Booklet 1 My Notes Flashcards
Why did the Italians resent the French
. Conscription
. High taxation
. 60% of revenue from Italy funded the military even during peace
What % of Italians were peasants during early 1800s?
80-90%
What were the benefits of French occupation for Italian unification
. Long term nationalism by unifying army + trade
. Linked Italy to Europe
. Gave consistency for 20 years
. Created 3 states rather than 14
. Italy had been under 2 different foreign rulers so wanted to rule themselves
When did French control end?
1815
What was the Congress of Vienna?
Returned Italian state boundaries to what they had been before Napoleon
What returned Italian state boundaries to what they had been before Napoleon?
Congress of Vienna
What was Italy like immediately after Napoleon left?
. Largely controlled by Austria
. Napoleonic code was done away with, gas lights taken down and parks ploughed, anti Jewish laws
. Censorship
. Papal States were most backward and oppressive
. Progressive rule - Tuscany and Parma
. Reactionary rule - everywhere else
Liberals
. Moderate
. Conditional monarchy
. Right to have say in government
. Fair law
. Non violent
. Middle class
Radicals
. Extreme
. Democratic republic
. Violent
. Social reforms
. Fairer distribution of money
. Political power should be with people
. Disagreed with liberals
. No thought of giving women or peasants the vote
Nationalists
. People of the same language + culture etc. should be united in an independent nation
. Some wanted republic
. Some wanted monarchy
. Liberals and radicals were nationalists
What did Metternich think of liberals, radicals and nationalists?
They were dangerous and wanted to stop ideas spreading
How many members did the Carbonari secret society have, what % of the population was this and what did the society want?
. 60,000 members
. 5% of adult male population
. Wanted to establish constitutional monarchy in Piedmont
Secret societies
. Anti-Austrian
. Moderate aims
. Divided
. Middle class membership
What was the cause of the 1830 revolutions?
Wanted a say in government and a constitution
Why did the 1820 revolutions fail?
. Localised groups
. Secret so small
. Needed foreign support
. Austrian strength
. Societies were unprepared to work together
. Lacked organisation
. Ill equipped
What % of the population were Catholic?
Over 90%
Jesuits
Strict Catholics and attacked those who opposed the church
Zealots
Hardline Pope
What was Piedmont like in 1830?
. Strong, developed army
. Reactionary
. Turin economically advanced
. Frustrated middle class
. Large peasantry
. Old fashioned monarchy
. Anti French
What were the Papal States like in 1830?
. Controlled by Catholic Church
. Austrian troops to protect Pope
. Backward and economically poor
. Pre-industrial and feudal
. Reactionary
. Censorship
What were Lombardy/Venetia like in 1830?
. Reactionary
. Economically and culturally advanced
What were the Central Duchies like in 1830?
. Modena, Parma, Tuscany
. Modena reactionary
. Parma and Tuscan progressive
. Freedom of expression
. In Parma Napoleonic code was repealed but replaced with something similar
What was Sicily like in 1830?
. Reactionary
. Bourbons
. Strict censorship,
What was the north like in 1830?
. Signs of industrial development
. More economically advanced
. Climate meant more productive agriculture and less disease
What was the south like in 1830?
Soil was inferior, crippled by malaria
What % of the population spoke the Italian language?
2.5% of the population
What did each state have a separate of?
Political system
What drain made communication hard?
Apennine Mountains
Social barriers to unification
. Class system
. Upper class against unification
. Language differences
. Political apathy - everyday living more important than politics
. Patriotism was loyalty to the state not Italy as a whole
. Peasants no better off so didn’t support revolutions
. Widespread illiteracy
Political barriers to unification
. Austrians put down rebellions
. Separate governments
. Pope condemned nationalists
Language barriers to unification
. Austrian rulers used German
. French used in Piedmont
. Latin in Papal States
. Ordinary people used different dialects
Roman Catholicism after 1815
. Fear of church rife in south
. Church free from taxation
. Church had free control over education and ran its own courts
How did Austria have control over Italy in 1830?
