Book 4 Flashcards
adj
responsible for the effects of his or her
actions.
accountable
/əˈkaʊn.t̬ə.bəl/
Political leaders are accountable to the people they represent.
adj
something that can be difficult to stop using or doing
addictive
/əˈdɪk.tɪv/
I think this game is very addictive.
n
a plan or goal that guides someone’s behavior.
agenda
/əˈdʒen.də/
The man is pushing his questionable agenda on his colleagues.
V
to create a new word or phrase that other people begin to use.
coin
/kɔɪn/
The coach coined the phrase, “There is no ‘l’in team.”
V
to have a close connection to something.
correlate
/ˈkɔːr.ə.leɪt/
Scientists believe that brain size might correlate with intelligence.
n
a medical condition that makes a person very unhappy for long periods of time.
depression
/ˈkɔːr.ə.leɪt/
Ron decided to get help for his depression.
adj
characterized by computer technology.
digital
/ˈdɪdʒ.ə.t̬əl/
Students prefer to take notes on their laptops and other digital devices.
n
the quality or state of being important, valuable, or significant.
importance
/ɪmˈpɔːr.təns/
The professor lectured the students on the importance of communication strategies.
n
it has buttons marked with letters and numbers that are pressed to put information into a computer.
keyboard
/ˈkiː.bɔːrd/
Paul spilled coffee all over his keyboard.
n
the unhappiness that is felt by someone if they do not have any friends.
loneliness
/ˈloʊn.li.nəs/
Many people join social clubs to escape loneliness.
n
the different ways of entertaining and giving information to the public.
media
/ˈmiː.di.ə/
Many people like to express their opinions online using social media.
n
an opportunity to make your ideas or beliefs known publicly
platform
/ˈplæt.fɔːrm/
The band uses their music as a platform to express their political beliefs.
adj
not as good as it could or should be.
poor
/pʊr/
The condition of the sidewalk is very poor.
n
the fact that someone or something is in a place:
presence
/ˈprez.əns/
The researcher discovered the presence of bacteria in the water sample.
V
to cause or force someone or something to experience something harmful or unpleasant.
subject
/ˈsʌb.dʒekt/
The location of the trees will subject them to strong winds from the hurricane.
n
a sudden, large increase in something.
surge
/sɝːdʒ/
All at once, there was a surge of runners at the finish line.
n
a set of questions that are asked to a large number of people in order to find out about opinions.
survey
/ˈsɝː.veɪ/
I filled out a survey about my shopping experience at the department store.
V
to aim an attack at someone or something.
target
/ˈtɑːr.ɡɪt/
Scientists are looking for new drugs to target cancer cells.
n
a general tendency in the way a situation is changing or developing.
trend
/trend/
Lucy likes to think she started this fashion trend.
V
to make someone feel that his or her ideas and feelings are respected.
validate
/ˈvæl.ə.deɪt/
Winning first prize will validate all of Tony’s hard work.
n
a chemical element that exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite, and is an important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals
carbon
/ˈkɑːr.bən/
Carbon is found in coal.
n
a gas made from one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
carbon dioxide
/ˌkɑːr.bən daɪˈɑːk.saɪd/
There is carbon dioxide in the smoke from coal power plants.
n
very small, dry particles of earth or sand
dust
/dʌst/
Some people wear medical face masks to avoid breathing in fine dust and germs.
V
to send out gas, heat, light, sound, etc.
emit
/iˈmɪt/
This iron emits steam.
V
to make it possible for something to happen.
enable
/ɪˈneɪ.bəl/
Studying hard will enable the girl to get a good job.
V
to break something into small pieces or powder.
grind
/ɡraɪnd/
We grind wheat to make flour.
V
to become healthy or well again.
heal
/hiːl/
This ointment will help heal your wounds.
V
to make something a part of another larger thing.
integrate
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/
More women are being integrated into the military.
adj
When something is …, it is the most advanced or best.
leading
/ˈliː.dɪŋ/
Teresa is the leading expert on brain surgery for dogs.
adv
used to introduce information that adds to or supports what has previously been said.
moreover
/ˌmɔːrˈoʊ.vɚ/
Marianne likes to walk to work to save money; moreover, it is good exercise.
V
to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something.
object
/ˈɑːb.dʒɪkt/
The students object to raising the tuition.
n
a substance that makes the air or water not safe for use.
pollutant
/pəˈluː.t̬ənt/
A pollutant in the water killed this fish.
n
a dry substance in the form of very small grains.
powder
/ˈpaʊ.dɚ/
Tumeric is a yellow powder used in cooking.
V
to cause someone to do something.
prompt
/prɑːmpt/
The tight deadline will prompt the employee to work very hard.
V
to refuse to accept, believe in, or agree with something.
reject
/rɪˈdʒekt/
I’m afraid the teacher will reject my new idea.
adj
a person who disagrees with particular claims that are generally thought to be true.
skeptic
/ˈskep.tɪk/
Kevin is a skeptic because he never believes anyone or anything.
(UK usually sceptic)
n
a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas.
substance
/ˈsʌb.stəns/
Arsenic is a poisonous substance.
adv
If something changes ….., it changes a lot.
substantially
/ˈsʌb.stəns/
The price of the apartment went up substantially.
n
a unit for measuring weight equal to 2000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms.
ton
/tʌn/
This dump truck can carry up to 25 tons.
n
the system or method of carrying passengers or goods from one place to another.
transport
/ˈtræn.spɔːrt/
Cargo ships are used for the transport of manufactured goods.
V
to support a political group, country, or person that you agree with.
align
/əˈlaɪn/
The crowd seemed to align themselves with the protestors.
n
someone who has the power to make decisions and enforce rules and laws.
authority
/əˈθɔːr.ə.t̬i/
The local police department is the authority whenever large crowds gather.
n
a large farm building that houses crops, equipment, and animals.
barn
/bɑːrn/
My grandparents keep hay in their red barn.
V
to be disloyal to someone who trusts you.
betray
/bɪˈtreɪ/
The four friends would never betray each other’s trust.
n
the book of sacred writing in the Christian religion.
Bible
/ˈbaɪ.bəl/
I read the Bible every night before I go to sleep.
Greek (ta) biblia ‘(the) books’, from biblion ‘book’, originally a diminutive of biblos ‘papyrus, scroll’, of Semitic origin.
adj
connected with the Roman Church.
Catholic
/ˈkæθ.əl.ɪk/
Rosanne is Catholic, so she goes to church every Sunday.
from the Greek adjective, katholikos, meaning “universal,” and from the adverbial phrase, kath’ holou, meaning “on the whole.”
