Book 6 Flashcards
adj
having a bad effect on something
adverse
[ædvз:rs]
I worry that the tornado will have an adverse effect on the farm.
adj
a different option.
alternate
/ˈɑːl.tɚ.neɪt/
Taking the bus and driving to work are alternate ways to travel.
Alternative(ly) means ‘something that is different and unusual and offers a possible choice’:
We can’t use that room for meetings. They’ll have to find us an alternative room.
Not: …an alternate room …
adj
breakable into natural pieces
biodegradable
/ˌbaɪ.oʊ.dɪˈɡreɪ.də.bəl/
I use biodegradable compost to feed my garden.
adj
When something is inside a package
boxed
/bɑːkst/
Justine brought a boxed gift to the birthday party.
V
If something stops you from breathing
choke
/tʃoʊk/
The gum Malinda swallowed made her choke.
adj
When something saves you time or effort
convenient
/kənˈviː.ni.ənt/
Walking through the park is a convenient way to exercise on the way to work.
V
to throw something away
discard
/dɪˈskɑːrd/
After repairing the window, discard any broken glass.
N
a large sea mammal that breathes air
dolphin
/ˈdɑːl.fɪn/
Intelligent dolphins have learned to communicate with humans.
adv
something is done in a way that concerns living organisms and the environment.
ecologically
/ˌiː.kəˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl.i/
We planted our garden according to ecologically correct practices.
adj
something that is …… results in someone’s death.
fatal
/ˈfeɪ.t̬əl/
Being shot by the attacker proved fatal to the victim.
n
how many times something happens
incidence
/ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/
We need to increase the incidence of success in school.
adj
something belongs to a city or local government.
municipal
/mjuːˈnɪs.ə.pəl/
The municipal parking lot downtown can fit one hundred cars.
n
It occurs when something is utilized too many times.
overuse
[ouverjú:z]
Rochelle’s overuse of the exercise bike caused the gears to break.
n
a freshwater body that is smaller than a lake
pond
[pand]
I learned to swim at the pond behind the recreation center.
V
When you ……. an object, you use its parts to make something else
recycle
/ˌriːˈsaɪ.kəl/
We recycle our newspapers so that they can be made into packing boxes.
adj
An object that can be utilized over and over again
reusable
[riúzəbl]
Saburo keeps his empty jelly jars because they are reusable for storing sewing supplies.
adj
When something is pushed into a small space
stuffed
/stʌft/
The newspapers were all stuffed into the drawer.
adj
An event that causes sadness because it might involve death or suffering
tragic
/ˈtrædʒ.ɪk/
The entire community attended the memorial service for the victims of the tragic fire.
V
to use something for a specific purpose
utilize
/ˈjuː.t̬əl.aɪz/
The team can utilize the lab equipment to complete the experiment.
n
a very large mammal that lives in the ocean
whale
/weɪl/
We were surprised when a whale surfaced next to our boat.
n
a person who does something for fun and isn’t paid for it
amateur
/ˈæm.ə.tʃɚ/
The amateur took pictures just as well as the person who worked for money.
adj
If something is ….., it is not entirely clear.
ambiguous
/æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/
It’s ambiguous as to whether a newborn baby looks like a girl or a boy.
adj
If someone is ….., no one knows who he or she is.
anonymous
/əˈnɑː.nə.məs/
An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to the museum.
V
to succeed at something or to get something you want.
attain
/əˈteɪn/
If you want to attain a healthy body, you must exercise every day.
N
another word for freedom or independence
autonomy
/ɑːˈtɑː.nə.mi/
In the 1800s, the people of India fought for autonomy from Britain.
N
something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement
→ concede
concession
/kənˈseʃ.ən/
China gave Hong Kong to Britain as a concession after the war.
N
the result of something slowly being broken down or destroyed naturally.
decay
/dɪˈkeɪ/
The decay in the old building was obvious.
V
to live somewhere
dwell
/dwel/
Before he was a successful writer, Mark Twain dwelled in the city of Hannibal, Missouri.
V
to teach someone about something.
enlighten
/ɪnˈlaɪ.t̬ən/
Greek philosophers wanted to enlighten the people of Athens with their ideas.
V
to make someone rich of increase their wealth.
enrich
/ɪnˈrɪtʃ/
Taxes on people’s income can be used to enrich the government.
V
to do very well and be in an excellent condition.
flourish
/ˈflɝː.ɪʃ/
The Roman Empire flourished in Europe two thousand years ago.
N
the study of shapes and how to measure them.
geometry
/dʒiˈɑː.mə.tri/
If you want to be able to calculate the area of a circle, you must study geometry.
V
to sparkle and shine.
gleam
/ɡliːm/
The waves of the ocean would gleam every night at sunset.
N
wanting to have more of something than you need or should have.
greed
/ɡriːd/
The story of King Midas is a story of greed.
N
a feeling that everything is peaceful, balanced, and in agreement.
harmony
/ˈhɑːr.mə.ni/
The United Nations is struggling to bring peace and harmony to the world.
