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Unification of Italy Added Info > Booklet 1 My Notes > Flashcards

Booklet 1 My Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Why did the Italians resent the French

A

. Conscription
. High taxation
. 60% of revenue from Italy funded the military even during peace

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2
Q

What % of Italians were peasants during early 1800s?

A

80-90%

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3
Q

What were the benefits of French occupation for Italian unification

A

. Long term nationalism by unifying army + trade
. Linked Italy to Europe
. Gave consistency for 20 years
. Created 3 states rather than 14
. Italy had been under 2 different foreign rulers so wanted to rule themselves

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4
Q

When did French control end?

A

1815

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5
Q

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A

Returned Italian state boundaries to what they had been before Napoleon

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6
Q

What returned Italian state boundaries to what they had been before Napoleon?

A

Congress of Vienna

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7
Q

What was Italy like immediately after Napoleon left?

A

. Largely controlled by Austria
. Napoleonic code was done away with, gas lights taken down and parks ploughed, anti Jewish laws
. Censorship
. Papal States were most backward and oppressive
. Progressive rule - Tuscany and Parma
. Reactionary rule - everywhere else

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8
Q

Liberals

A

. Moderate
. Conditional monarchy
. Right to have say in government
. Fair law
. Non violent
. Middle class

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9
Q

Radicals

A

. Extreme
. Democratic republic
. Violent
. Social reforms
. Fairer distribution of money
. Political power should be with people
. Disagreed with liberals
. No thought of giving women or peasants the vote

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10
Q

Nationalists

A

. People of the same language + culture etc. should be united in an independent nation
. Some wanted republic
. Some wanted monarchy
. Liberals and radicals were nationalists

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11
Q

What did Metternich think of liberals, radicals and nationalists?

A

They were dangerous and wanted to stop ideas spreading

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12
Q

How many members did the Carbonari secret society have, what % of the population was this and what did the society want?

A

. 60,000 members
. 5% of adult male population
. Wanted to establish constitutional monarchy in Piedmont

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13
Q

Secret societies

A

. Anti-Austrian
. Moderate aims
. Divided
. Middle class membership

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14
Q

What was the cause of the 1830 revolutions?

A

Wanted a say in government and a constitution

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15
Q

Why did the 1820 revolutions fail?

A

. Localised groups
. Secret so small
. Needed foreign support
. Austrian strength
. Societies were unprepared to work together
. Lacked organisation
. Ill equipped

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16
Q

What % of the population were Catholic?

A

Over 90%

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17
Q

Jesuits

A

Strict Catholics and attacked those who opposed the church

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18
Q

Zealots

A

Hardline Pope

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19
Q

What was Piedmont like in 1830?

A

. Strong, developed army
. Reactionary
. Turin economically advanced
. Frustrated middle class
. Large peasantry
. Old fashioned monarchy
. Anti French

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20
Q

What were the Papal States like in 1830?

A

. Controlled by Catholic Church
. Austrian troops to protect Pope
. Backward and economically poor
. Pre-industrial and feudal
. Reactionary
. Censorship

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21
Q

What were Lombardy/Venetia like in 1830?

A

. Reactionary
. Economically and culturally advanced

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22
Q

What were the Central Duchies like in 1830?

A

. Modena, Parma, Tuscany
. Modena reactionary
. Parma and Tuscan progressive
. Freedom of expression
. In Parma Napoleonic code was repealed but replaced with something similar

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23
Q

What was Sicily like in 1830?

A

. Reactionary
. Bourbons
. Strict censorship,

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24
Q

What was the north like in 1830?

A

. Signs of industrial development
. More economically advanced
. Climate meant more productive agriculture and less disease

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25
Q

What was the south like in 1830?

A

Soil was inferior, crippled by malaria

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26
Q

What % of the population spoke the Italian language?

A

2.5% of the population

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27
Q

What did each state have a separate of?

A

Political system

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28
Q

What drain made communication hard?