. Influence everywhere
. Direct control in Lombardy and Venetia
. The Italian royalty were related to the Austrian royalty
How did Metternich control Italy?
. Metternich set up ‘postal convention’ where foreign correspondence had to be subjected to Austrian control
. Austrian agents reported private conversation and infiltrated revolutionary groups
. Metternich’s police state had censorship + secret police + exile + public execution
How did the Great powers feel towards the Italian situation?
Russia and Prussia were united in the ‘Holy Alliance’ of 1815 with Austria and hated revolution
. Britain and France unable to help after 1815, balance of powers
How did the church view Secret Societies?
As dangerous
What was the aim of Secret Societies after 1815?
Aimed to overthrow restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians
What were the members of Secret Societies like?
. Mostly middle class members like doctors and lawyers
. Most members were patriotic, some criminals
What were the weakness of Secret Societies?
. Lacked organisation
. Didn’t work together
. Small scattered groups
. Mostly middle class so no peasant support
. No foreign support
What were the strengths of Secret Societies?
. Wanted more liberal ideas
. Members willing to risk lives
. Undetected
. Across Italy
Spillo Negro
. Black Pin
. In the Papal States
. Anti Austrian
. Liberal
. Against repression of the re-established papal rule
The Carbonari
. Mainly in south
. 60,000 members in Naples (5% of adult male pop)
. Speak to Piedmont + Papal States
. Not anti Catholic or committed republicans
. Fighting to gain constitutions and more rights from monarchs
Federati
. Mainly in north
. Led by Confalonieri
. Favoured constitutional government
. More moderate than Carbonari
. Anti Austrian
Who abdicated after the French Revolution in 1830 and who was he replaced by?
Charles X abdicated and replaced by the more liberal Louis Philippe
What revolution saw Charles X abdicate and what was the year?
French Revolution of 1830
What did people think about Louis Philippe?
People thought he would support revolution so it broke out in Modena, Parma and the Papal States wanting a constitution
Who ruled Modena and Parma and who led the uprising in 1830 there?
Enrico Misley who trusted the ruler Duke Francis IV
What did Misley tell Francis?
Told Francis he wanted to unite Italy free from Austria with him as King
What did Francis do to Misley?
Francis betrayed him and went to Austria for help and revolutionaries took over Modena
What did Parma do?
In Parma they were inspired by Modena and they rioted and the Duchess fled
What happened at the end of the uprisings in Modena and Parma?
Francis returned as head of Austrian army, imprisoned/executed rebels, same happened in Parma when Duchess returned
Who was revolting in the Papa States?
Professional class
What were people revolting against in the Papal States?
Against the church not for a united Italy
What was set up in Bologna in 1831?
A provisional government promising elected assembly, reformed finance system and fairer legal system
What did Bologna refuse to do?
Help Modena
What happened to Bologna’s provisional government?
Violently suppressed by Austria
Reasons why the 1830-3 revolutions failed? (11 reasons)
. Local – limits communication
. No organisation
. Too reliant on small secret societies
. Moderate
. Divided aims
. Mainly middle class – did not want peasants, horrified at ‘ordinary’ people playing a part in government
. Peasants cheered when rulers returned
. Strength of Austria – by 1831 five of six rulers in Italy called on Austrian troops to help
. No foreign support
. Lack of popular support except in Sicily
. Ill equipped – only had hunting guns, pikes and scythes
Risorgimento
. Ideological and literary movement
. Helped to arouse national consciousness of the Italian people
. Led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically
Who was involved in the Risorgimento?
. Romans
. Dante
. Machiavelli
. Alfieri
What did Dante want?
Helped the creation of the Italian language, hoped a German Emperor would unite Italy
What did Machiavelli want?
National hero and his book The Prince complained about foreign rule of the French in the 1400s
Who was Alfieri?
First used the term Risorgimento in terms of political revival, his idea of liberty picked up by Mazzini
Impact of influence of the Risorgimento?
No clear call for independence and unity, small audience of upper class intellectuals
Music that influenced the Risorgimento?