(from Greek harmonia “agreement)
adj
Native to an area
indigenous
/ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ə.nəs/
The Pueblo people were an indigenous tribe in Arizona who lived in adobe homes.
the power or right to make judgments about the law and how it is upheld.
jurisdiction
/ˌdʒʊr.ɪsˈdɪk.ʃən/
We did not have jurisdiction to bring the criminal to trial.
A long line of marching people or things
parade
/pəˈreɪd/
This parade of elephants is part of an open-air exhibit to honor these majestic animals.
a three- dimensional work of art, usually made of clay, marble, or metal.
statue
/ˈstætʃ.uː/
The Venus de Milo is a famous ancient Greek statue.
someone who has never had sex.
virgin
/ˈvɝː.dʒɪn/
The virgin goddess of the moon was known as Diana.
(Virgin oil, especially olive oil, is made directly from pressing the fruit, rather than by using heat:
extra virgin olive oil)
adj
different from normal or average.
abnormal
/æbˈnɔːr.məl/
I felt abnormal this morning, like I was sick.
adj
not present
absent
/ˈæb.sənt/
I was absent from school yesterday because I went on a trip with my father.
adj
When something is next to or adjoining something else.
adjacent
/əˈdʒeɪ.sənt/
My apartment is adjacent to a lovely park and playground.
N
a chemical element that is a light silver-coloured metal.
aluminum
/əˈluː.mə.nəm/
I used the aluminum foil to wrap the food.
adj
If something is …. to a person or thing, it is relevant to them.
applicable
/əˈplɪk.ə.bəl/
I discovered that my old password was no longer applicable to the website.
adj
If something is …, it was not made naturally but mimics something natural.
artificial
/ˌɑːr.t̬əˈfɪʃ.əl/
The artificial Christmas tree was made of plastic.
“artificial intelligence”
N
a two-wheeled vehicle powered by pedaling.
bicycle
/ˈbaɪ.sə.kəl/
I rode my bicycle down the mountain road.
V
to arrange or negotiate the details of something for others.
broker
/ˈbroʊ.kɚ/
The lawyer will broker our agreement.
(2nd meaning: a person who buys and sells foreign money etc for other ppl)
N
a group of people who work together to help manage a large business or run a country.
bureaucracy
/bjʊˈrɑː.krə.si/
The members of the bureaucracy were flooded by too many petitions.
V
to set it up and arrange something.
configure
/kənˈfɪɡ.jɚ/
The engineer helped to configure my new computer.
V
to join or bring together into one thing.
consolidate
/kənˈsɑː.lə.deɪt/
When we moved in together, we had to consolidate our belongings.
N
If something is done for your …., it allows you to do something easily or without any trouble.
convenience
/kənˈviː.ni.əns/
I love the convenience of having a swimming pool in my back yard.
V
to subtract something
deduct
/dɪˈdʌkt/
I had to deduct my expenses from my checkbook.
V
to consider something
deem
/diːm/
I deemed the ice cream to be very delicious.
N
someone who starts a new business or organization in order to make money.
entrepreneur
/ˌɑːn.trə.prəˈnɝː/
The entrepreneur made a success out of his new business.
adv
If something is …. spread or spaced, it is divided equally into amounts, numbers, or values.
evenly
/ˈiː.vən.li/
Sprinkle the sugar evenly all over the cookies.
adj
When something is …, it is related to money or finances, especially that of a government or business.
fiscal
/ˈfɪs.kəl/
Did the company show fiscal growth this year?
N
the right to sell another company’s products or services in a particular area.
franchise
/ˈfræn.tʃaɪz/
The fast food restaurant has a franchise near my home.
adj
based on a system of beliefs or ideals, especially those that relate to a government or economy.
ideological
/ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
The citizens of England had ideological differenes about its government.
N
a machine that can do the work of a person and operates automatically or is controlled by a computer.
robot
/ˈroʊ.bɑːt/
I bought a robot that can clean the floor on its own.
N
a house, or group of houses, where monks or nuns live.
abbey
/ˈæb.i/
When the monk returned to the abbey, he went immediately to his bedroom.
adj
available in large quantities.
abundant
/əˈbʌn.dənt/
Cakes, cookies, and candy were so abundant that the child was very happy.
V
to be next to or attached to something else.
adjoin
/əˈdʒɔɪn/
She can listen to her brother’s conversations because her room adjoins his.
adj
enough or more than enough.
ample
/ˈæm.pəl/
There was an ample supply of oats to feed the horses.
adj
a hot and dry place and gets very little or no rain.
arid
/ˈer.ɪd/
Not many plants grow in the arid desert.
N
an important, and often large and beautifully-built, church.
cathedral
/kəˈθiː.drəl/
The large cathedral is full of people on Sunday mornings.
N
a difficult time when things are going to either get worse or better.
crisis
/ˈkraɪ.sɪs/
The crisis was over and things returned to normal.
V
To …. someone of something means to not let them have it.
deprive
/dɪˈpraɪv/
Because the child was bad, she was deprived of her dessert after dinner.