A

Apennine Mountains

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29
Q

Social barriers to unification

A

. Class system
. Upper class against unification
. Language differences
. Political apathy - everyday living more important than politics
. Patriotism was loyalty to the state not Italy as a whole
. Peasants no better off so didn’t support revolutions
. Widespread illiteracy

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30
Q

Political barriers to unification

A

. Austrians put down rebellions
. Separate governments
. Pope condemned nationalists

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31
Q

Language barriers to unification

A

. Austrian rulers used German
. French used in Piedmont
. Latin in Papal States
. Ordinary people used different dialects

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32
Q

Roman Catholicism after 1815

A

. Fear of church rife in south
. Church free from taxation
. Church had free control over education and ran its own courts

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33
Q

How did Austria have control over Italy in 1830?

A

. Influence everywhere
. Direct control in Lombardy and Venetia
. The Italian royalty were related to the Austrian royalty

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34
Q

How did Metternich control Italy?

A

. Metternich set up ‘postal convention’ where foreign correspondence had to be subjected to Austrian control
. Austrian agents reported private conversation and infiltrated revolutionary groups
. Metternich’s police state had censorship + secret police + exile + public execution

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35
Q

How did the Great powers feel towards the Italian situation?

A

Russia and Prussia were united in the ‘Holy Alliance’ of 1815 with Austria and hated revolution
. Britain and France unable to help after 1815, balance of powers

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36
Q

How did the church view Secret Societies?

A

As dangerous

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37
Q

What was the aim of Secret Societies after 1815?

A

Aimed to overthrow restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians

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38
Q

What were the members of Secret Societies like?

A

. Mostly middle class members like doctors and lawyers
. Most members were patriotic, some criminals

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39
Q

What were the weakness of Secret Societies?

A

. Lacked organisation
. Didn’t work together
. Small scattered groups
. Mostly middle class so no peasant support
. No foreign support

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40
Q

What were the strengths of Secret Societies?

A

. Wanted more liberal ideas
. Members willing to risk lives
. Undetected
. Across Italy

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41
Q

Spillo Negro

A

. Black Pin
. In the Papal States
. Anti Austrian
. Liberal
. Against repression of the re-established papal rule

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42
Q

The Carbonari

A

. Mainly in south
. 60,000 members in Naples (5% of adult male pop)
. Speak to Piedmont + Papal States
. Not anti Catholic or committed republicans
. Fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from monarchs

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43
Q

Federati

A

. Mainly in north
. Led by Confalonieri
. Favoured constitutional government
. More moderate than Carbonari
. Anti Austrian

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44
Q

Who abdicated after the French Revolution in 1830 and who was he replaced by?

A

Charles X abdicated and replaced by the more liberal Louis Philippe

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45
Q

What revolution saw Charles X abdicate and what was the year?

A

French Revolution of 1830

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46
Q

What did people think about Louis Philippe?

A

People thought he would support revolution so it broke out in Modena, Parma and the Papal States wanting a constitution

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47
Q

Who ruled Modena and Parma and who led the uprising in 1830 there?

A

Enrico Misley who trusted the ruler Duke Francis IV

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48
Q

What did Misley tell Francis?

A

Told Francis he wanted to unite Italy free from Austria with him as King

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49
Q

What did Francis do to Misley?

A

Francis betrayed him and went to Austria for help and revolutionaries took over Modena

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50
Q

What did Parma do?

A

In Parma they were inspired by Modena and they rioted and the Duchess fled

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51
Q

What happened at the end of the uprisings in Modena and Parma?

A

Francis returned as head of Austrian army, imprisoned/executed rebels, same happened in Parma when Duchess returned

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52
Q

Who was revolting in the Papa States?

A

Professional class

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53
Q

What were people revolting against in the Papal States?

A

Against the church not for a united Italy

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54
Q

What was set up in Bologna in 1831?

A

A provisional government promising elected assembly, reformed finance system and fairer legal system

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55
Q

What did Bologna refuse to do?

A

Help Modena

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56
Q

What happened to Bologna’s provisional government?