. William Tell by Rossini had a patriotic theme
. Verdi delivered an anti Austrian message
Poetry that influenced the Risorgimento?
Giacomo glorified liberty
Painters that influenced the Risorgimento?
Fattori and Lega heroically depicted great battles and leaders
Literature that influenced the Risorgimento?
Books and plays avoided censorship and were anti Austrian
Journals that influenced the Risorgimento?
In Lombardy the Bibliotheca Italiana encouraged use of Italian
Organisations that influenced the Risorgimento?
Congress of science 1838-1847 used Italian and allowed for moderate nationalist opinion
Why was the Risorgimento important?
. Raised consciousness of common culture and language
. Restricted to educated class
Social divides in the 1840s?
. New middle class frustrated at more conservative nobility
. For peasants constitutional change was unimportant as daily survival mattered
. Diverse languages and lack of education
. National identity developed from common themes like getting rid of the Austrians
Economic divides in the 1840s?
. Agriculture dominated, vulnerable to foreign competition
. Peasants suffered poor harvests from 1820-1840
. Higher food prices = riots, only cared about hunger not politics
. Economic development in north but led to overcrowding and bad conditions
. Living standards declined
What was the life expectancy in Naples?
24
Influence of Riformisti
. Growing interest in social and economic reform
. The Reformers believes being free from Austrian would mean and Italy would flourish
. Opposed Mazzini and Republicans and wanted an Italian federation
What were the Riformisti journals?
Journals like Gli Annali and Politecnico stressed the importance of economic growth e.g. cheese and wine industries in Chianti and Gorgonzola
Where was Mazzini born?
Genoa
Why did Mazzini become a nationalist?
After seeing Piedmontese revolutionaries begging on street
What did Mazzini study?
Law at uni
What did Mazzini join and what happened to him
Joined Carbonari in 1827 but was betrayed in 1830 and put in prison - after he became committed to unification
Where was Young Italy formed
After he was forced into exile in France
What did Mazzini wear and why?
Black – mourning for his divided, oppressed country
What did Mazzini think about democracy?
God’s will should be expressed through the people - All men should be free and equal
What did Mazzini think about revolution?
Needed to engage in national revolution for an independent nation
What did Mazzini want for Italy?
. Unification for the whole peninsula
. An end to poverty and a fairer taxation system
. Fairer rights for women and compulsory education
. Ultimately wanted republic but accepted constitutional monarchy to help the process
When did Mazzini write to Charles Albert and what did he ask for?
In 1831 and asked him to lead the nation
Who did Mazzini wrote to in 1831?
Charles Albert
Who did Mazzini want to lead and revolution and through what methods?
. Should be people who lead the revolution
. Radical
What nation did Mazzini not want to help and why?
Did not want France’s help as it would replace one ruler with another
Young Italy’s motto
‘Thought and action’
How old did Young Italy members have to be and what did they wear?
Members had to be under 40 and wore a uniform of national colours
How many followers did Young Italy have?
50,000 followers
What did Young Italy try to start in 1853, where and what happened?
Tried to start of mutiny in the Piedmont army but it was crushed by Charles Albert
When did Young Italy try to start a mutiny?
1853
Where and when did Young Italy try to invade and what happened?
Tried to invade Savoy in 1834 but had insufficient funds and his general was incompetent
What did Mazzini and Garibaldi attempt to launch together and when and what happened?
Mazzini + Garibaldi attempted to launch a revolt in 1831 but failed and Garibaldi was arrested
What uprising happened in 1844, how many followers, what happened to then and where?
In 1844 his followers, the Bandiera brothers tried to start an uprising in Naples with 19 followers – they were attacked and mostly shot
What did Young Italy stand for?
One republic and national unity
What did the Bandiera brothers want and what did they cry as they fell?
. They wanted independence and fee political prisoners
. They cried ‘Viva Italia’ as they fell
When was the Bandiera brothers uprising?
1844
What did Young Italy seek to do with foreign events?
