunition
When did Garibaldi reach Sicily?
11th May 1860
Why was Garibaldi not attacked when he reached Sicily?
He arrived alongside British naval ships and the Palmerston/Russel government in London allowed Gariabldi to cross as he had popular support
Who did Garibaldi defeat on the way to Palermo
Neapolitan army
How many troops were waiting for Garibaldi at palermo and what happened to them?
There were 20,000 troops waiting, however Garibaldi soon won and the enemy retreated to Naples
Who helped Garibaldi in Sicily
. Peasants
. Bandits
. The mafia
Who did Garibaldi appoint as his chief assistant in Sicily?
A Sicilian who lived in the mafia area
Who did Garibaldi understand well?
Peasants - he came from common people
How did Garibaldi use propaganda in Sicily
To make him look like a God who had saved them.
What did Garibaldi appoint himself as and who did he initially support?
Garibaldi appointed himself dictator of Sicily and initially supported the peasants
What did Garibaldi abolish and promise in Sicily
Abolished mailing tax and promised land redistribution
What did Garibaldi change in Sicily and why?
. Changed sides and suppressed some peasant revolts to gain landlord support
What did Garibaldi betray and why?
Betrayed Mazzinian principles to get stability of mainland
Why was Garibaldi successful in Sicily?
. Garibaldi was successful due to a loss in confidence in the monarchy
How did people react to Italy unification in Sicily?
. In Sicily there was little direct support for unification, people cheered ‘Italia’ as Garibaldi’s mistress
What was the new King like in Sicily and who was he?
The new King Francis II showed himself to be weak and frightened
What did Cavour try to arrange in Naples and why?
Cavour was worried about Garibaldi taking Naples so tried to arrange a revolution in Naples in favour of VEII
What did Cavour send to Garibaldi?
Cavour sent ships to arrest Garibaldi but was too late
What did Garibaldi do after Sicily?
Although outnumbered, Garibaldi fought his way north, the King fled and Garibaldi ruled as dictator
What did Garibaldi plan too do after taking the south?
Garibaldi planned to move northwards to the Papal States and then to Rome to complete geographical unification
Why did Cavour worry about Garibaldi attacking Rome?
Would lead to difficulties with France
Why was Napoleon III upset with Garibaldi?
. Napoleon III was already upset as Garibaldi had landed a small force in the Papal States on his way south two months earlier
What would happen if the Pope was threatened?
Catholic Europe would come to his defence.
How many made up the Garabaldini, who were many of them and what did they oppose
. 60,000
. Many were Mazzinian and opposed to the Catholic Church
Why did Cavour fear the Garibaldini?
. Many were republican and Cavour feared that power could be lost from Piedmont and VEII
How did Cavour stop an attack on Rome?
Cavour sent an army from Piedmont through the Papal states
What did VEII army do?
Led by VEII his army marched south, defeating a Papal army on the way and shooting anyone who resisted them as traitors
When did VEII and Garibaldi meet, where did the meet, what was the atmosphere and how did Gariabldi react?
. In October the Piedmontese army reached Neapolitan territory
. VEII and Garibaldi met on 26th October in a highly tense scene at Teano
. Garibaldi saluted Victor Emmanuel as “the first King of Italy” and agreed to hand the south over to him
What did the policies show in southern Italy and name the states in southern Italy
In plebicites after the meeting, Sicily, Naples, Umbria and the Papal Marches there was an overwhelming wish for annexation to Piedmont
. On November 7th VEII and Garibaldi rode together entering Naples
. Garibaldi was offered title of Major General, the title of prince, a large pension and a castle
. Garibaldi refused them all because he felt the Red Shirts were being treated badly and they soon disbanded
. Garibaldi retired to Caprera with a year’s supply of macaroni
What date did VEII and Garibaldi ride together and where did they enter
On November 7th VEII and Garibaldi rode together entering Naples
What title was Garibaldi and what else?
Garibaldi was offered title of Major General, the title of prince, a large pension and a castle
Why did Garibaldi refuse his reward?
Garibaldi refused his offer because he felt the Red Shirts were being treated badly and they soon disbanded
Where did Garibaldi retire to and with what?
. Garibaldi retired to Caprera with a year’s supply of macaroni
What did the Piedmontese cause among the Great Powers
Piedmontese take over caused concern among the Great Powers as they feared a strong Italy could shift the balance of power in Europe
What did the British oppose?
The British opposed the handing over of Nice and Savoy to French expansionism
How did Russia react to the takeover?
Russia broke diplomatic ties with Italy over the unseating of the Bourbons in Naples
What did Austria do after the takeover?
Austria reinforced its army in Venetia
How did Britain feel about the newly unified Italy and how did this feeling impact other countries.
. Britain and Palmerston then gave full backing to the newly unified Italy as they saw it as the popular will of the people
. This action stopped any other country attacking the new state
Who was the new king of Italy
VEII
When were elections held, what were the election for and when was a new constitution adopted?
In January 1861 elections were held for the new parliament and in March 1861 a new constitution was adopted
What did Cavour want for Garibaldi after unification?
Cavour now wanted Garibaldi out of political life
What did Garibaldi still want?
Rome
What was adopted across Italy after unification?
The constitution of Piedmont was adapted for the whole of Italy
Problem with unification
. Italy was not ready for unification
. Piedmont was not capable of governing Italy
What issues did Garibaldi create for unification and what spirit was killed?
. Garibaldi forced pace in 1860 and killed the spirit of the Risorgimento
. He acted first, thought later and had limited understanding of politics
What was the issue with Garibaldi’s men?
Garibaldi’s men were mostly northern and did not understand how backward the poor were
Issues with reform in the new Italy
. The populist slogans Garibaldi employed like social reforms, Cavour wanted to avoid
. Peasants began taking land
How did southern nobles feel towards the new state
Hostile
Heat happened with the Papal States during and after unification
. Garibaldi provoked a rift with the Pope who refused to recognise the new kingdom, country could not be united around religion
. Forced Piedmont to take the Papal States on their way south
Issue with Piedmontisation
. ‘Piedmontisation’ ignored southern culture and institution and caused southern resentment
What, when and who organised a meeting about Italy?
Warsaw Meeting, October 1860. Russia, Austria and Prussia discussed how to tackle the apparent ‘Italian Revolution’