A

Violently suppressed by Austria

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57
Q

Reasons why the 1830-3 revolutions failed? (11 reasons)

A

. Local – limits communication
. No organisation
. Too reliant on small secret societies
. Moderate
. Divided aims
. Mainly middle class – did not want peasants, horrified at ‘ordinary’ people playing a part in government
. Peasants cheered when rulers returned
. Strength of Austria – by 1831 five of six rulers in Italy called on Austrian troops to help
. No foreign support
. Lack of popular support except in Sicily
. Ill equipped – only had hunting guns, pikes and scythes

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58
Q

Risorgimento

A

. Ideological and literary movement
. Helped to arouse national consciousness of the Italian people
. Led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically

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59
Q

Who was involved in the Risorgimento?

A

. Romans
. Dante
. Machiavelli
. Alfieri

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60
Q

What did Dante want?

A

Helped the creation of the Italian language, hoped a German Emperor would unite Italy

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61
Q

What did Machiavelli want?

A

National hero and his book The Prince complained about foreign rule of the French in the 1400s

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62
Q

Who was Alfieri?

A

First used the term Risorgimento in terms of political revival, his idea of liberty picked up by Mazzini

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63
Q

Impact of influence of the Risorgimento?

A

No clear call for independence and unity, small audience of upper class intellectuals

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64
Q

Music that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

. William Tell by Rossini had a patriotic theme
. Verdi delivered an anti Austrian message

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65
Q

Poetry that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

Giacomo glorified liberty

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66
Q

Painters that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

Fattori and Lega heroically depicted great battles and leaders

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67
Q

Literature that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

Books and plays avoided censorship and were anti Austrian

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68
Q

Journals that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

In Lombardy the Bibliotheca Italiana encouraged use of Italian

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69
Q

Organisations that influenced the Risorgimento?

A

Congress of science 1838-1847 used Italian and allowed for moderate nationalist opinion

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70
Q

Why was the Risorgimento important?

A

. Raised consciousness of common culture and language
. Restricted to educated class

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71
Q

Social divides in the 1840s?

A

. New middle class frustrated at more conservative nobility
. For peasants constitutional change was unimportant as daily survival mattered
. Diverse languages and lack of education
. National identity developed from common themes like getting rid of the Austrians

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72
Q

Economic divides in the 1840s?

A

. Agriculture dominated, vulnerable to foreign competition
. Peasants suffered poor harvests from 1820-1840
. Higher food prices = riots, only cared about hunger not politics
. Economic development in north but led to overcrowding and bad conditions
. Living standards declined

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73
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples?

A

24

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74
Q

Influence of Riformisti

A

. Growing interest in social and economic reform
. The Reformers believes being free from Austrian would mean and Italy would flourish
. Opposed Mazzini and Republicans and wanted an Italian federation

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75
Q

What were the Riformisti journals?

A

Journals like Gli Annali and Politecnico stressed the importance of economic growth e.g. cheese and wine industries in Chianti and Gorgonzola

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76
Q

Where was Mazzini born?

A

Genoa

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77
Q

Why did Mazzini become a nationalist?

A

After seeing Piedmontese revolutionaries begging on street

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78
Q

What did Mazzini study?

A

Law at uni

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79
Q

What did Mazzini join and what happened to him

A

Joined Carbonari in 1827 but was betrayed in 1830 and put in prison - after he became committed to unification

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80
Q

Where was Young Italy formed

A

After he was forced into exile in France

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81
Q

What did Mazzini wear and why?

A

Black – mourning for his divided, oppressed country

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82
Q

What did Mazzini think about democracy?

A

God’s will should be expressed through the people - All men should be free and equal

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83
Q

What did Mazzini think about revolution?

A

Needed to engage in national revolution for an independent nation

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84
Q

What did Mazzini want for Italy?

A

. Unification for the whole peninsula
. An end to poverty and a fairer taxation system
. Fairer rights for women and compulsory education
. Ultimately wanted republic but accepted constitutional monarchy to help the process

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85
Q

When did Mazzini write to Charles Albert and what did he ask for?

A

In 1831 and asked him to lead the nation

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86
Q

Who did Mazzini wrote to in 1831?