Take advantage of foreign events but not rely on them
Young Italy vs Secret Societies
Broader than secret society but not a mass movement
What journal accompanied Young Italy and why was this important?
Accompanied by a journal – ‘Young Italy’ so movement spread from Marseille to Piedmont, Papal States and Tuscany
What set Mazzini apart from the others?
Nobody campaigned as long and as hard as him
What did Mazzini organise and what did this help with?
Organiser of propaganda and made Italian nationalism more talked about
What did Mazzini write?
Thousands of letters and articles which were smuggled into Italy
What did Mazzini convert?
Converted many to the cause e.g. Garibaldi
What did Mazzini foster?
Fostered a national consciousness
What did Young Italy keep alive?
Young Italy kept the calls for unity alive - it was a youthful energetic organisation
What did moderate liberals think about Mazzini?
Thought he was a dangerous radical and highlighted Italian divides
How did Mazzini’s attitude hinder Italy
Stopped Italy getting support from France
Who did Mazzini alienate?
. Rich supporters as he wanted to redistribute wealth
. Republican stance alienated potential rulers
What were the issues with Mazzini’s ideas
Too intellectual for the masses - most of his supporters were privileged + educated
What caused Mazzini to become out of touch with Italy?
He was absent from Italy for long periods (40 years in total)
Mazzini’s relationship with peasants
Knew very little about the peasants and made little contact with them
How did Mazzini’s revolts mostly end?
His revolts failed in 1821 and 1831 and the Bandiera brothers invasion of Calabria in 1844 resulted in their deaths, the actions of “Young Italy” mostly ended in failure.
Where was Balbo PM and what did people under him think?
In Piedmont, moderate nationalists under Count Balbo thought their state should lead other Italian states against the Austrians
What did Balbo write, when and what did he argue?
Wrote ‘The Hopes for Italy’ in 1844 and argued for a federation
What did Balbo think about Piedmont?
Only thought Piedmont was strong enough to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia to create a union
When did the Albertisti developed?
1830s
What developed in the 1830s?
The Albertisti
What did Charles Albert introduce
Legal administration, financial and military reforms, extended Turin Uni, improved railway
What kind of leader did Charles Albert seem to be?
A strong leader
Did Charles Albert was unification?
Not clear but wanted to extend Piedmont
What did Charles Albert favour with other European nations?
Diplomacy
Who was Gioberti?
An exiled Piedmontese philosopher
What did Gioberti write, when and how many copies did he sell?
Wrote ‘Primato’ in 1843 which sold 5000 copies
What did Gioberti believe?
. The Catholic Church and Pope should lead a national revival
. Saw a federation of states with the Pope as president
. No mention of Austria and hated revolution
When was Pope Pius IX elected?
1846
What was Pope Pius IX’s political stance?
Liberal tendencies but weak minded
What did Pius IX suffer from
Suffered mood swings caused by epilepsy
What were Pius’ reforms? (5 points)
. In 1846-47 he freed 2000 political prisoners
. He reformed education, the law and papal administration
. Ended press censorship
. Allowed Jews out of Ghettos
. Gave laymen a greater say in public affairs
What did Pius allow Rome
A constitution, created an elected body called Consulta
Before 1848 what did Pius IX seem?
The one most likely to lead Italy to freedom
Who was Massimo d’Azeglio?
An Intellectual writer
What did Massimo d’Azeglio write?
Wrote ‘On Recent Events in Romagna’ calling dead revolutionaries martyrs
Massimo d’Azeglio dislike?
Revolution
What did Massimo d’Azeglio realise was crucial?
European and public support
Where did Massimo d’Azeglio believed freedom would come from?
Ruling classes above, opposite to Mazzini
What do fascist historians think about unification?
Fascist historians, mainly in 1930s, glorify the role of nationalism
What do English liberal historians think about unification?
Show the history of Italy helped growth of nationalism and liberalism
How did historians interpret unification straight after it was achieved in 1870?
Historians looked for hero’s and overplayed the role of historians
What do socialist historians think about unification?