V
to work with someone to achieve something that you both want.
cooperate
/koʊˈɑː.pə.reɪt/
The members of the team agreed to cooperate in order to get the project done.
V
to officially prevent someone from leaving a place.
detain
/dɪˈteɪn/
The police had to detain the thief for shoplifting.
n
something that is used as a way to get out of a place.
exit
/ˈek.sɪt/ /ˈeɡ.zɪt/
The green sign shows where the exit is located.
adj
outstanding thing or person
exceptional
/ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/
Holly is an exceptional student.
V
to leave somewhere very quickly in order to escape from danger.
flee
/fliː/
When a predator approaches a deer, the deer will flee.
n
a group of people or organizations that are in some way connected to each other.
network
/ˈnet.wɝːk/
Lesley is part of a volunteer network that plants trees in the city.
V
to make someone feel very angry or shocked.
outrage
/ˈaʊt.reɪdʒ/
He was outraged when his proposal was turned down.
n
the area for which a priest in some Christian churches is responsible.
parish
/ˈper.ɪʃ/
Greg’s parish has grown over the past year.
n
a narrow space that people can move through.
passage
/ˈpæs.ɪdʒ/
Follow the passage down the stairs.
n
a minister in charge of a parish or church.
pastor
/ˈpæs.tɚ/
The pastor speaks to the members of the church.
n
a group of people or vehicles that go through an area to make sure that it is free of trouble or danger.
patrol
/pəˈtroʊl/
The military patrol is responsible for keeping the area safe.
V
to attack a place in a short time in order to cause damage.
raid
/reɪd/
The soldiers are looking for the people who continue to raid the jungle villages.
n
a system of tracks on which trains travel.
rail
/reɪl/
I prefer traveling by rail because it’s more convenient than driving through traffic.
n
an underground passage for cars, trains, etc. to go through.
tunnel
/ˈtʌn.əl/
The tunnel will lead you to the next city.
adj
something that makes you feel relaxed, confident, and not worried.
comfortable
/ˈkʌm.fɚ.t̬ə.bəl/
Will loves his comfortable new sofa.
n
process of teaching and learning, usually at a school, college, or university.
education
/ˌedʒ.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
These students are receiving their education at a private school.
n
something that makes someone more determined, hopeful, or confident.
encouragement
/ɪnˈkɝː.ɪdʒ.mənt/
The mother gives constant encouragement to her son.
V
to express formal support or approval for someone or something.
endorse
/ɪnˈdɔːrs/
The committee will endorse their leader for the upcoming election.
adj
something is the same in size, number, amount, or value as something else.
equal
/ˈiː.kwəl/
The apple and orange are equal in weight.
V
to deal with something in a direct way.
face
/feɪs/
Justin will face many challenges at work.
n
a subject that people study or an area of activity that they are involved in as part of their work.
field
/fiːld/
Jane works in the healthcare field.
V
to help a skill, feeling, or idea develop over a period of time.
foster
/ˈfɑː.stɚ/
The afterschool program is designed to foster a sense of community at school.
n
help and advice that is given to someone about their work, education, or personal life.
guidance
/ˈɡaɪ.dəns/
Ms. Smith provided valuable guidance to all her students.
V
to have a particular degree, title, record, job, or position.
hold
Damian will soon hold a degree in business administration.
n
the act of including someone or something in a larger group or set.
inclusion
/ɪnˈkluː.ʒən/
The school promotes the inclusion of parents in their students’ education.
V
to encourage someone by making them feel confident and eager to do something.
inspire
/ɪnˈspaɪr/
Jim’s father likes to inspire his son by encouraging him to follow his dream.
adj
used to emphasize how small or unimportant something or someone is.
mere
/mɪr/
Scott lost the race by a mere two seconds.
n
a rank or role of someone in an organization or company
position
/pəˈzɪʃ.ən/
Kyle is interviewing for a marketing position.
n
the ability to influence people or give them strong feelings.
power
/ˈpaʊ.ɚ/
The coach has the power to keep the players from playing if they don’t show up to practice.
n
a task or duty that you are expected or required to do.
responsibility
/rɪˌspɑːn.səˈbɪl.ə.t̬i/
Parents have the responsibility to raise their children with love.
V
to increase quickly to a high level.
soar
/sɔːr/
The temperature today will soar to a high of 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
n
a piece of equipment or a skill that is useful for doing your job.
tool
/tuːl/
Presentation skills are an important tool for communication.
adj
When someone expresses a strong opinion publicly.
vocal
/ˈvoʊ.kəl/
Shawn gets vocal when someone disagrees with his opinions.
n
the room or building where you work.
workplace
/ˈwɝːk.pleɪs/
Diversity is important in the workplace.
adj
related to schools and education.
academic
/ˌæk.əˈdem.ɪk/
Alex received an award for his academic achievements.
n
when people agree that an idea, statement, explanation, etc., is right or true.
acceptance
/əkˈsep.təns/
Mr. Song celebrated his acceptance into the political party.
n
a large group or number of things.
array
/əˈreɪ/
The toy cars are available in an array of colors.
V
to make something unclear or difficult to see or remember.
blur
/blɝː/
The photographer can blur the bright lights into the background.
n
a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and simple meals.
café
/kæfˈeɪ/
Monica works part-time at a café.
n
a thick piece of cloth that artists use to paint on.
canvas
/ˈkæn.vəs/
The artist paints bright colors on a canvas.
n
a building in which films are shown.
cinema
My sister enjoys watching movies at the cinema.
n
the way people in society are divided into different social and economic groups.
class
/klæs/
This upper-class family travels on a private jet.
adj
has a special quality, character, or appearance that is different and easy to recognize.
distinctive
/dɪˈstɪŋk.tɪv/
Olives have a distinctive flavor.
adj
extremely important.
key
/kiː/
Marco is a key player on the country’s national team.
n
a series of organized activities in which people work together to do or achieve something.
movement
/ˈmuːv.mənt/
Booker T. Washington was a member of the civil rights movement.
n
something that is done often or regularly.
practice
/ˈpræk.tɪs/
Samuel has made it a practice to read the newspaper every morning.
adj
When something is shown as it is in real life.
realistic
/ˌriː.əˈlɪs.tɪk/
Dorothy is painting realistic images of fish.
n
an image that is seen in a mirror or other shiny surface.
reflection
/rɪˈflek.ʃən/
The man stared at his reflection in the mirror.
n
an official instruction that says how things must be done or what is allowed.
rule
/ruːl/
Wearing a helmet while riding a bicyle is a rule in some cities.
n
a single movement of a pen or brush when you are writing or painting.