N
a long period of time in which little or no rain falls
drought
/draʊt/
After three months of drought, the vegetation and trees started dying.
adj
If someone is …, then they are permitted to do or have something.
eligible
/ˈel.ə.dʒə.bəl/
Only people who bought tickets were eligible to win a prize.
V
to go without food or drink for a period of time.
fast
/fæst/
In her religion, they fast for five days and then have a big feast.
V
to complain
grumble
/ˈɡrʌm.bəl/
He grumbled about having to work late on Friday.
adv
If someone goes …., they travel into the center of a country or land.
inland
/ˈɪn.lænd/
The river curved inland near the campground.
N
small drops of water in the air or on a surface.
moisture
/ˈmɔɪs.tʃɚ/
If you breathe on a window, moisture from your breath collects on the glass.
adv
If something happens …., then it occurs despite some other thing.
nonetheless
/ˌnʌn.ðəˈles/
She tried to keep the dog out of the mud, but it got dirty nonetheless.
N
a formal, often public, promise
oath
/oʊθ/
Judges must take an oath to be fair to everyone in court.
N
a large flat area of grassland.
prairie
/ˈprer.i/
The prairie was perfect for a farm because there were hills and trees.
Prairie Provinces, the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta
adj
If an area of land is …, then it is rocky and difficult to travel through.
rugged
/ˈrʌɡ.ɪd/
Their car couldn’t make it far along the rugged roads.
adj
If something is …., then there is a very small amount of it.
scarce
/skers/
When gasoline was scarce, we rode our bike to school instead of driving.
V
to guess about something.
speculate
/ˈspek.jə.leɪt/
My sister looked at the sky and speculated that it would rain tomorrow.
adj
If a plant or animal is …., it lives or grows in water.
aquatic
/əˈkwɑː.t̬ɪk/
The dolphin is an aquatic mammal.
N
the Earth’s surface and atmosphere where there are living things.
biosphere
/ˈbaɪ.oʊ.sfɪr/
Birds, trees, and worms all thrive in the biosphere.
adj
very strange.
bizarre
/bəˈzɑːr/
My bizarre dreams make no sense to me when I am awake
N
a scale for measuring temperature.
0° is the temperature at which water freezes, and 100° the temperature at which it boils
Celsius
/ˈsel.si.əs/
Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.
when something has a rough texture
** coarse**
/kɔːrs/
The coarse swater made my skin itchy.
N
a person that someone spends a lot of time with.
companion
/kəmˈpæn.jən/
I always walk to school with my companion Frank.
V
to swallow food and pass it through the body.
digest
/daɪˈdʒest/
Allow some time for food to be digested before going swimming.
N
the time during which an event happens.
duration
/duːˈreɪ.ʃən/
The girls watched television for the duration of the evening.
N
the study of the environment and living things.
ecology
/iˈkɑː.lə.dʒi/
We study ecology to learn how to help improve the Earth.
N
an impressive or difficult achievement or action.
feat
/fiːt/
The elephant’s standing up on one leg was a feat.
adj
If something is …, it has no limit or end.
infinite
/ˈɪn.fə.nət/
Many scientists believe that the universe is infinite.
N
the central part of an atom or cell.
nucleus
/ˈnuː.kli.əs/
The nucleus is made up of many tiny particles.
N
a tiny animal or plant that attaches to another animal to get food.
parasite
/ˈper.ə.saɪt/
The sick dog was covered in parasites.
adj
When something is …., it is important and well known.
prominent
/ˈprɑː.mə.nənt/
Queen Victoria was a prominent person in history.
adj
When something is repeated many times and becomes boring.
repetitive
/rɪˈpet̬.ə.t̬ɪv/
Working on an assembly line making cars every day is a repetitive job.
adj
If something is …, it is a living thing which can produce young.
reproductive
/ˌriː.prəˈdʌk.t̬ɪv/
The reproductive system of a plant is simple.
adj
When a place is …., it never gets too hot or cold.
temperate
/ˈtem.pɚ.ət/
In Peru, the weather is temperate and rarely gets too hot or cold.
N
the ability to accept something unfavorable or to allow the freedom of choice for others.
tolerance
/ˈtɑː.lɚ.əns/
Boxers have a high tolerance for pain.
V
To …. an action means to have it happen to you.
undergo
/ˌʌn.dɚˈɡoʊ/
The cancer patient undergoes treatments twice a week.
adj
When someone is …, they are weak and without protection.
vulnerable
/ˈvʌl.nɚ.ə.bəl/
He felt very vulnerable when he was stranded in the desert.
adj
very old or outdated
archaic
/ɑːrˈkeɪ.ɪk/
To be competitive, we must update our archaic equipment.
N
a metal that is used to make musical instruments and ornaments.
brass
/bræs/
Brass is used to make musical instruments like trumpets.
برنج ترکیبی آلیاژی از مس و روی است
N
an economic system where private companies make goods for profit.
capitalism
/ˈkæp.ə.t̬əl.ɪ.zəm/
Most economies in the world today are based on capitalism.
N
a part of a larger machine.
component
/kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/
Computers have many different components, so they are complicated to build.