Socialists overplay rebels and liberals over play liberalism
How did Piedmont’s government compare to other states?
Piedmont had a more modern, liberal government
What did Charles Albert join and what did he support?
Joined Pius IX’s custom union and supported his reforms of the legal system
When did Charles Albert introduce the Statuto?
1847
What encouraged Charles Albert to introduce the Statuto?
Egged on by demonstrations in Piedmont, Turin and Genoa demanding reform and new constitutions throughout France, Germany and Austria
What did the Statuto do for groups?
. Groups like the Carbonari gained more confidence
What is the one issue nationalists agree on?
Anti-Austrian
What did Lombardy and Venetia resent about Austria?
High taxation from Austria
How much of Austrian’s revenue came from Lombardy and Venetia?
1/3
Which states did 1/3 of Austria’s revenue come from?
Lombardy and Venetia
How did Austria cause tension with the Pope and what did the Pope do?
Austrian troops occupied Papal town of Ferra causing Pope to launch a formal protest with the Austrian government
What did Pius do to the Austrians in January 1848?
Pius denied the Austrians the right to cross the Papal States and asked the lord to bless ‘Italia’
When did Pius deny the Austrians the right to cross the Papal States?
January 1848
Reforms of Pius IX (4 points)
. Highly publicised release of political prisoners, inspired crowds to chat ‘o supreme Pius’
. Recruited a council of lay advisors
. Entered a customs union with Tuscany which promoted free trade among members and common tariffs among non members
. Inspired change in other states like abolition of press censorship in Piedmont
What was the main cause of revolution?
Hunger and poverty
What % of the population worked the land and what was the problem with this?
90% – insufficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
How did peasants loose their land?
Peasants lost long held communal land to the wealthy and industrial workers were laid off due to over production
When where the Europe wide harvest failures and what shortages did they cause and what did this lead to?
1846 and 47 caused maize and wheat shortages = high prices = riots
Name a city that had overcrowding, poor housing and terrible conditions
Milan
What problems did cities like Milan have?
Over crowding, poor housing and terrible conditions
How did people is Sicily feel towards their ruler and what did they blame them for?
They hated their rulers in Naples blaming them for the cholera in 1836 which caused 65,000 deaths
What happened on January 1848 in Sicily?
Ferdinand II repression and cholera outbreak, Sicilians angry
When did Ferdinand II’s repression and cholera outbreak make Sicilians angry?
January 1848
What happened January 9th 1848 in Sicily?
In Sicily – notices go up in Palermo saying revolution will begin
When did notices go up in Palermo saying revolution will begin?
January 9th 1948
What happened on in January 12th 1848 in Sicily?
Peasants arrive in the city to support the uprising, 5000 army reinforcements, city taken over, demands for 1812 constitution Ito be restored
When did peasants arrive in the city to support the uprising in Sicily?
January 12th 1848
What do the Sicilians reject?
Ferdinand’s January 18th offer of autonomy to Sicily is rejected
When did word of the Sicilian revolution reach the Neapolitan mainland?
January 17th 1848
What happened in Sicily on January 17th 1848?
. Word of Sicilian revolution reached the Neapolitan mainland
. Ignited rising in famine stricken Salerno
. Secret societies launched a rising where public record were burnt and officials killed
. Demands for a constitution
What happened on January 27th 1848 in Naples?
Demonstration in Naples and Ferdinand yielded, he appointed a more liberal minister and withdrew his troops from Palermo
When did a demonstration happen in Naples in which Ferdinand yielded?
January 27th 1848
What happened in February 1848 in Naples?
Ferdinand grants a constitution, though it was very conservative
When did Ferdinand grant a constitution in Naples?
February 1848
What happened on February 17th 1848 in Tuscany?
Duke Leopoldo grants a conservative constitution in Tuscany
What happened on February 17th 1848 in Rome?
Pope issues a constitution for the Papal States
When did the Pope issues a constitution for the Papal States?
February 17th 1848
When did Duke Leopoldo grants a conservative constitution in Tuscany?