stroke
/stroʊk/
The artist began with a yellow stroke on his painting.
n
the natural light that comes from the sun.
sunlight
/ˈsʌn.laɪt/
The sunlight shines through the trees.
adj
based on old-fashioned ideas.
traditional
/trəˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/
I prefer traditional furniture.
prep
used in place of “completely different from a particular person or thing.”
unlike
/ʌnˈlaɪk/
Unlike his older brother, Jim is short.
n
the distance from one side of something to the other side.
width
/wɪtθ/ /wɪdθ/
The man is measuring the width of the box.
n
a formal or religious song.
anthem
/ˈæn.θəm/
Everyone sings the national anthem before the baseball game starts.
prep
used to say that one thing is more than another.
beyond
/biˈjɑːnd/
The job is beyond the man’s ability.
n
what you have when you try to do something even when it is difficult.
determination
/dɪˌtɝː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/
Chris is the youngest competitor, but he has the most determination.
n
physical conflict between people or groups in a war, in the street, etc.
fighting
/ˈfaɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
Heavy fighting continued for days.
adj
When something is …., it is done by or involves two or more people or groups.
joint
/dʒɔɪnt/
Mike and Joanna are joint owners of a coffee shop.
n
when you return to the ground or another surface after a flight or a boat ride.
landing
/ˈlæn.dɪŋ/
The man is in charge of leading the landing in the warzone.
V
to celebrate an important event or time by doing something.
mark
/mɑːrk/
My grandparents are having a party to mark their 50th anniversary.
V
to prepare an army to fight in a war.
mobilize
/ˈmoʊ.bə.laɪz/
Thousands of soldiers were ready to mobilize for the fight.
V
a large area of land that is controlled by its own government
nation
/ˈneɪ.ʃən/
India is a nation that is developing rapidly.
adv
used in place of “in the beginning” or “when something first happened or began.”
originally
/əˈrɪdʒ.ən.əl.i/
This building was originally a bank.
n
is a sudden start or increase of fighting or disease.
outbreak
/ˈaʊt.breɪk/
The scientists prepared for an outbreak of a dangerous virus.
V
to speak to God in order to ask for help or to give thanks.
pray
/preɪ/
The girl likes to pray for world peace.
n
someone who is taken by force and kept somewhere.
prisoner
/ˈprɪz.ən.ɚ/
He has been a prisoner for many years.
V
to give up something in order to get something you want or do something else for someone.
sacrifice
/ˈsæk.rə.faɪs/
Karen has had to sacrifice a lot for her children.
n
the complete absence of sound or noise.
silence
/ˈsaɪ.ləns/
I can only sleep in complete silence.
adv
used in place of “as a result of something that was just mentioned.”
thus
/ðʌs/
Victor wants to lose weight; thus, he’ll go on a diet and start exercising.
n
something that you say, do, or give in order to express respect for someone.
tribute
/ˈtrɪb.juːt/
In some countries, people wear poppies as a tribute to veterans.
n
a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute.
victory
/ˈvɪk.tɚ.i/
The man was thrilled with his victory.
adv
without control
wild
/waɪld/
Dandelions grow wild in the cracks of the streets.
to injure someone or something by cutting or breaking the skin.
wound
/wuːnd/
The boy knew he might wound his knees if he didn’t wear pads on them.
V
to adopt the ways of a new culture and fully become a part of it.
assimilate
/əˈsɪm.ə.leɪt/
When the family moves to the US they will assimilate into American culture.
n
an act of trying to do something, especially something difficult.
attempt
/əˈtempt/
This is Ben’s second attempt to climb Mt. Everest.
n
an example of a particular situation or of something happening.
case
/keɪs/
A deposit of $1,000 is required, but in this case, we will accept half.
V
to stop doing something or to stop something happening.
cease
/siːs/
The rain will cease in the afternoon.
n
the possibility that someone or something will be harmed, destroyed, or killed.
danger
/ˈdeɪn.dʒɚ/
Smoking cigarettes is a danger to health.
adj
great harm or damage to something or someone.
devastating
/ˈdev.ə.steɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
The tsunami had devastating effects on the seaside village.
n
the quality or state of having many different forms, types, ideas, etc.
diversity
/dɪˈvɝː.sə.t̬i/
My company puts an emphasis on the importance on having cultural diversity.
n
a sudden shaking of a part of the Earth’s surface that often causes a lot of damage.
earthquake
/ˈɝːθ.kweɪk/
The earthquake caused the road to crack in multiple places.
adj
very rare and may eventually die out altogether.
endangered
/ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒɚd/
The whooping crane is an endangered species.
n
when a particular animal, plant, type of person, custom, skill, etc. stops existing.
extinction
/ɪkˈstɪŋk.ʃən/
The extinction of the dodo bird occurred in the 1600s.
adv
for an extremely long time or too much time:
forever
/fɔːˈrev.ɚ/
Michelle and Tanya want to be best friends forever.
adv
We use …… in place of “in most cases” or “to most people.”
generally
/ˈdʒen.ə r.əl.i/
The suburbs are generally viewed as a good place to raise children.
n
the deliberate murder of a whole group or race of people.
genocide
/ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd/
As a result of the genocide, many children have been orphaned.
Greek word genos, meaning race or tribe, with the Latin suffix cide, meaning killing.
V
to affect someone or something in a harmful or dangerous way.
hit
/hɪt/
The ship was hit by a violent storm.
V
to have something that is important or necessary taken from you or destroyed.
lose
/luːz/
The family never thought they’d lose everything to fire.
adj
refers to the place someone was born and raised.
native
/ˈneɪ.t̬ɪv/
Carlos is a hero in his native country of Brazil.
n
an amount that is equal to one one-hundredth of something.
percent
/pɚˈsent/
Liz needs to get 80 percent on her test to pass the course.
from the Latin adverbial phrase per centum, meaning “by the hundred”.
n
a statement or fact that explains why something is the way it is, or why someone does, thinks, or says something.
reason
/ˈriː.zən/
The reason Eric is late for work is that he forgot to set his alarm.
n
the act of referring to something or someone.
reference
/ˈref.ɚ.əns/
My supervisor made a reference to the data I’d collected.
adj
related to towns and cities.
urban
/ˈɝː.bən/
It is common to see tall buildings in urban areas.
V
to use something as a source of energy.
burn
/bɝːn/
Running is good exercise for people who want to burn fat and lose weight.