N
a situation in which somebody relies on something else.
dependence
/dɪˈpen.dəns/
Young children have a dependence on their parents.
V
to reduce or get smaller
diminish
/dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/
As the economy got worse, my savings diminished.
N
a disadvantage
drawback
/ˈdrɑː.bæk/
The drawback of having a car is that it is very expensive to maintain.
V
to interrupt or force your ideas on other people.
impose
/ɪmˈpoʊz/
He imposes on his wife every morning by expecting her to make his breakfast.
N
a kind of business that produces services or things for sale.
industry
/ˈɪn.də.stri/
The tourist industry is doing well all around the world
adj
relating to a manager or management:
managerial
/ˌmæn.əˈdʒɪr.i.əl/
Nancy has a managerial position at the bank.
adj
it comes from the period between 650 and 1500 CE.
medieval
/ˌmed.iˈiː.vəl/
We visited a castle that was built during medieval times.
N
If something is ……, it is not used anymore because something better exists.
obsolete
/ˌɑːb.səlˈiːt/
Since computers became inexpensive, typewriters have become obsolete.
adj
When you are ….. towards something, you are faced in that direction.
oriented
adj
He is living a money-oriented lifestyle.
N
a large piece of land that is surrounded by the sea on three sides.
peninsula
/pəˈnɪn.sə.lə/
The state of Florida is an example of a peninsula.
N
If a person has ….., people admire or respect them.
prestige
/presˈtiːʒ/
The young actress gained much prestige after she won an award.
an amount that shows the link between the parts and the whole.
proportion
/prəˈpɔːr.ʃən/
Only a small proportion of the people in this town actually work here.
adj
If something is ……, it is very new or different.
radical
/ˈræd.ɪ.kəl/
The president is planning to make some radical changes to the law.
to prove that something is false or incorrect.
refute
/rɪˈfjuːt/
The bank manager has refuted the claims that he lied to his customers.
adj
very impressive.
spectacular
/spekˈtæk.jə.lɚ/
There was a spectacular fireworks display in the park at New Year.
V
to make cloth using horizontal and vertical threads.
weave
/wiːv/
We saw a woman weave a blanket on our vacation to South America.
N
a person whose job is to keep financial accounts for a business.
accountant
/əˈkaʊn.t̬ənt/
The accountant helped us keep track of our spending.
N
a business person who invests in trade and industry for profit.
capitalist
/ˈkæp.ə.t̬əl.ɪst/
The capitalist invested in a factory that made wheat into cereal.
N
the feeling of having no respect for something.
contempt
/kənˈtempt/
The judge had contempt for the wicked criminal.
N
something produced by the land.
crop
/krɑːp/
I had a good crop of onions this year.
V
to put a lot of time and effort into sth or someone.
dedicate
/ˈded.ə.keɪt/
The nun dedicated herself to helping people in need.
N
a narrow hole cut into the ground by a road or a field.
ditch
/dɪtʃ/
When the car slid off of the road, it fell into the ditch.
(2nd meaning as Verb): to get rid of something or someone that is no longer wanted: از شر کسی راحت شدن
N
a company or business.
enterprise
/ˈen.t̬ɚ.praɪz/
My father owns an advertising enterprise.
V
to provide money for sth or someone.
finance
/ˈfaɪ.næns/
The government financed the scientist’s experiments with new weapons.
adj
When someone is …… toward something, they have a lack of interest in it.
indifferent
/ɪnˈdɪf.ɚ.ənt/
Lisa is indifferent toward school. She doesn’t care what her final grades are.
V
to supply water to land so that crops can grow.
irrigate
/ˈɪr.ə.ɡeɪt/
In dry climates, it is important to irrigate fields of crops.
V
to make something as great as possible in amount, size, or importance.
maximize
/ˈmæk.sə.maɪz/
You should exercise regularly to maximize a healthy lifestyle.
adj
related to money
monetary
/ˈmɑː.nə.ter.i/
A strong monetary policy is important for a country to be successful.
N
an action that is meant to stop something bad from happening.
precaution
/prɪˈkɑː.ʃən/
As a precaution, you should put on a heavy coat before going out in cold weather.
adj
describes something that happens before a more important event.
preliminary
/prɪˈlɪm.ə.ner.i/
The runners must do well in the preliminary races to qualify for the final race.
V
to completely soak something with a liquid.
saturate
/ˈsætʃ.ər.eɪt/
The sponge was saturated with soapy water and dripped all over the floor.
N
the fact that something is easy to do or understand.
simplicity
/sɪmˈplɪs.ə.t̬i/
We were able to find the house thanks to the simplicity of the directions.
V
to plant seeds in the ground.
Sow
/soʊ/
He always sows his garden seeds in the springtime.
N
a tool used for digging especially soil or sand, with a long handle and a flat blade
spade
/speɪd/
The gardener used her spade to make a hole for the new plant.
N
a round red fruit, but usually eaten as a vegetable. It’s often used in salads or pasta sauces.
tomato
/təˈmeɪ.t̬oʊ/
Cut the tomato in half and scoop out the seeds.
adj
will happen in the near future.
upcoming
/ˈʌpˌkʌm.ɪŋ/
The kids were worried about their upcoming exam.