February 17th 1848
What happened in March 1848 in Vienna?
Revolution broke out in Vienna and Metternich resigned
When did revolutions break in Vienna and Metternich resigned?
March 1848
When and where did the “Five Glorious Days“ begin?
March 18th 1848 Lombardy
What began on March 18th 1848 in Lombardy?
Five Glorious Days
Who began the “Five Glorious Days“?
Milanese
What did the “Five Glorious Days“ start after?
Followed a boycott of tobacco (Austrians had a monopoly over)
During the “Five Glorious Days“ how many people presented a petition, what was it about and who was it presented to?
10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan
During the “Five Glorious Days“ who was the Austrian commander in Milan and what did he do?
Radetzky who withdrew to the quadrilateral
What did Lombardy ask from Piedmont during the “Five Glorious Days“?
An alliance for protection from an Austria
What did the moderate want during the “Five Glorious Days“ and who led them?
Moderates led by Cassati want union with Piedmont
What did the radicals want during the “Five Glorious Days“ and who led them?
Radicals under Cattaneo want to create a federation
What happened on March 22nd 1848 in Venetia?
Venetian republic declared under Daniel Manin and he asks Piedmont for alliance against Austria
When was the Venetian republic declared under Daniel Manin?
March 22nd 1848
What happened in April 1848 in Sicily? (People)
. Revolutionaries took over most of the island
. Middle class moderates established a provisional government
. Civic guard to control masses
When did the revolutionaries take over most of the Sicily?
April 1848
When was parliament elected in Sicily and the king of Naples was no longer declared their King?
April 1848
What happened in April 1848 in Sicily? (Politics)
. Parliament is elected
. Declares that Sicily and Naples are totally separated and that the King of Naples is no longer their King
When was a moderate ministry under Carlo Troy’s established in Naples?
May 1848
What happened in Naples in May 1848?
. Moderate ministry under Carlo Troy’s established in Naples
. King agrees to two chamber parliament with limited powers and free press censorship
What happened in Sicily in September 1848?
Ferdinand dispatched 20,000, known as King Bomba after a 3 day bombardment
When did Ferdinand dispatch 20,000?
September 1848
What happened in Sicily in March/April 1849?
. Ferdinand abolished parliament in Naples and ordered his forces in Sicily to take the offensive
. Sicily and Naples are reunited
When were Sicily and Naples reunited?
March/April 1849
What did the moderates fear in Sicily?
Feared victory of the people more than victory of the Bourbons
What happened in Sicily in may 1849?
Ferdinand re established autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily
When did Ferdinand re established autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily?
May 1849
What happened in November 1848 in Roman Republic?
Count Rossi is murdered by a mob and the Pope flees for his life in November 1848
When was Count Rossi is murdered by a mob?
November 1848
What happened in December 1848 in the Roman Republic?
. A revolutionary government is established under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti
. They introduce popular measures such as tax reform, public works and the setting up of the Constituents to decide the future of Rome and Italy
When was a revolutionary government established in the Roman Republic?
December 1848
What happened in January 1849 in the Roman Republic?
Elections held in Rome to elect the Constituente
When were election held in Rome to elect the Constituente?
January 1849
What happened in February 1849 in the Roman Republic?
. The Costituente met for the first time
. Mainly of radical middle class
. Announces the end of the Pope’s power and the setting up of a Roman Republic
When did the Costituente meet for the first time?
February 1849
What happened in March 1849 in the Roman Republic?
Mazzini arrived in Rome, joining Armellini and Saffi in the Triumvirate and reforms Roman laws
When did Mazzini arrive in the Roman Republic?
March 1849
What reforms were introduced in the Roman Republic? (5 points)
Clears slums, ends church control of the press, abolishes the death penalty, removes church control of education and promises a constitution
What happened in June 1849 in the Roman Republic?
. The Triumvirate issued a constitution for Rome but they were on the verge of defeat
. 20,000 French troops had amassed putting the city under siege
What did Garibaldi promise the Costituente?