V
to ask someone whether something is correct, true, or allowed.
check
/tʃek/
Peter wants to check with the teacher to see if he is doing the assignment right.
n
a large brown fruit that has a hard shell and white flesh.
coconut
/ˈkoʊ.kə.nʌt/
A coconut produces a healthy oil.
n
a medical condition that affects the brain and can make someone become unconscious or unable to control their movement for a short time.
epilepsy
/ˈep.ə.lep.si/
The doctor diagnosed the patient with epilepsy.
n
an oily solid or liquid substance in food.
fat
/fæt/
The fat contained in salmon, avocados, and nuts is healthy.
V
to gradually get more and more of a quality, feeling, etc.
gain
/ɡeɪn/
Winning the award will help Steven gain confidence.
n
a natural form of sugar that exists in plants and fruit.
glucose
/ˈɡluː.koʊs/
People with diabetes need to check their glucose levels.
adj
greater than usual in amount, number, or degree.
high
/haɪ/
The thermometer shows a high body temperature.
V
to stay in a particular state, condition, or position.
keep
/kiːp/
Brian needs to keep working in order to finish his project on time.
adj
something that people are aware of or have discovered.
known
/noʊn/
Bob is known throughout the neighborhood as a burglars.
n
a large organ in the body that produces bile and cleans blood.
liver
/ˈlɪv.ɚ/
The professor showed us what the human liver looks like.
adj
smaller than usual in amount, number, or degree.
low
/loʊ/
The temperature gets very low in the winter.
n
the act or process of controlling and dealing with something.
management
/ˈmæn.ədʒ.mənt/
Practing yoga is good for stress management.
adj
relates to the chemical process in which plants or animals use food and water to make energy.
metabolic
/met̬.əˈbɑː.lɪk/
Fish have a very high metabolic rate.
n
a smooth, thick liquid made from plants or some animals, and is especially in cooking.
oil
/ɔɪl/
The chef put the oil in the pan and heated it up.
n
a small egg-shaped black or green fruit.
olive
/ˈɑː.lɪv/
I prepared a bowl of olives for my guests.
n
how well someone or something functions, works, etc.
performance
/pɚˈfɔːr.məns/
Liam’s performance in the race was not his best.
adj
it has a strong effect.
powerful
/ˈpaʊ.ɚ.fəl/
This perfume has a powerful scent.
n
a substance that provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as wheat, potatoes, and rice.
starch
stɑːrtʃ
Pasta is high in starch.
n
a short statement that contains the main information about something.
summary
/ˈsʌm.ɚ.i/
Cindy concluded the meeting with a summary of the project.
((formal summation)
adj
related to logic and reasoning.
analytic
/ˌæn.əˈlɪt̬.ɪk/
The analytic article criticized the new plan and presented one of its own.
n
a reasonably large place.
area
/ˈer.i.ə/
He was very familiar with the local area.
n
an unmarried man.
bachelor
/ˈbætʃ.əl.ɚ/
Since he was a bachelor, Jason did his shopping by himself.
adj
related to learning and knowing things.
cognitive
/ˈkɑːɡ.nə.t̬ɪv/
After her physical examination, her cognitive skills were tested.
n
the act of two things hitting into each another.
collision
/kəˈlɪʒ.ən/
The collision between the two cars created a loud noise.
adj
able to think or act successfully.
competent
/ˈkɑːm.pə.t̬ənt/
Competent employees are much better than unknowledgeable ones.
n
a certificate proving that someone has completed their studies.
diploma
/dɪˈploʊ.mə/
After four years of college, Mary finally had a diploma.
V
to be very good at a subject or activity.
excel
/ɪkˈsel/
Jenny excels at playing the piano.
(excel is related to excellent)
n
the study of the Earth’s natural structures and how they change.
geology
/dʒiˈɑː.lə.dʒi/
Because he studied geology, he knew how the mountains were formed.
adj
an important part of the whole.
integral
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡrəl/
She is an integral member of our team.
n
a person’s ability to understand things easily.
intellect
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ekt/
She was known for her quick and strong intellect as well as her beauty.
n
the work you do to earn money.
job
/dʒɑːb/
He now has a high-paying job.
adj
eager to work or learn, and enjoys doing it; intelligent
keen
/kiːn/
Only a keen student could have solved that math problem.
adj
the smallest amount.
minimum
/ˈmɪn.ə.məm/
What is the minimum temperature in winter in this area?
plural minimums or specialized minima (written abbreviation min.)
n
the study of how the brain affects our thought and actions.
psychology
/saɪˈkɑː.lə.dʒi/
The psychology of seeing is a fascinating subject.
adj
having or producing powerful and dangerous energy that comes from the breaking up of atoms:
radioactive
/ˌreɪ.di.oʊˈæk.tɪv/
Radioactive states can be very bad for anyone’s health.
n
a set of ideas about time and space developed by Albert Einstein.
relativity
/ˌrel.əˈtɪv.ə.t̬i/
Relativity teaches that light travels at the same speed throughout the universe.
n
the study of human society, its organizations, and problems.
sociology
/ˌsoʊ.siˈɑː.lə.dʒi/
Sociology teaches that people’s problems are a result of their society.
adj
based on theory rather than experience.
theoretical
/ˌθiː.əˈret̬.ə.kəl/
His conclusion was only theoretical and not meant to be publicized.
adj
not strong and healthy.
weak
/wiːk/
She is still weak after the illness.
n
a person who controls a business, company, or organization.
administrator
/ədˈmɪn.ə.streɪ.t̬ɚ/
Everyone in the store did whatever the administrator asked them to do.
adj
having a lot of money or owning a lot of things; wealthy
affluent
/ˈæf.lu.ənt/
People in the city are usually more affluent than people in the country.
V
to inspect financial records from a person or business.
audit
/ˈɑː.dɪt/
The government usually audits companies that report lower than usual incomes.
V
to have machines or computers do the work.
automate
/ˈɑː.t̬ə.meɪt/
When the bank automated, it started installing ATM machines.
V
to illegally persuade someone for a favor with money.
bribe
/braɪb/
The judge was bribed so that she would set the suspect free.
adj
If someone is …., they break the law for money or fame.
corrupt
/kəˈrʌpt/
The corrupt policemen didn’t arrest the man because he gave them money.
V
to get rid of something.
dispose
/dɪˈspoʊz/
He disposed of the can by throwing it into the recycle bin.
n
a building where the bosses of a company work.
headquarters
/ˈhedˌkwɔːr.t̬ɚz/
He took the long route to the headquarters because it was a nice day.
plural headquarters (abbreviation HQ)
n
what makes a person want to do something.
incentive
/ɪnˈsen.t̬ɪv/
The chance of winning a prize was an incentive to get people to play the game.
n
a collection of services needed to run a society or business.
infrastructure
/ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃɚ/
Power lines are important parts of a city’s infrastructure.
