Book - Chapter 1 Flashcards
Policy
A set of interrelated decisions taken by a political actor or group of actors concerning the selection of goals and the means of achieving them within a specified situation where these decisions should, in principle, be within the power of these actors to achieve.
Non-decisions
Deciding not to change
Ideas
Deal with values and with what we want to do. They help us structure how we see the world and what we think is important.
3Is
Ideas, institutions, and interests.
Institutions
Structures within which decisions will be made, including who will and will not be at the table, and the rules of the game.
Interests
Stakeholders - those who can affect or be affected by what the organization does or what policy is adopted.
Concentrated interests
Those who have a major steak in a particular issue
Diffuse interests
Those for whom that issue is just one of many possible things they might be involved in.
Security
Satisfying our minimum human needs
Liberty
To allow people to do what they want, as long as they do not harm others.
Equity
Treating likes alike
Efficiency
Getting the most for the money spent
Policy instruments
The tools available to help achieve the selected policy goals
Exhortation tools
Encouraging people to behave in a certain way without forcing them to do so
Expenditure tools
Spending money
Taxation tools
Using tax policy to encourage or discourage certain activities
Regulation tools
Setting rules that will encourage or penalize particular activities
Public ownership tools
Government directly running an activity
Healthcare
Services aimed at improving or maintaining health, which may also include preventing disease.
Health as defined by the World Health Organization
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What type of definition does the Healthcare System usually for health?
Sickness care
Human biology (category of factors that affect the health of populations)
The biological causes of disease, including genetic inheritance.
Environment (category of factors that affect the health of populations)
Both physical and social environmental factors over which individuals would have a little or no control
Lifestyle (category of factors that affect the health of populations)
Personal decisions that could contribute to how healthy a person was
Healthcare organization (category of factors that affect the health of populations)
Clinical services to patients
Key determinants of health according to the public health agency of Canada
Income and social status, social support networks, education and literacy, working conditions and employment, physical environments, personal health practises and coping skills, healthy child development, biology and genetic endowment, health services, gender, and culture.
Public health
The maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people.
Population health
Seeks to improve the health of the entire population by acting on the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on our health.
Primary prevention
Stops disease or injury before it happens
Secondary prevention
Tries to reduce the impact of an existing disease or injury (through early detection and treatment).
Tertiary prevention
Helps people manage long-term health problems and less improve their quality of life.
Public goods (aka collective goods)
Non-rivalrous and non-excludable
Private goods
Rivalrous and excludible
Rivalry in consumption
What one person consumes cannot be consumed by anyone else
Excludability
A particular person has exclusive control over an item
Herd immunity
Once a high enough proportion of the population is immune to a communicable disease, the infectious agent finds it harder to find a new host to infect.
Free rider problem
Purely rational individuals have an incentive to avoid paying for public goods, knowing that they will still be able to obtain the benefits as long as others agree to pay.
Externalities
When private costs and benefits are not the same as social costs and benefits
Merit goods/club goods
Goods and services but do not meet the definition of public goods but are still considered good for the public