A

Charles Albert

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87
Q

Who did Mazzini want to lead and revolution and through what methods?

A

. Should be people who lead the revolution
. Radical

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88
Q

What nation did Mazzini not want to help and why?

A

Did not want France’s help as it would replace one ruler with another

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89
Q

Young Italy’s motto

A

‘Thought and action’

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90
Q

How old did Young Italy members have to be and what did they wear?

A

Members had to be under 40 and wore a uniform of national colours

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91
Q

How many followers did Young Italy have?

A

50,000 followers

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92
Q

What did Young Italy try to start in 1853, where and what happened?

A

Tried to start of mutiny in the Piedmont army but it was crushed by Charles Albert

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93
Q

When did Young Italy try to start a mutiny?

A

1853

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94
Q

Where and when did Young Italy try to invade and what happened?

A

Tried to invade Savoy in 1834 but had insufficient funds and his general was incompetent

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95
Q

What did Mazzini and Garibaldi attempt to launch together and when and what happened?

A

Mazzini + Garibaldi attempted to launch a revolt in 1831 but failed and Garibaldi was arrested

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96
Q

What uprising happened in 1844, how many followers, what happened to then and where?

A

In 1844 his followers, the Bandiera brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples with 19 followers – they were attacked and mostly shot

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97
Q

What did Young Italy stand for?

A

One republic and national unity

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98
Q

What did the Bandiera brothers want and what did they cry as they fell?

A

. They wanted independence and fee political prisoners
. They cried ‘Viva Italia’ as they fell

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99
Q

When was the Bandiera brothers uprising?

A

1844

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100
Q

What did Young Italy seek to do with foreign events?

A

Take advantage of foreign events but not rely on them

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101
Q

Young Italy vs Secret Societies

A

Broader than secret society but not a mass movement

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102
Q

What journal accompanied Young Italy and why was this important?

A

Accompanied by a journal – ‘Young Italy’ so movement spread from Marseille to Piedmont, Papal States and Tuscany

103
Q

What set Mazzini apart from the others?

A

Nobody campaigned as long and as hard as him

104
Q

What did Mazzini organise and what did this help with?

A

Organiser of propaganda and made Italian nationalism more talked about

105
Q

What did Mazzini write?

A

Thousands of letters and articles which were smuggled into Italy

106
Q

What did Mazzini convert?

A

Converted many to the cause e.g. Garibaldi

107
Q

What did Mazzini foster?

A

Fostered a national consciousness

108
Q

What did Young Italy keep alive?

A

Young Italy kept the calls for unity alive - it was a youthful energetic organisation

109
Q

What did moderate liberals think about Mazzini?

A

Thought he was a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides

110
Q

How did Mazzini’s attitude hinder Italy

A

Stopped Italy getting support from France

111
Q

Who did Mazzini alienate?

A

. Rich supporters as he wanted to redistribute wealth
. Republican stance alienated potential rulers

112
Q

What were the issues with Mazzini’s ideas

A

Too intellectual for the masses - most of his supporters were privileged + educated

113
Q

What caused Mazzini to become out of touch with Italy?

A

He was absent from Italy for long periods (40 years in total)

114
Q

Mazzini’s relationship with peasants

A

Knew very little about the peasants and made little contact with them

115
Q

How did Mazzini’s revolts mostly end?

A

His revolts failed in 1821 and 1831 and the Bandiera brothers invasion of Calabria in 1844 resulted in their deaths, the actions of “Young Italy” mostly ended in failure.

116
Q

Where was Balbo PM and what did people under him think?

A

In Piedmont, moderate nationalists under Count Balbo thought their state should lead other Italian states against the Austrians

117
Q

What did Balbo write, when and what did he argue?

A

Wrote ‘The Hopes for Italy’ in 1844 and argued for a federation

118
Q

What did Balbo think about Piedmont?

A

Only thought Piedmont was strong enough to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia to create a union

119
Q

When did the Albertisti developed?

A

1830s

120
Q

What developed in the 1830s?