N
the study of people, society, and culture.
anthropology
/ˌæn.θrəˈpɑː.lə.dʒi/
In anthropology class, I learned about simple tools that ancient cultures used.
from the Greek anthropos (“human”) and logia (“study”).
V
to clap in order to show approval.
applaud
/əˈplɑːd/
Everyone cheered and applauded Manny’s efforts.
V
to give the job to someone.
appoint
/əˈpɔɪnt/
Two students were appointed to help the scientists with their research.
adj
When things work well or exist together successfully.
compatible
/kəmˈpæt̬.ə.bəl/
Jan and Fred are too different. They will never be compatible.
the ability to do something well or effectively.
competence
/ˈkɑːm.pə.t̬əns/
The job was easy because the group had enough competence to do it well.
to discuss something with someone to make a decision.
confer
/kənˈfɝː/
I will have to confer with my wife before I can purchase a new car.
adj
When things happen one after another without interruption.
consecutive
/kənˈsek.jə.t̬ɪv/
The king ruled for ten consecutive years.
adj
simple and not skilfully done or made
crude
/kruːd/
She drew crude hearts on the ground to show how much she loved him.
(2nd meaning: oil from rocks underground in a natural state that has not yet been treated)
N
a solid object with six square surfaces that are all the same size.
cube
/kjuːb/
Please get me some ice cubes to put in my soda.
N
comments to a person about how they are doing something.
feedback
/ˈfiːd.bæk/
I asked my boss for feedback on my work.
N
lack of knowledge about something.
ignorance
/ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/
When he failed the test, his ignorance of math was obvious.
adj
a quality or thing related to men.
masculine
/ˈmæs.kjə.lɪn/
American football is usually considered a masculine sport.
N
a structure that is built to remind people of a person or event.
monument
/ˈmɑːn.jə.mənt/
A large monument was built to honor the brave soldiers.
adj
very fit and strong.
muscular
/ˈmʌs.kjə.lɚ/
He exercised regularly so that his body could become muscular.
N
A person’s …… is the manner in which they stand or sit.
posture
/ˈmʌs.kjə.lɚ/
Your back will feel better if you improve your posture.
V
to place or build something in a certain place.
situate
/ˈsɪtʃ.u.eɪt/
The road was situated between the forest and the lake.
V
to make sure that something is done correctly.
supervise
/ˈsuː.pɚ.vaɪz/
Allen supervised the construction workers to ensure everyone’s safety.
N
the state of having two halves that are exactly the same.
symmetry
/ˈsɪm.ə.tri/
The artist made sure to use perfect symmetry when painting the butterfly.
N
a design that is drawn permanently on the skin with needles.
tattoo
/təˈtuː/
The surfer had tattoos on both his arms.
N
a student at a college who is studying for a bachelor’s degree.
undergraduate
/ˌʌn.dɚˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/
She was excited to finish high school and enroll as an undergraduate in the fall.
V
to provide someone with all the things they need or want.
cater
/ˈkeɪ.t̬ɚ/
Bill was too sick to get out of bed, so his nurse catered to his needs.
adj
pay attention to the needs of others.
considerate
/kənˈsɪd.ɚ.ət/
The considerate boy gave his girlfriend a present to cheer her up when she was sad.
N
The ….. of food or drink is the act of eating or drinking it.
consumption
/kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/
These apples are too rotten for consumption.
N
factors on which a person judges or decides something.
criteria
kraɪˈtɪərɪə
Before she got the job, she had to meet all the necessary criteria.
plural of criterion
N
the tough outer part of a loaf of bread.
crust
/krʌst/
The little boy never ate the crust of his pizza.
V
to give someone the right to have or do something.
entitle
/ɪnˈtaɪ.t̬əl/
His golden ticket entitled him to sit in the front row at the concert.
V
to safely accompany people to a place.
escort
/esˈkɔːrt/
Her bodyguards escorted her to the movie theater.
adj
connected to an outer part.
external
/ɪkˈstɝː.nəl/
It is warm inside my house, but the external temperature is freezing.
N
a building that exists for a particular purpose.
facility
/fəˈsɪl.ə.t̬i/
There are many educational facilities in big cities.
N
a mental or physical ability.
faculty
/ˈfæk.əl.t̬i/
The boy’s mental faculties impressed all of his teachers.
N
a large pile of something.
heap
/hiːp/
After the building was torn down, all that was left was a heap of bricks.
N
one half of the Earth.
hemisphere
/ˈhem.ə.sfɪr/
In the northern hemisphere, the weather is usually warmest in July and August.
(Cerebral hemisphere: either of the two hollow convolted lateral halves of the cerebrum)
N
a type of dog that is often used for racing or hunting.
hound
/haʊnd/
The men took their hounds with them when they went on the hunting trip.
adj
not friendly and makes people feel unimportant.
impersonal
/ɪmˈpɝː.sən.əl/
The boy felt scared on his first day at the big, impersonal high school.
V
pass your tongue over something.
lick
/lɪk/
He licked his ice cream before it melted.