V
to make laws
legislate
/ˈledʒ.ə.sleɪt/
Senators have to legislate fairly so most people will enjoy the benefits.
adj
acceptable according to the law.
legitimate
/ləˈdʒɪt̬.ə.mət/
She found a legitimate plan to raise extra funds for her vacation.
V
to skillfully or unfairly control or affect something.
manipulate
/məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/
The doctor manipulated the data to make it look like the cure was working.
n
goods ready to be purchased or sold.
merchandise
/ˈmɝː.tʃən.daɪs/
The store added more merchandise because there were more shoppers.
n
the activity of selling goods to the public, often for personal use.
retail
/ˈriː.teɪl/
Although cheap to make, once a t-shirt reaches retail, it costs ten times as much.
n
the income made by a company.
revenue
/ˈrev.ə.nuː/
The new products really increased the business’s monthly revenue.
(also revenues)
trash or waste
rubbish
/ˈrʌb.ɪʃ/
The floor around the garbage can was covered with all kinds of rubbish.
n
money given by the government to companies to assist them.
subsidy
/ˈsʌb.sə.di/
The official gave the company a subsidy so it could open two new factories.
n
an act of buying or selling something.
transaction
/trænˈzæk.ʃən/
Because the clerk was new at the job, the simple transaction took a long time.
V
to break a law, rule, or agreement.
violate
/ˈvaɪ.ə.leɪt/
I was given a ticket because the policeman said I violated a traffic law.
V
to judge the structure, purpose, or quality of something.
assess
/əˈses/
She assessed the condition of the toy car before buying it.
V
to greatly surprise someone.
astonish
/əˈstɑː.nɪʃ/
The number of people that came to her party astonished her.
V
to begin something.
commence
/kəˈmens/
His speech commenced with a “thank you” to all who had helped him succeed.
n
important qualities or basic characteristics of something
essence
/ˈes.əns/
The essence of the argument was that both sides felt they had lost money.
V
to remove something
extract
/ɪkˈstrækt/
The dentist extracted the woman’s damaged tooth and put in a fake one.
adj
extremely good
fabulous
/ˈfæb.jə.ləs/
This strawberry is the best I’ve ever had. It’s fabulous.
n
speed in movement or action.
haste
/heɪst/
In order to get to the meeting in time, he proceeded with haste.
n
a sudden thoughtless urge to do something.
impulse
/ˈɪm.pʌls/
Because of the scary noise, she had an impulse to run somewhere and hide.
V
stop something from developing.
inhibit
/ɪnˈhɪb.ɪt/
Poor reading skills will inhibit learning in a wide range of subject areas.
adj
near or towards the end of something:
latter
/ˈlæt̬.ɚ/
In the latter minutes of the game, the visitors scored the winning goal.
n
the smallest basic unit that makes up a physical substance.
molecule
/ˈmɑː.lɪ.kjuːl/
A tiny drop of water is made up of many billions of molecules of water.
adj
If something is still happening or still growing.
ongoing
/ˈɑːnˌɡoʊ.ɪŋ/
The development of plants is ongoing because it takes time for them to mature.
adj
exact and careful about their work.
precise
/prəˈsaɪs/
The builder was very precise about where he placed the nails.
n
closeness in time, space, or relationships.
proximity
/prɑːkˈsɪm.ə.t̬i/
All the trees in the proximity of the beach had been cut down.
n
public attention given to someone or something by the media.
publicity
/pʌbˈlɪs.ə.t̬i/
She received a lot of publicity after her performance in the film.
n
a cure for a disease, argument, or problem..
remedy
/ˈrem.ə.di/
A good remedy for a headache is an aspirin and a glass of water
n
the quality that makes something important.
significance
/sɪɡˈnɪf.ə.kəns/
The significance of the snowy weather was that we didn’t have to go to school.
adj
happening after something else:
subsequent
/ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
The flood and the subsequent rescue of those caught in the flood were on TV.
adj
made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product:
synthetic
/sɪnˈθet̬.ɪk/
Clothing made out of synthetic fabrics is very effective at keeping people warm.
adj
If something is …., then it causes or results in death.
terminal
/ˈtɝː.mə.nəl/
Since his condition was not terminal, he felt a great sense of relief.
adj
is very severe and intense.
acute
/əˈkjuːt/
When she fell out of the tree, the girl felt an acute pain in her arm.
n
behavior that is mean or violent to others.
aggression
/əˈɡreʃ.ən/
The problem was only made worse by Mark’s aggression.
n
an account of someone’s life that is written by someone else.
biography
/baɪˈɑː.ɡrə.fi/
We read a biography about Charles Darwin in science class.
V
to increase or improve it.
boost
/buːst/
Lowering prices boosts customers’ interest in shopping.
V
to hit one’s hands together to express pleasure or get attention.
clap
/klæp/
After the speech, everyone in the crowd clapped their hands for the speaker.
adj
more formal and serious than popular music.
classical
/ˈklæs.ɪ.kəl/
Beethoven is a composer of classical music.
V
to force someone to do something:
compel
/kəmˈpel/
Traffic signs compel drivers to drive safely.
n
something original that is made.
creation
/kriˈeɪ.ʃən/
We saw the creation of a new political party.
n
state of being more powerful than others.
dominance
/ˈdɑː.mə.nəns/
Large gorillas hit their chests to express their dominance over others.
adj
very pleasing and attractive.
gorgeous
/ˈɡɔːr.dʒəs/
The girl picked out a gorgeous dress to wear to the dance.
adj
certain to happen or cannot be avoided.
inevitable
/ˌɪnˈev.ə.t̬ə.bəl/
It is inevitable that the days will get longer in the summer.
n
an effect that exists because of a person or thing in the past.
legacy
/ˈleɡ.ə.si/
The legacy of the ancient Egyptians can be seen in their monuments.
n
a very good painting, novel, movie, or other work of art.
masterpiece
/ˈmæs.tɚ.piːs/
The Arc de Triomphe is considered a masterpiece in the world of architecture.
adj
very many of the same type, or of different types:
multiple
/ˈmʌl.tə.pəl/
When the stunt went wrong, the man suffered multiple injuries.