A

The Albertisti

121
Q

What did Charles Albert introduce

A

Legal administration, financial and military reforms, extended Turin Uni, improved railway

122
Q

What kind of leader did Charles Albert seem to be?

A

A strong leader

123
Q

Did Charles Albert was unification?

A

Not clear but wanted to extend Piedmont

124
Q

What did Charles Albert favour with other European nations?

A

Diplomacy

125
Q

Who was Gioberti?

A

An exiled Piedmontese philosopher

126
Q

What did Gioberti write, when and how many copies did he sell?

A

Wrote ‘Primato’ in 1843 which sold 5000 copies

127
Q

What did Gioberti believe?

A

. The Catholic Church and Pope should lead a national revival
. Saw a federation of states with the Pope as president
. No mention of Austria and hated revolution

128
Q

When was Pope Pius IX elected?

A

1846

129
Q

What was Pope Pius IX’s political stance?

A

Liberal tendencies but weak minded

130
Q

What did Pius IX suffer from

A

Suffered mood swings caused by epilepsy

131
Q

What were Pius’ reforms? (5 points)

A

. In 1846-47 he freed 2000 political prisoners
. He reformed education, the law and papal administration
. Ended press censorship
. Allowed Jews out of Ghettos
. Gave laymen a greater say in public affairs

132
Q

What did Pius allow Rome

A

A constitution, created an elected body called Consulta

133
Q

Before 1848 what did Pius IX seem?

A

The one most likely to lead Italy to freedom

134
Q

Who was Massimo d’Azeglio?

A

An Intellectual writer

135
Q

What did Massimo d’Azeglio write?

A

Wrote ‘On Recent Events in Romagna’ calling dead revolutionaries martyrs

136
Q

Massimo d’Azeglio dislike?

A

Revolution

137
Q

What did Massimo d’Azeglio realise was crucial?

A

European and public support

138
Q

Where did Massimo d’Azeglio believed freedom would come from?

A

Ruling classes above, opposite to Mazzini

139
Q

What do fascist historians think about unification?

A

Fascist historians, mainly in 1930s, glorify the role of nationalism

140
Q

What do English liberal historians think about unification?

A

Show the history of Italy helped growth of nationalism and liberalism

141
Q

How did historians interpret unification straight after it was achieved in 1870?

A

Historians looked for hero’s and overplayed the role of historians

142
Q

What do socialist historians think about unification?

A

Socialists overplay rebels and liberals over play liberalism

143
Q

How did Piedmont’s government compare to other states?

A

Piedmont had a more modern, liberal government

144
Q

What did Charles Albert join and what did he support?

A

Joined Pius IX’s custom union and supported his reforms of the legal system

145
Q

When did Charles Albert introduce the Statuto?

A

1847

146
Q

What encouraged Charles Albert to introduce the Statuto?

A

Egged on by demonstrations in Piedmont, Turin and Genoa demanding reform and new constitutions throughout France, Germany and Austria

147
Q

What did the Statuto do for groups?

A

. Groups like the Carbonari gained more confidence

148
Q

What is the one issue nationalists agree on?

A

Anti-Austrian

149
Q

What did Lombardy and Venetia resent about Austria?

A

High taxation from Austria

150
Q

How much of Austrian’s revenue came from Lombardy and Venetia?

A

1/3

151
Q

Which states did 1/3 of Austria’s revenue come from?

A

Lombardy and Venetia

152
Q

How did Austria cause tension with the Pope and what did the Pope do?

A

Austrian troops occupied Papal town of Ferra causing Pope to launch a formal protest with the Austrian government

153
Q

What did Pius do to the Austrians in January 1848?

A

Pius denied the Austrians the right to cross the Papal States and asked the lord to bless ‘Italia’

154
Q

When did Pius deny the Austrians the right to cross the Papal States?

A

January 1848

155
Q

Reforms of Pius IX (4 points)

A

. Highly publicised release of political prisoners, inspired crowds to chat ‘o supreme Pius’
. Recruited a council of lay advisors
. Entered a customs union with Tuscany which promoted free trade among members and common tariffs among non members
. Inspired change in other states like abolition of press censorship in Piedmont

156
Q

What was the main cause of revolution?