N
an attractive object that people display in their homes.
ornament
/ˈɔːr.nə.mənt/
The woman kept some colorful ornaments on the shelves.
N
a person who is walking on a street.
pedestrian
/pəˈdes.tri.ən/
Drivers should be careful when pedestrians are walking around.
a place where people in danger can go to be safe.
sanctuary
/ˈsæŋk.tʃu.er.i/
The church was made into a sanctuary for homeless people in the winter.
N
someone who watches something, for example, a sports event.
spectator
/spekˈteɪ.t̬ɚ/
There were thousands of spectators at the big game.
V
shout at someone.
yell
/jel/
Someone** yelled out **his name.
N
a thing that is added to another thing to make it look better.
accessory
/əkˈses.ər.i/
The store sold colorful accessories like bags, sunglasses, and makeup.
something that a person buys or gets in some way.
acquisition
/ˌæk.wəˈzɪʃ.ən/
Marty was happy with his new acquisition: a very fast bicycle
a material made out of stiff paper. It is often used to make boxes.
cardboard
/ˈkɑːrd.bɔːrd/
We packed our things into cardboard boxes and moved to our new home.
a difficult situation in which a choice has to be made.
dilemma
/dɪˈlem.ə/
Choosing either the tastier or healthier drink proved to be quite a dilemma.
adj
contains a lot of details.
elaborate
/iˈlæb.ɚ.ət/
She gave the teacher an elaborate explanation of her project.
adj
correct in every detail.
exact
/ɪɡˈzækt/
I know the exact location of the restaurant you mentioned before.
V
to make something easier.
facilitate
/fəˈsɪl.ə.teɪt/
To facilitate the meeting, Melissa used a simple computer program.
N
a group of ships.
fleet
/fliːt/
The fleet of ships spent a few days at the dock.
N
a pattern of squares with numbers and letters to find places on a map.
grid
/ɡrɪd/
We located our town using the grid.
V
to bring in a product from another country.
import
/ɪm’pɔːrt/
Foods that have been imported are usually more expensive.
V
to decide something is true based on other information one has.
infer
ɪnˈfɜːr
By the position of the sun in the sky, she inferred that it was noon.
V
to fill something up with air.
inflate
/ɪnˈfleɪt/
I helped him inflate the balloons.
adj
something that one is born with and was not learned.
innate
/ɪˈneɪt/
He had the innate desire to please his teachers.
N
a type of rock that feels cold and is smooth when cut.
marble
/ˈmɑːr.bəl/
The large house had floors made of marble.
N
a long pole on a ship that holds the sail.
mast
/mæst/
The mast held both sails of the ship upright.
N
the feeling of being sick to your stomach.
nausea
/ˈnɑː.zi.ə/
The doctor said the medicine would help get rid of her nausea.
relates to a country’s navy or military ships.
naval
/ˈneɪ.vəl/
The country sent all of its naval forces to protect them.
N
a small, flexible bag that is usually made of soft material.
pouch
/paʊtʃ/
I keep my money in a small pouch.
adj
completely wet
saturated
/ˈsætʃ.ər.eɪ.t̬ɪd/
Leigh’s hair became saturated in the rainstorm.
N
an act of making something more modern or current.
update
/ʌpˈdeɪt/
My phone is downloading a software update.
N
one who gives others advice about the law
attorney
/əˈtɝː.ni/
The attorney appeared in front of the judge for me.
n
training that helps people follow the rules.
discipline
/ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/
One of the teacher’s jobs is to teach her students discipline.
n
somebody who gives something to an organization.
donor
/ˈdoʊ.nɚ/
He was proud to be a blood donor.
n
someone who shares a job or quality with someone else.
fellow
/ˈfel.oʊ/
All of my fellow patients at the hospital have also complained about the food.
n
information that might be untrue but is still discussed anyway.
gossip
/ˈɡɑː.səp/
The friends exchanged gossip about the people they knew in school.
V
to complete and pass all courses of study in school.
graduate
/ˈɡrædʒ.u.ət/
At the end of the spring, my friends and I will graduate from high school.
n
words or drawings in public places.
graffiti
/ɡrəˈfiː.t̬i/
The wall was covered with colorful graffiti.
n
someone who protects somebody or something.
guardian
/ˈɡɑːr.di.ən/
The librarians are the guardians of the books.
V
To …. someone is to show that they have done a crime or something bad.
implicate
/ˈɪm.plə.keɪt/
The man was implicated in the theft at the store.
n
a person’s family and relatives.
kin
/kɪn/
His kin were all farmers.
N
a person who makes sure that the rules are followed in sports.
referee
/ˌref.əˈriː/
The soccer player didn’t agree with the referee.
V
to cut through something completely.
sever
/ˈsev.ɚ/
He severed the string using scissors.
n
a handle of a tool or weapon.
shaft
/ʃæft/
The golf club had a long wooden shaft that he held in his hands.