V
to write about a story or read it aloud.
narrate
/ˈner.eɪt/
This story was written by John, but Aaron is narrating it to the crowd.
adj
well known because of something bad.
notorious
/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs/
This area of town is notorious for gang activity.
adv
in general rather than in particular, or including all the people or things in a particular group or situation:
overall
/ˌoʊ.vɚˈɑːl/
Overall, the party was a huge success.
n
a tendency to prefer one thing to another.
partiality
/ˌpɑːr.ʃiˈæl.ə.t̬i/
She has a partiality for walking to school instead of driving.
adjs
When an act is not planned. It happens suddenly.
spontaneous
/spɑːnˈteɪ.ni.əs/
My wife made a spontaneous decision to buy a new sofa while I was at work.
n
a good quality or way of behaving.
virtue
/ˈvɝː.tʃuː/
My best virtue is forgiveness.
n
a part of a plant that turns into a flower or a leaf.
bud
/bʌd/
Two weeks after planting the seed, a small bud appeared.
adj
relates to the eyes or light.
optic
Her blindness was caused by a problem with her optic nerve.
an object with shelves that holds things.
rack
/ræk/
He stored his tools on a rack.
V
If you …. two things together, you fasten them with rope, string, etc.
tie
The dog is used to being tied up.
n
a substance that is slightly shiny and melts when heated.
wax
/wæks/
The candles are made of wax.
adj
involving or relating to archaeology:
archeological
/ˌɑːr.ki.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
They found archeological evidence of an ancient species of man.
n
the study of ancient people through their artifacts.
archeology
/ˌɑːr.kiˈɑː.lə.dʒi/
He studied archeology to learn more about ancient Egyptian culture.
from Greek arkhaiologia “the study of ancient things;”
V
to have a lot of ideas about a certain topic.
brainstorm
/ˈbreɪn.stɔːrm/
The students met after school to brainstorm ideas for their assignments.
n
an outdoor area that is surrounded by the walls of a building.
courtyard
/ˈkɔːrt.jɑːrd/
During the summer, the courtyard is a nice place to have lunch.
n
a chemical element that is the lightest gas, has no colour, taste, or smell, and combines with oxygen to form water
hydrogen
/ˈhaɪ.drə.dʒən/
Airships used to be filled with hydrogen, but it exploded easily.
(symbol H)
n
a device that helps people and things fall to the ground safely.
parachute
/ˈper.ə.ʃuːt/
They used parachutes dropped from airplanes to send supplies to the civilians.
adj
from a time before written history.
prehistoric
/ˌpriː.hɪˈstɔːr.ɪk/
The scientists found prehistoric pots used by the people in the area.
n
a group of people who work closely together.
team
/tiːm/
The All Blacks are my favorite sports team.
n
a medical drug used to kill bacteria and treat infections.
antibiotic
/ˌæn.t̬i.baɪˈɑː.t̬ɪk/
The doctor gave me a shot of an antibiotic when I got the flu.
n
a piece of an electronic device that allows electricity to flow.
circuit
/ˈsɝː.kɪt/
Be very careful not to shock yourself when fixing an electrical circuit.
V
to make something or someone better.
complement
/ˈkɑːm.plə.ment/
The wool scarf complemented her lovely eyes.
V
to press or squeeze something so that it takes up less space.
compress
/kəmˈpres/
I compressed my clothes to fit into a single suitcase.
n
a collection of data that is stored in a computer.
database
/ˈdeɪ.t̬ə.beɪs/
The company has a database of all the names and accounts of their customers.
n
information that is put into a computer.
input
/ˈɪn.pʊt/
Type the input into the computer program.
n
a piece of iron or other material which attracts iron toward it.
magnet
/ˈmæɡ.nət/
I used a magnet to pick up the nails that were scattered on the floor.
n
a small device in a computer that holds information.
microchip
/ˈmaɪ.kroʊ.tʃɪp/
I can put more data on my computer if I buy a more powerful microchip.
V
to take a piece of skin between one’s fingers and squeeze.
pinch
/pɪntʃ/
I pinched my nose so I couldn’t smell the odor from the garbage.
adj
common; existing very commonly or happening often
prevalent
/ˈprev.əl.ənt/
Growing a beard is more prevalent in some countries than in others.
n
it relates to the behavior of atomic particles.
quantum
/ˈkwɑːn.t̬əm/
The physics student studied quantum mechanics.
plural quanta
from Latin, neuter of quantus
n
a shape which winds round and round as if around a cylinder.
spiral
/ˈspaɪr.əl/
A strand of DNA looks like two interlocking spirals.
adj
a disease or infection that is caused by a virus.
viral
/ˈvaɪ.rəl/
The girl was in bed for a week when she had a viral infection.
2nd meaninf: “spreading or becoming popular very quickly through communication from one person to another, especially on the internet: Within days the film clip went viral.”
n
a chemical that can burn or dissolve other substances.
acid
/ˈæs.ɪd/
In chemistry class, we mixed two acids together and watched the reaction.
n
the group of people who manage a company or organization.
administration
/ədˌmɪn.əˈstreɪ.ʃən/
She hoped she could be promoted to a job in administration.
n
the use of living parts, such as cells, in industry and technology.
biotechnology
/ˌbaɪ.oʊ.tekˈnɑː.lə.dʒi/
Researchers at the biotechnology company use bacteria to make medicine.
(informal biotech
n
a substance in fat, tissues, and blood of all animals, thought to be part of the cause of heart disease if there is too much of it.
cholesterol
/kəˈles.tə.rɑːl/
When people have too much cholesterol, they are at a high risk for heart problems.
n
a medical condition in which a person’s body cannot control the level of sugar in their blood.
diabetes
/ˌdaɪ.əˈbiː.t̬iːz/
Overweight people are more likely to suffer from diabetes than slimmer ones.
n
the destruction of rock or soil due to flowing water or weather
erosion
/ɪˈroʊ.ʒən/
Canyons are formed because rivers of fast-moving water caused erosion.
n
moral beliefs or rules about right or wrong.
ethics
/ˈeθ·ɪks/
The act of stealing certainly doesn’t go against some people’s ethics.
V
to make something in a factory.
manufacture
/ˌmæn.jəˈfæk.tʃɚ/
My father’s company manufactures steel building materials.
n
a part of a machine that performs a certain function.
mechanism
/ˈmek.ə.nɪ.zəm/
I can’t open my car door because the locking mechanism is broke.
n
a sweet liquid produced by flowers that bees and other insects collect.
nectar
/ˈnek.tɚ/
Bees use nectar to make their honey.
n
a system of government or management.
regime
/reɪˈʒiːm/
He was a member of the old regime that had been overthrown in the election.
adj
unable to pay their debts.
bankrupt
The store had few customers and soon went bankrupt.
V
to put furniture in a house or room.
furnish
/ˈfɝː.nɪʃ/
Most homes are furnished with tables, chairs, and beds.