A

Hunger and poverty

157
Q

What % of the population worked the land and what was the problem with this?

A

90% – insufficient and vulnerable to foreign competition

158
Q

How did peasants loose their land?

A

Peasants lost long held communal land to the wealthy and industrial workers were laid off due to over production

159
Q

When where the Europe wide harvest failures and what shortages did they cause and what did this lead to?

A

1846 and 47 caused maize and wheat shortages = high prices = riots

160
Q

Name a city that had overcrowding, poor housing and terrible conditions

A

Milan

161
Q

What problems did cities like Milan have?

A

Over crowding, poor housing and terrible conditions

162
Q

How did people is Sicily feel towards their ruler and what did they blame them for?

A

They hated their rulers in Naples blaming them for the cholera in 1836 which caused 65,000 deaths

163
Q

What happened on January 1848 in Sicily?

A

Ferdinand II repression and cholera outbreak, Sicilians angry

164
Q

When did Ferdinand II’s repression and cholera outbreak make Sicilians angry?

A

January 1848

165
Q

What happened January 9th 1848 in Sicily?

A

In Sicily – notices go up in Palermo saying revolution will begin

166
Q

When did notices go up in Palermo saying revolution will begin?

A

January 9th 1948

167
Q

What happened on in January 12th 1848 in Sicily?

A

Peasants arrive in the city to support the uprising, 5000 army reinforcements, city taken over, demands for 1812 constitution Ito be restored

168
Q

When did peasants arrive in the city to support the uprising in Sicily?

A

January 12th 1848

169
Q

What do the Sicilians reject?

A

Ferdinand’s January 18th offer of autonomy to Sicily is rejected

170
Q

When did word of the Sicilian revolution reach the Neapolitan mainland?

A

January 17th 1848

171
Q

What happened in Sicily on January 17th 1848?

A

. Word of Sicilian revolution reached the Neapolitan mainland
. Ignited rising in famine stricken Salerno
. Secret societies launched a rising where public record were burnt and officials killed
. Demands for a constitution

172
Q

What happened on January 27th 1848 in Naples?

A

Demonstration in Naples and Ferdinand yielded, he appointed a more liberal minister and withdrew his troops from Palermo

173
Q

When did a demonstration happen in Naples in which Ferdinand yielded?

A

January 27th 1848

174
Q

What happened in February 1848 in Naples?

A

Ferdinand grants a constitution, though it was very conservative

175
Q

When did Ferdinand grant a constitution in Naples?

A

February 1848

176
Q

What happened on February 17th 1848 in Tuscany?

A

Duke Leopoldo grants a conservative constitution in Tuscany

177
Q

What happened on February 17th 1848 in Rome?

A

Pope issues a constitution for the Papal States

178
Q

When did the Pope issues a constitution for the Papal States?

A

February 17th 1848

179
Q

When did Duke Leopoldo grants a conservative constitution in Tuscany?

A

February 17th 1848

180
Q

What happened in March 1848 in Vienna?

A

Revolution broke out in Vienna and Metternich resigned

181
Q

When did revolutions break in Vienna and Metternich resigned?

A

March 1848

182
Q

When and where did the “Five Glorious Days“ begin?

A

March 18th 1848 Lombardy

183
Q

What began on March 18th 1848 in Lombardy?

A

Five Glorious Days

184
Q

Who began the “Five Glorious Days“?

A

Milanese

185
Q

What did the “Five Glorious Days“ start after?

A

Followed a boycott of tobacco (Austrians had a monopoly over)

186
Q

During the “Five Glorious Days“ how many people presented a petition, what was it about and who was it presented to?

A

10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan

187
Q

During the “Five Glorious Days“ who was the Austrian commander in Milan and what did he do?

A

Radetzky who withdrew to the quadrilateral

188
Q

What did Lombardy ask from Piedmont during the “Five Glorious Days“?