“Hunger, thirst, forced marches, battles and death”
What happened in July 1849 in the Roman Republic?
. The French entered the city
. Garibaldi escaped with 400 follows and marched to San Marino to carry on fighting
. Mazzini appeals to the people of Rome on 5th July before escaping to exile in London
When did the French enter the Roman Republic?
July 1849
When did Charles Albert grant the Statuto?
March 1848
What did Charles Albert grant in March 1848?
The Statuto
When did Charles Albert declare war on Austria?
March 22nd 1848
Why did Charles Albert declare war on Austria?
Feared French intervention
What happened on March 22nd 1848 in Piedmont?
Charles Albert declared war on Austria and invaded Lombardy, soldiers across Italy join him
When was peace signed between Austria and Piedmont?
August 1849
What happened in August 1849 in Piedmont?
Peace is signed between Austria and Piedmont with Piedmont paying reparations of 65 million French francs
When did 30,000 French troops amass on Piedmont’s western border
May 1848
What happened in Lombardy in May 1848?
30,000 French troops amassed on Piedmont’s western border
When did Napoleon send troops to crush the Roman Republic?
April 1848
Why did Napoleon send troops to crush the Roman Republic?
To win the support of the Catholics
What happened in April 1849 in the Roman Republic?
. Louis Napoleon, sent troops to crush the Roman Republic
. On 24th April he arrived in Italy and marched onto Rome, was blocked for 2 months by a band of volunteers led by Garibaldi
Which state is forced to surrender and why?
The Republic of Venice led by Manin, is forced to surrender due to hunger and an outbreak of cholera
What happened after the Republic of Venice was crushed?
Venetia is back under Austrian control
What happened on April 29th 1848 in Rome?
. Pius issued his allocution stating war with Austria doesn’t have his blessing
. Called Charles Albert an aggressor
. Said papacy didn’t want to lead a united Italy
. Weakened Charles Albert as Catholic soldiers wouldn’t fight the Pope
When did Pius issue his allocation?
April 29th 1848
What did the Pope do in September 1848?
Pius IX appointed anti liberal Count Rossi as PM to clamp down on liberals and radicals
When did Pius appoint Count Rossi?
September 1848
What did Pius do in April 1849?
Pope Pius IX calls for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome
When did Pius call for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome?
April 1849
Why were Pidemont’s troops weak?
Troops didn’t trust each other because of regional loyalty and different political aims
Who did Charles Albert refuse to accept?
Troops who didn’t swear loyalty to him
When are Charles Albert and his allies crushed at the battle of Custozza?
July 24th 1848
What happened on July 24th 1848 in Lombardy?
Charles Albert and his allies are crushed at the battle of Custozza
What happened in August 1848 in Lombardy?
Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy + the armistice of Salasco is signed
When were Piedmontese expelled from Lombardy + the armistice of Salasco is signed?
August 1848
Who persuades Charles Albert to fight at the battle of Novara?
Gioberti and Chiodo
When was the battle of Novara?
March 1849
What happened in Piedmont in March 1849?
Charles Albert is persuaded by Gioberti and Chiodo to beat the Austrians but Piedmont is cursed at the battle of Novara
When does Charles Albert abdicate and who replaces him?
March 1849 and is replaced by his son VEII
Who abdicates in March 1849?
Charles Albert
How was there a lack of revolutionary unity and popular support?
. Professional middle classes in Milan
. Venice wanted independence
. In Sicily peasants revolted over food shortages
. Neapolitans would not support Sicilians
. France destroyed the Roman Republic
. Uncoordinated
How was there a lack of international support?
Even though France and Britain offered to act as mediators between Austria and Piedmont, in the armistice of Salasco neither would support Piedmont
What were successes of the 1848-49 Revolutions (6 points)
. Succeeded in short term but had no long term coordinated plan
. Individual, segregated revolts, easily defeated
. Needed foreign support
. Republics – Venetia (8 months), Rome (100 days)
. Peasants got engaged
. Only thing that remained was the Statuto