V
to cut with the end of a sharp object like a knife.
stab
/stæb/
He stabbed the fork into the potato and passed it to his daughter.
n
something that causes growth or activity.
stimulus
/ˈstɪm.jə.ləs/
Having a lot of money is a stimulus for people to buy more things.
n
a feeling that something is possible or true in a crime
suspicion
/səˈspɪʃ.ən/
The police had a suspicion that the driver had stolen the purse.
V
to stop or end something.
terminate
/ˈtɝː.mə.neɪt/
The trip was terminated after the car broke down.
n
main subject of a book, movie, or painting.
theme
/θiːm/
The students discussed the book’s theme in class.
n
the amount of money paid to go to a school
tuition
/tuːˈɪʃ.ən/
University tuitions have increased by 50 percent in the last five years.
adj
someone who constantly want to fight or argue.
aggressive
/əˈɡres.ɪv/
Nobody liked to play games with him because he was always too aggressive.
a pardon given to prisoners of war.
amnesty
/ˈæm.nə.sti/
She was denied amnesty for her involvement in the war.
n
a building where people can watch sports and concerts
arena
/əˈriː.nə/
The new arena was all set to hold the championship match.
n
a large building used for public events.
auditorium
/ˌɑː.dəˈtɔːr.i.əm/
People have gathered at the school auditorium to watch the play.
(plural auditoriums or auditoria )
n
a prisoner
captive
/ˈkæp.tɪv/
The guards told the captive that there was no way he could escape the prison.
n
fighting between two people or groups.
combat
/ˈkɑːm.bæt/
The two warriors were locked in combat.
adj
ordinary
commonplace
/ˈkɑː.mən.pleɪs/
There is nothing commonplace about the way Morris dresses.
n
an enclosed area such as a prison or factory.
compound
/ˈkɑːm.paʊnd/
The workers waited outside the compound for the gates of the factory to open.
a military unit trained to perform particular duties
corps
/kɔːr/
The army had a corps of archers who trained apart from the regular soldiers.
/ the intelligence corps
V
To …. someone means to stop them from concentrating on something.
distract
/dɪˈstrækt/
The phone call distracted him so much that he forgot all about his homework.
adj
unable to speak.
dumb
/dʌm/
She did not share the secret. She remained as silent as if she were dumb.
offensive term for “Mute”
V
to cut something into uneven pieces.
hack
/hæk/
My uncle used the ax to hack the tree into many logs.
an enemy or opponent.
foe
/foʊ/
It was hard to believe that anyone could be his foe.
(Foe is just antonym of friend, a best friend, who wants to kill you for a reason, is now your foe. Enemy is someone who hates you or wants to harm you. Enemy can be literal or metaphorical, like, Fear is you worst enemy. An opponent is someone who is** against you**.)
V
to focus or think deeply in silence.
meditate
/ˈmed.ə.teɪt/
She liked to meditate for several hours each day.
V
to cut slightly with a sharp object.
nick
/nɪk/
While cutting the carrots, the cook nicked his finger with the edge of his knife.
V
to annoy someone on purpose to cause violence.
provoke
/prəˈvoʊk/
The older boy provoked Paul by calling him mean names.
n
any area of activity or interest.
realm
/relm/
He was not very active in the realm of business.
n
the period of time in which a ruler rules.
reign
/reɪn/
The emperor’s reign lasted for only two years.
n
a red and brown coating on iron objects caused by water and air.
rust
/rʌst/
The old metal gate would not swing because the hinges were covered in rust.
adj
If something is …., then it is worshipped and respected.
sacred
/ˈseɪ.krɪd/
One religion in India will not harm cows because it believes that they are sacred.
n
a narrow valley with steep walls through which a river often flows.
canyon
/ˈkæn.jən/
The canyon was so deep that the ground inside was covered in shadow.
n
a stream or small river.
creek
/kriːk/
Only small fish lived in the shallow waters of the creek.
n
a tool with a point that spins in order to make a hole.
drill
The carpenter used the drill to make several holes in the wood.
n
a type of mammal that includes monkeys, apes, and humans.
Primate
/ˈpraɪ.meɪt/
Primates use their hands for such tasks as swinging from branches.
an insect that lives in groups and feeds on wood.
termite
/ˈtɝː.maɪt/
The wood we found was full of termites.
n
a path for travelling by foot through a wild area.
trail
A narrow trail cut through the field and over the hills.
n
a short and thin branch from a tree or bush
twigs
/twɪɡ/
They started the fire with a handful of dry twigs.
n
a large piece of ice that moves very slowly.
glacier
/ˈɡleɪ.si.ɚ/
The North Pole is covered by a huge glacier.
n
refers to the Earth
globe
/ɡloʊb/
Water covers most of the globe.
n
A …. of bread is bread shaped and baked in one piece.
loaf
/loʊf/
Could you please buy a loaf of bread for sandwiches?
V
to move around something in a continuous, curving path.
orbit
/ˈɔːr.bɪt/
The Moon orbits the Earth.
n
a place where fish and underwater animals are kept.
aquarium
/əˈkwer.i.əm/
We took a trip to the aquarium and saw a scary shark.