A

An alliance for protection from an Austria

189
Q

What did the moderate want during the “Five Glorious Days“ and who led them?

A

Moderates led by Cassati want union with Piedmont

190
Q

What did the radicals want during the “Five Glorious Days“ and who led them?

A

Radicals under Cattaneo want to create a federation

191
Q

What happened on March 22nd 1848 in Venetia?

A

Venetian republic declared under Daniel Manin and he asks Piedmont for alliance against Austria

192
Q

When was the Venetian republic declared under Daniel Manin?

A

March 22nd 1848

193
Q

What happened in April 1848 in Sicily? (People)

A

. Revolutionaries took over most of the island
. Middle class moderates established a provisional government
. Civic guard to control masses

194
Q

When did the revolutionaries take over most of the Sicily?

A

April 1848

195
Q

When was parliament elected in Sicily and the king of Naples was no longer declared their King?

A

April 1848

196
Q

What happened in April 1848 in Sicily? (Politics)

A

. Parliament is elected
. Declares that Sicily and Naples are totally separated and that the King of Naples is no longer their King

197
Q

When was a moderate ministry under Carlo Troy’s established in Naples?

A

May 1848

198
Q

What happened in Naples in May 1848?

A

. Moderate ministry under Carlo Troy’s established in Naples
. King agrees to two chamber parliament with limited powers and free press censorship

199
Q

What happened in Sicily in September 1848?

A

Ferdinand dispatched 20,000, known as King Bomba after a 3 day bombardment

200
Q

When did Ferdinand dispatch 20,000?

A

September 1848

201
Q

What happened in Sicily in March/April 1849?

A

. Ferdinand abolished parliament in Naples and ordered his forces in Sicily to take the offensive
. Sicily and Naples are reunited

202
Q

When were Sicily and Naples reunited?

A

March/April 1849

203
Q

What did the moderates fear in Sicily?

A

Feared victory of the people more than victory of the Bourbons

204
Q

What happened in Sicily in may 1849?

A

Ferdinand re established autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily

205
Q

When did Ferdinand re established autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily?

A

May 1849

206
Q

What happened in November 1848 in Roman Republic?

A

Count Rossi is murdered by a mob and the Pope flees for his life in November 1848

207
Q

When was Count Rossi is murdered by a mob?

A

November 1848

208
Q

What happened in December 1848 in the Roman Republic?

A

. A revolutionary government is established under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti
. They introduce popular measures such as tax reform, public works and the setting up of the Constituents to decide the future of Rome and Italy

209
Q

When was a revolutionary government established in the Roman Republic?

A

December 1848

210
Q

What happened in January 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

Elections held in Rome to elect the Constituente

211
Q

When were election held in Rome to elect the Constituente?

A

January 1849

212
Q

What happened in February 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

. The Costituente met for the first time
. Mainly of radical middle class
. Announces the end of the Pope’s power and the setting up of a Roman Republic

213
Q

When did the Costituente meet for the first time?

A

February 1849

214
Q

What happened in March 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

Mazzini arrived in Rome, joining Armellini and Saffi in the Triumvirate and reforms Roman laws

215
Q

When did Mazzini arrive in the Roman Republic?

A

March 1849

216
Q

What reforms were introduced in the Roman Republic? (5 points)

A

Clears slums, ends church control of the press, abolishes the death penalty, removes church control of education and promises a constitution

217
Q

What happened in June 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

. The Triumvirate issued a constitution for Rome but they were on the verge of defeat
. 20,000 French troops had amassed putting the city under siege

218
Q

What did Garibaldi promise the Costituente?

A

“Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death”

219
Q

What happened in July 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

. The French entered the city
. Garibaldi escaped with 400 follows and marched to San Marino to carry on fighting
. Mazzini appeals to the people of Rome on 5th July before escaping to exile in London

220
Q

When did the French enter the Roman Republic?

A

July 1849

221
Q

When did Charles Albert grant the Statuto?

A

March 1848

222
Q

What did Charles Albert grant in March 1848?

A

The Statuto

223
Q

When did Charles Albert declare war on Austria?