V
to rent property, usually an apartment or land.
lease
/liːs/
When the family first leased the apartment, the rent was very low.
adj
required by law.
mandatory
/ˈmæn.də.tɔːr.i/
It’s mandatory that everyone be at least 16 to drive a car in the US.
n
a loan for property, especially a home or a business.
mortgage
/ˈmɔːr.ɡɪdʒ/
When they bought their new home, the married couple had to sign a mortgage.
n
employees in a business.
personnel
/ˌpɝː.sənˈel/
When business increased, we had to hire more personnel.
n
the system of pipes used in a home to supply water.
plumbing
/ˈplʌm.ɪŋ/
When the plumbing stopped working, no one was allowed to use the toilets.
n
what someone has said, including saying how much a piece of work will cost.
quote
/kwoʊt/
His writing was full of quotes from Shakespeare.
n
a person who rents property from a landlord.
tenant
/ˈten.ənt/
The new tenants moved into the house across the street.
adv
by which way or method:
whereby
/werˈbaɪ/
The mayor had a new bridge built whereby the citizens could cross the river.
V
to change in order to deal with a new situation.
adapt
/əˈdæpt/
When he went to the new town, he had to adapt to all the weather changes.
adj
the process of life and living things.
biological
/ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑː.dʒɪ.kəl/
In science class, we learned about the biological process of bacterial growth.
adj
relates to the cells of animals or plants.
cellular
/ˈsel.jə.lɚ/
adj
lively and have creative ideas.
dynamic
/daɪˈnæm.ɪk/
The new, dynamic employee came up with a good way to juggle his workload.
n
a pleasant situation that people think about but is unlikely to happen.
fantasy
/ˈfæn.tə.si/
Becoming an astronaut is a fantasy shared by many children.
n
the process of passing on features from parents to children.
heredity
/həˈred.ə.ti/
The boy’s face is similar to his father’s because of heredity.
adj
exists or happens inside a person, object, or place.
internal
/ɪnˈtɝː.nəl/
We removed the outer case to reveal the computer’s internal wires.
adj
very small.
minimal
/ˈmɪn.ə.məl/
My lazy husband does a minimal amount of work around the house.
OPP: maximal
V
to tell someone to take medicine.
prescribe
/prɪˈskraɪb/
When I was sick, the doctor prescribed flu medicine for me to take.
adj
relate separately to each person just mentioned.
respective
/rɪˈspek.tɪv/
The boxers were told to return to their respective corners.
adj
When rules or systems are …., they are severe because they cannot be changed.
rigid
/ˈrɪdʒ.ɪd/
Societies often have rigid rules about the way that people are supposed to act.
adj
Things which are almost the same.
similar
/ˈsɪm.ə.lɚ/
I have had a similar experience to the one you described.
V
to use something or someone instead of another thing or person:
substitute
/ˈsʌb.stə.tuːt/
When I ran out of juice, I had to substitute water to drink in the morning.
a doctor who is trained to do surgery.
surgeon
/ˈsɝː.dʒən/
The surgeon operated on the old man’s heart.
n
treatment for a particular physical or mental illness or condition.
therapy
/ˈθer.ə.pi/
After she broke her legs, she used physical therapy to learn how to walk again.
V
to move something from one place to another.
transfer
/ˈtræns.fɝː/
The family transferred the groceries from the shopping cart to the car.
n
an operation in which a damaged part of one’s body is replaced.
transplant
/trænˈsplænt/
The sick child needed a heart transplant to live.
n
the study of the stars in the belief that they influence people’s lives.
astrology
/əˈstrɑː.lə.dʒi/
Jack, who studies astrology, believes that the stars can predict the future.
n
a math operation to determine the value of something.
equation
/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/
I used the Pythagorean theorem to solve the equation.
adj
incorrect or only partly correct.
erroneous
/əˈroʊ.ni.əs/
The child held the erroneous belief that time machines were real.
adj
behave in a wild way because they are frightened.
frantic
/ˈfræn.t̬ɪk/
The cat became frantic when I tried to give it a bath.
adj
When an action is ….., it is done without realizing what you are doing.
inadvertent
/ˌɪn.ədˈvɝː.t̬ənt/
She made an inadvertent error when she knocked over the nail polish.
n
a place distance from the equator
latitude
/ˈlæt̬.ə.tuːd/
The device was able to tell the traveler his exact latitude.
longitude: he distance of a place east or west of an imaginary line between the North Pole and the South Pole
n
a sailor
mariner
/ˈmer.ə.nɚ/
The old mariner used his telescope to find the shore.
n
ability to last forever.
permanence
/ˈpɝː.mə.nəns/
Poor results threaten the permanence of the new system.
(formal permanency)
adj
stupid and unreasonable, or silly in a humorous way; ridiculous.
absurd
/əbˈsɝːd/
That group of people making animal noises sounds completely absurd.
n
the highest class of people in certain societies.
aristocracy
/ˌer.əˈstɑː.krə.si/
Most members of the aristocracy were very well fed.
n
nice or special clothing.
attire
/əˈtaɪr/
Everyone wore their best attire to the president’s daughter’s wedding.
adj
it has qualities that are commonly related to women.
feminine
/ˈfem.ə.nɪn/
Many of the older people thought his long hair made him look too feminine.
n
a system of things or people ranked one above the other.
hierarchy
/ˈhaɪ.rɑːr.ki/
Everyone knows where they fit in the hierarchy.
n
a thick piece of soft material used to protect or clean things.
pad
/pæd/
Football players wear shoulder pads to keep them safe.
n
someone who lives or works with you as an equal.
partner
/ˈpɑːrt.nɚ/
Ladies and gentlemen, take your partners for the next dance.
V
to be a symbol of something.
signify
/ˈsɪɡ.nə.faɪ/
A red octagon is used to signify a place to stop.
n
a thin long piece of fabric used to fasten, carry, or hold something.
strap
/stræp/
She put the strap of her purse over her shoulder and walked out the door.
n
excessive pride or love of one’s own appearance or things one has done.
vanity
/ˈvæn.ə.t̬i/
Her vanity won’t allow her to pass a mirror without looking at herself.
adv
If something goes …., it goes from the water to the land.
ashore
/əˈʃɔːr/
After a long day of fishing, Glen pulled his boat ashore, so it wouldn’t float away.
n
a human or animal that is still growing inside its mother.
embryo
/ˈem.bri.oʊ/
Some doctors say that what a mother eats has a big effect on her embryo.
n
a newspaper.
gazette
/ɡəˈzet/
Alice wants to write for a gazette when she’s older.
