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HKDSE Chemistry > Book 2: Definitions > Flashcards

Book 2: Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Mineral acids

A

Acids that are derived from minerals

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2
Q

Base

A

A substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only.

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3
Q

Neutralisation

A

The combination of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions (or oxide ions) to form water molecules.

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4
Q

Effervescence

A

Bubbling

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5
Q

Acid

A

A compound which produces hydrogen ions as the only positive ions when dissolved in water.

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6
Q

Basicity

A

The maximum number of hydrogen ions that can be produced by one molecule of the acid.

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7
Q

Alkalis

A

Bases which are soluble in water and produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.

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8
Q

Hygroscopic substances

A

Substances which absorb water vapour from air

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9
Q

Deliquescent substances

A

Substances which absorb water vapour from air and eventually form a very concentration solution.

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10
Q

Acidic solution

A

A solution with pH less than 7

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11
Q

Alkaline solution

A

A solution with pH above 7

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12
Q

Neutral solution

A

A solution with pH equal to 7

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13
Q

Strong acid

A

An acid that dissociates almost completely in water to give hydrogen ions.

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14
Q

Weak acid

A

An acid that dissociates partially in water to give hydrogen ions.

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15
Q

Strong alkali

A

An alkali that dissociates almost completely in water to give hydroxide ions.

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16
Q

Weak alkali

A

An alkali that dissociates partially in water to give hydroxide ions.

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17
Q

Acid salt

A

A salt formed by replacing only part of the hydrogen ions from an acid.

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18
Q

Normal salt

A

A salt formed by replacing all of the hydrogen ions from an acid.

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19
Q

Standard solution

A

A solution whose concentration is accurately known.

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20
Q

Titre

A

The volume delivered from the burette into the conical flask until the titration end point is reached.

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21
Q

Concordant titres

A

Titres pairwise within 0.10cm3 of each other.

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22
Q

Titration end point

A

The point at which the indicator changes colour.

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23
Q

Equivalence point

A

The point at which sufficient acid has been added to just neutralise the alkali (or vice versa).

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24
Q

Chemical cell

A

A device that converts the chemical energy stored in it into electrical energy.

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25
Q

Negative electrode

A

The electrode from which electrons flow into the external circuit.

26
Q

Positive electrode

A

The electrode from which electrons flow from the external circuit.

27
Q

Electrolyte

A

The medium which allows ions to flow between the two electrodes.

28
Q

Primary cell

A

Chemical cell that cannot be recharged

29
Q

Secondary cell

A

Chemical cell that can be recharged

30
Q

Cell capacity

A

Number of hours a cell can supply a particular amount of electric current (ampere-hours)

31
Q

Energy density

A

The amount of energy that can be derived per unit volume of the cell

32
Q

Service life

A

The length of time that a cell can remain in use before its voltage drops to a certain value (usually 0.8V)

33
Q

Cycle life

A

The number of charge-discharge cycles that a secondary cell can undergo before its capacity falls to 80% of its original value

34
Q

Shelf life

A

The length of time that a cell can be stored inactive before its capacity falls to 90% of its original value.

35
Q

Salt bridge

A

A strip of filter paper soaked in an electrolyte and dipped in the solutions, to complete an electric circuit built from two half-cells

36
Q

Porous pot

A

A replacement of the salt bridge in the Daniell cell

37
Q

Oxidation in terms of gain and loss of oxygen

A

The gain of oxygen by a chemical species.

38
Q

Reduction in terms of gain and loss of oxygen

A

The loss of oxygen from a chemical species.

39
Q

Redox reaction

A

A reaction in which reduction and oxidation take place.

40
Q

Oxidising agent

A

A chemical species that causes oxidation of another chemical species, and becomes reduced in the process.

41
Q

Reducing agent

A

A chemical species that causes reduction of another chemical species, and becomes oxidised in the process.

42
Q

Oxidation in terms of gain and loss of hydrogen

A

The loss of hydrogen from a chemical species.

43
Q

Reduction in terms of gain and loss of hydrogen

A

The gain of hydrogen by a chemical species.

44
Q

Oxidation in terms of gain and loss of electrons

A

The loss of electron(s) from a chemical species.

45
Q

Reduction in terms of gain and loss of electrons

A

The gain of electron(s) by a chemical species.

46
Q

Oxidation in terms of gain and loss of electrons in oxidation numbers

A

The oxidation number of an element in a chemical species increases.

47
Q

Reduction in terms of gain and loss of electrons in oxidation numbers

A

The oxidation number of an element in a chemical species decreases.

48
Q

Stock system

A

A system which uses the concept of oxidation number to name inorganic compounds.

49
Q

Breathalyser

A

A breath test machine to detect and estimate alcohol levels

50
Q

Disproportionation reaction

A

A reaction in which one element has been both oxidised and reduced, so that its oxidation number increases and decreases at the same time.

51
Q

Anode

A

The electrode at which oxidation occurs

52
Q

Cathode

A

The electrode at which reduction occurs

53
Q

Fuel cell

A

A chemical cell in which the reactants can be supplied continuously and the products of the cell reaction are continuously removed.

54
Q

Electrolysis

A

The process of decomposing an electrolyte with an electric current

55
Q

Electrolytic cell

A

The apparatus in which electrolysis is carried out

56
Q

Electronegativity

A

A measure of the ability of an atom of the element to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond towards itself.

57
Q

Dipole

A

A separation of opposite electrical charges

58
Q

Induction

A

The process in which a temporary dipole affects the electron distribution of a neighbouring molecule, resulting in the formation of another dipole.

59
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

The strong attractive force between a hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and the lone pair on another electronegative atom.

60
Q

Viscosity

A

A quantity that describes a liquid’s resistance to flow

HKDSE Chemistry (32 decks)

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