A

March 22nd 1848

224
Q

Why did Charles Albert declare war on Austria?

A

Feared French intervention

225
Q

What happened on March 22nd 1848 in Piedmont?

A

Charles Albert declared war on Austria and invaded Lombardy, soldiers across Italy join him

226
Q

When was peace signed between Austria and Piedmont?

A

August 1849

227
Q

What happened in August 1849 in Piedmont?

A

Peace is signed between Austria and Piedmont with Piedmont paying reparations of 65 million French francs

228
Q

When did 30,000 French troops amass on Piedmont’s western border

A

May 1848

229
Q

What happened in Lombardy in May 1848?

A

30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont’s western border

230
Q

When did Napoleon send troops to crush the Roman Republic?

A

April 1848

231
Q

Why did Napoleon send troops to crush the Roman Republic?

A

To win the support of the Catholics

232
Q

What happened in April 1849 in the Roman Republic?

A

. Louis Napoleon, sent troops to crush the Roman Republic
. On 24th April he arrived in Italy and marched onto Rome, was blocked for 2 months by a band of volunteers led by Garibaldi

233
Q

Which state is forced to surrender and why?

A

The Republic of Venice led by Manin, is forced to surrender due to hunger and an outbreak of cholera

234
Q

What happened after the Republic of Venice was crushed?

A

Venetia is back under Austrian control

235
Q

What happened on April 29th 1848 in Rome?

A

. Pius issued his allocution stating war with Austria doesn’t have his blessing
. Called Charles Albert an aggressor
. Said papacy didn’t want to lead a united Italy
. Weakened Charles Albert as Catholic soldiers wouldn’t fight the Pope

236
Q

When did Pius issue his allocation?

A

April 29th 1848

237
Q

What did the Pope do in September 1848?

A

Pius IX appointed anti liberal Count Rossi as PM to clamp down on liberals and radicals

238
Q

When did Pius appoint Count Rossi?

A

September 1848

239
Q

What did Pius do in April 1849?

A

Pope Pius IX calls for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome

240
Q

When did Pius call for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome?

A

April 1849

241
Q

Why were Pidemont’s troops weak?

A

Troops didn’t trust each other because of regional loyalty and different political aims

242
Q

Who did Charles Albert refuse to accept?

A

Troops who didn’t swear loyalty to him

243
Q

When are Charles Albert and his allies crushed at the battle of Custozza?

A

July 24th 1848

244
Q

What happened on July 24th 1848 in Lombardy?

A

Charles Albert and his allies are crushed at the battle of Custozza

245
Q

What happened in August 1848 in Lombardy?

A

Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy + the armistice of Salasco is signed

246
Q

When were Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy + the armistice of Salasco is signed?

A

August 1848

247
Q

Who persuades Charles Albert to fight at the battle of Novara?

A

Gioberti and Chiodo

248
Q

When was the battle of Novara?

A

March 1849

249
Q

What happened in Piedmont in March 1849?

A

Charles Albert is persuaded by Gioberti and Chiodo to beat the Austrians but Piedmont is cursed at the battle of Novara

250
Q

When does Charles Albert abdicate and who replaces him?

A

March 1849 and is replaced by his son VEII

251
Q

Who abdicates in March 1849?

A

Charles Albert

252
Q

How was there a lack of revolutionary unity and popular support?

A

. Professional middle classes in Milan
. Venice wanted independence
. In Sicily peasants revolted over food shortages
. Neapolitans would not support Sicilians
. France destroyed the Roman Republic
. Uncoordinated

253
Q

How was there a lack of international support?

A

Even though France and Britain offered to act as mediators between Austria and Piedmont, in the armistice of Salasco neither would support Piedmont

254
Q

What were successes of the 1848-49 Revolutions (6 points)

A

. Succeeded in short term but had no long term coordinated plan
. Individual, segregated revolts, easily defeated
. Needed foreign support
. Republics – Venetia (8 months), Rome (100 days)
. Peasants got engaged
. Only thing that remained was the Statuto

Unification of Italy Added Info (13 decks)

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