(plural aquariums or aquaria)
n
a large ape with red and brown hair and long arms.
orangutan
/ɔːˈræŋ.ə.tæn/
The name “orangutan” is derived from the Malay words orang, meaning “person”, and hutan, meaning “forest”.
n
a cold-blooded animal that lays eggs and has skin covered with scales.
reptile
/ˈrep.taɪl/
Lizards are my favorite type of reptile.
n
the hard remains of a prehistoric animal or plant.
fossil
/ˈfɑː.səl/
The expert arranged the fossils to build the skeleton of the dinosaur.
a long, curved, pointed tooth of an elephant, boar, or walrus.
tusk
Sadly, some people hunt elephants and remove their tusks to sell them.
n
a tool with a long handle that is used for digging.
shovel
/ˈʃʌv.əl/
The boy grabbed his shovel and got all of the snow off of the sidewalk.
n
the upper half of your leg.
thigh
/θaɪ/
He suffered from a serious thigh injury.
n
a room just below a house’s roof.
attic
/ˈæt̬.ɪk/
There were two windows in their attic.
n
a large metal pot used for boiling liquids or cooking food.
kettle
/ˈket̬.əl/
The soup was being cooked in a large kettle.
a large amount of snow, ice, and rock falling off a mountain.
avalanche
/ˈæv.əl.æntʃ/
The avalanche destroyed the mountain village.
n
piles of broken stone and wood created after a building is destroyed.
rubble
/ˈrʌb.əl/
There was rubble all over the city after the earthquake.
n
a very small mark or amount.
speck
/spek/
A speck of blood appeared where the mosquito had bit him.
n
a dark grey rock that can easily be split into layers.
slate
/sleɪt/
The roof of the church is made of slate.
n
a seat with legs but no support for a person’s arms and back.
stool
/stuːl/
I don’t find stools very comfortable to sit on.
n
wood that is used for building houses and making furniture.
timber
/ˈtɪm.bɚ/
Trees in this area are grown specifically to be used for timber.
a device attached to a pipe and controls the flow of liquid or air.
valve
/vælv/
The mechanic removed the dirt to clear the engine valve.
n
something used to hide people and things.
camouflage
/ˈkæm.ə.flɑːʒ/
The green and brown camouflage was best used for hiding in forests and jungles.
n
a small portable bed.
cot
/kɑːt/
At the camp, the boys’ cabin was lined with cots.
n
A book that gives specific information or instructions.
handbook
/ˈhænd.bʊk/
If you look at the handbook, it will tell you which wires to connect to the TV.
n
an animal’s foot that has claws or soft pads.
paw
The kitten cleaned its paws with its tongue.
a stick with one end on fire that can be carried in order to give light.
torch
/tɔːrtʃ/
He grabbed a piece of wood and stuck it in the fire in order to make a torch.
n
a particle in all atoms that has a negative electric charge.
**electron**
| /iˈlek.trɑːn/
## Footnote
The number of **electrons** in an atom determines its charge.
a large house with many rooms.
manor
/ˈmæn.ɚ/
The manor had over forty rooms and beautiful gardens.
a package of things to be carried or mailed somewhere.
parcel
/ˈpɑːr.səl/
The parcel looked like it had been stepped on by someone.
V
to close something with a zipper.
zip
/zɪp/
She zipped her backpack closed after putting her books inside it.
a document of principles for a government.
constitution
/ˌkɑːn.stəˈtuː.ʃən/
The country’s constitution said a prime minister could only serve three terms.
the finger between one’s thumb and middle finger.
forefinger
/ˈfɔːrˌfɪŋ.ɡɚ/
He shouted, “There it is!” and pointed with his forefinger.
n
a fictional monster that sleeps in a coffin and sucks people’s blood.
vampire
/ˈvæm.paɪr/
The vampire snuck up on the woman and bit her neck.
V
to open one’s mouth wide and breathe in air.
yawn
/jɑːn/
The child yawned and stretched her arms before going to bed for the night.
a curved opening formed under a structure such as a bridge or doorway.
arch
/ɑːrtʃ/
The arch of the bridge was not high enough for the tall boat to pass underneath.
n
a unit of measure equal to 10,000 square meters.
hectare
/ˈhek.ter/
His family farm covered many hectares.
n
a section of grass and the dirt in which it grows.
turf
/tɝːf/
After the game, the turf looked ragged.
n
a device used for seeing things that are far away.
binoculars
/bəˈnɑː.kjə.lɚz/
He could see the ship on the horizon only if he used his binoculars.
n
the raw form of rock or material from which a valuable metal is taken.
ore
/ɔːr/
The factory melted the ore and used it to make iron products.
n
the wild inland region of Australia where very few people live.
The Outback
/ˈaʊt.bæk/
Many Australian farmers use the outback to raise cattle.
a structure that extends into a body of water.
pier
/pɪr/
If you want to catch bigger fish, then go to the far end of the pier.
a device that measures temperature.
thermometer
/θɚˈmɑː.mə.t̬ɚ/
The thermometer outside the window indicated that it was a hot day today.
V
to tip something into a sloping position.
tilt
/tɪlt/
She tilted her glass and almost spilled some of the cherry juice inside.