(from the Italian gazzetta, a name given to informal news or gossip sheets first published in Venice in the mid-16th century.)
n
a table used in churches.
altar
/ˈɑːl.tɚ/
The altar had many lit candles on it.
n
the study of plants.
botany
/ˈbɑː.t̬ən.i/
Gardens are the best places for botany.
n
the time in the evening when it begins to get dark.
dusk
/dʌsk/
After dusk, Hannah went to catch fireflies in the park.
n
a tube that takes blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
artery
/ˈɑːr.t̬ɚ.i/
Eating healthily keeps your arteries clean so blood can flow with ease.
n
a very small living thing that often makes people sick.
microbe
/ˈmaɪ.kroʊb/
The first step in curing a disease is finding the microbe that causes it.
n
an event by which one country takes over another country.
conquest
/ˈkɑːŋ.kwest/
After the conquest, the people of the small city had no freedom.
adj
wishing you had what another person has
envious
/ˈen.vi.əs/
They were envious of their neighbor’s front yard.
(Jealousy is fear of losing something, envy is desire for something someone else has.)
n
very small beans that people cook and eat.
lentil
/ˈlen.t̬əl/
Danni made her special soup with lentils when her husband was sick.
n
the amount of hope that people have during a difficult situation.
morale
/məˈræl/
To improve our family’s morale, mom suggested going on a picnic.
n
the way you are feeling.
mood
/muːd/
My boss is in a really bad mood today.
n
a prediction about what will happen in the future.
prophecy
/ˈprɑː.fə.si/
Some people believe that prophecies are actually true.
n
a part of the government in some countries.
senate
/ˈsen.ət/
Everybody liked Caroline and chose her to speak for them in the senate.
n
a state of anger about something among the people in a place.
unrest
/ʌnˈrest/
High taxes caused much of the unrest that led to the Revolutionary War.
n
a group of states or businesses working for a common cause.
federation
/ˌfed.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
The United Nations is a federation designed to prevent war, disease, and famine.
adj
disgusting; extremely unpleasant
gross
/ɡroʊs/
The food was so gross that the dog couldn’t eat it without feeling sick.
adj
good and kind towards others, especially those who are suffering:
humane
/hjuːˈmeɪn/
Helping build homes for poor people is very humane.
adj
poor and not having enough food, clothes, etc.:
needy
/ˈniː.di/
After he lost his job, he became very needy.
2nd meaning: wanting too much attention and love: Sybil was very insecure and needy.
V
to make a promise to do something.
pledge
/pledʒ/
Her mother pledged that she would find her daughter’s lost kitten.
n
a disease that causes tiny bumps on the skin and high fevers.
smallpox
/ˈsmɑːl.pɑːks/
When she saw the tiny bumps, she thought her son might have smallpox.
V
to pass something from one person or place to another.
transmit
/trænsˈmɪt/
The radio tower transmits a signal to all the radios in a 20-kilometer radius.
V
to put dirty or harmful chemicals into something.
contaminate
/kənˈtæm.ə.neɪt/
The lake was contaminated when pollutants entered the water.
n
something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage:
hazard
/ˈhæz.ɚd/
Smoking cigarettes poses many health hazards.
n
tubes through which food passes after it leaves the stomach.
intestines
/ɪnˈtes·tənz/
Whatever you eat goes into your intestines.
(also bowels)
n
the passage by which air reaches a person’s lungs.
airway
/ˈer.weɪ/
Since he was sick, mucus would occasionally get stuck in his airway.
n
a name for a god in a religion.
Almighty
/ɑːlˈmaɪ.t̬i/
Before eating, they thanked the Almighty for their food.
n
a system of belief.
ideology
/ˌaɪ.diˈɑː.lə.dʒi/
Within the teachers’ ideology, there was a belief in the value of parent participation.
V
to take air or a smell into the lungs.
inhale
/ɪnˈheɪl/
The camper inhaled the cool and fresh mountain air and felt relaxed.
adj
related to the moon.
lunar
/ˈluː.nɚ/
During a lunar eclipse, Earth’s shadow darkens the moon’s surface.
adj
no longer in fashion or use
outmoded
/ˌaʊtˈmoʊ.dɪd/
Black and white television sets are outmoded.
n
the study and treatment of mental illness.
psychiatry
/saɪˈkaɪə.tri/
Studying psychiatry has taught me a lot about mental illness.
n
a sudden condition in which the body loses control and shakes.
seizure
/ˈsiː.ʒɚ/
Bright flashing lights can cause seizures in children.
n
a tool with a particular use, especially in a kitchen or house:
utensil
/juːˈten.səl/
It seemed that a fork was the wrong utensil for trying to eat the soup
adj
When food looks and smells very good.
appetizing
/ˈæp.ə.taɪ.zɪŋ/
The appetizing plate of cookies was gone in half an hour.
n
a hole or space in something.
cavity
/ˈkæv.ə.t̬i/
There was a small cavity in the wall of the cave, where an animal lived.
adv
If something moves in a circle in the same direction as a clock.
clockwise
/ˈklɑːk.waɪz/
Turn the screw clockwise to tighten it.
adj
circles or rings which have the same center.
concentric
/kənˈsen.trɪk/
The target was a series of concentric circles.
n
the excellence of manners or social conduct.
courtesy
/ˈkɝː.t̬ə.si/
Jenna always behaves with great courtesy when people visit her home.
adj.
When food is hard or has a hard surface in a way that is pleasant.
crisp
/krɪsp/
My favorite snack is a bag of crisp, delicious potato chips.
n
disagreement or fighting.
discord
/ˈdɪs.kɔːrd/
There was much discord between the experts on the talk show.
n
a discussion of each person’s idea.
interchange
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈtʃeɪndʒ/
There was an interchange of ideas between the groups.
V
to make a hole in something using a sharp object.
pierce
/pɪrs/
The arrow pierced the target in the very center.
adj
not straight but has a series of curves.
wavy
The child drew wavy lines all over the piece of paper.
V
to sell products to other countries.
export
/ˈek.spɔːrt/
The United States exports many cereals and grains.
OPP: import
n
unhealthy smoke and gases that are made by fires or chemicals.
fume
/fjuːm/
The engine put unpleasant, black fumes into the air.
n
the state of having too many people in an area.
overpopulation
/ˌoʊ.vɚˌpɑː.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/
The organization is concerned with the overpopulation of the world.
n
a liquid natural resource from which many fuels are made.
petroleum
/pəˈtroʊ.li.əm/
The petroleum at that factory is used to make gasoline.
n
a person who entertains people by doing amazing physical things.
acrobat
/ˈæk.rə.bæt/
There were acrobats at the circus that did impressive and complicated jumps.
adj
relates to a large city.
metropolitan
/ˌmet.rəˈpɑː.lə.tən/
After years of living on a farm, Rufu was finally moving to a metropolitan area.
