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HKDSE Chemistry > Book 1: Definitions > Flashcards

Book 1: Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler by chemical methods.

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2
Q

Compound

A

A pure substance that consists of two or more elements chemically joined together.

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3
Q

Mixture

A

It is made up of two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are not chemically joined together.

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4
Q

Solute, solvent, solution

A

Solute + solvent = solution

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5
Q

Dilute solution

A

It contains a small amount of solute in a given volume of solution.

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6
Q

Concentrated solution

A

It contains a large amount of solute in a given volume of solution.

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7
Q

Saturated solution

A

It contains solute such that no more solute dissolved in the solution at the temperature.

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8
Q

Filtrate

A

Substances that pass through the filter paper in filtration.

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9
Q

Residue

A

Substances that are trapped on the filter paper in filtration.

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10
Q

Distillate

A

Liquid product condensed from vapour in distillation.

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11
Q

Physical change

A

A change in which no new substance is formed.

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12
Q

Chemical change

A

A change in which at least one new substance is formed.

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13
Q

Physical properties

A

Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the substance.

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14
Q

Chemical properties

A

Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the substance only when the substance undergoes a chemical change to form new substances.

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15
Q

Ores

A

Rocks containing minerals in concentrations that are high enough for economical extraction.

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16
Q

Effervescence

A

Bubbling / fizzing

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17
Q

Weathering

A

The process where rock is dissolved, worn away or broken down into smaller and smaller pieces.

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18
Q

Erosion

A

The process of moving weathered rock materials to another place by ice, water, wind, or gravity.

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19
Q

Atom

A

The smallest particle of an element that still has its chemical properties.

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20
Q

Brittle

A

Appears hard on the surface but breaks easily.

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21
Q

Malleable

A

Can be hammered into a shape

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22
Q

Ductile

A

Can be drawn into a wire

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23
Q

Metalloids

A

Elements that do not fit easily into metals or non-metals.

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24
Q

Semi-conductor

A

Pure form does not conduct electricity, conductivity increases when impurity is added.

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25
Q

Z

A

Atomic number

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26
Q

Atomic number (Z)

A

Number of protons in an element.

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27
Q

A

A

Mass number

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28
Q

Mass number (A)

A

Sum of numbers of protons and neutrons of an atom.

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29
Q

Isotopes

A

Difference atoms of an element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

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30
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

Mass of an isotope of an element, relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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31
Q

Relative atomic mass

A

Weighted mean mass of an element taking in to account the relative abundance of isotopes in a naturally occurring sample of the element, relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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32
Q

Transition metals

A

Metals between group II and group III of the periodic table.

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33
Q

Period number

A

Indicates the number of occupied electron shells on an atom of the element.

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34
Q

Group number

A

Indicates the number of outermost shell electrons in an atom of the element.

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35
Q

Alkali metals

A

Elements in group I

36
Q

Alkaline earth metals

A

Elements in group II

37
Q

Halogens

A

Elements in group VII

38
Q

Noble gases

A

Elements in group 0

39
Q

Chemically inert

A

Rarely react with other substances

40
Q

Monoatomic ion

A

Formed when one atom loses or gains one or more electrons.

41
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion

42
Q

Anion

A

Negative ion

43
Q

Cation formation

A

An atom of a metal (/ hydrogen) loses one or more outermost shell electrons.

44
Q

Anion formation

A

An atom of a non-metal gains one or more outermost shell electrons.

45
Q

Charge of monoatomic cation

A

Group number of the element

46
Q

Charge of monoatomic anion

A

8 - group number of the element

47
Q

Conductors

A

Substances which conduct electricity but are not chemically changed during electrical conduction.

48
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances which conduct electricity in molten state or aqueous solution but not in solid state, and are decomposed during the conduction.

49
Q

Non-conductors

A

Substances that do not conduct electricity in solid, molten state, or aqueous solution.

50
Q

Ionic bond

A

The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

51
Q

Ionic bond formation

A

Electrons are transferred from one atom (a group of atoms) to another (or group of atoms).

52
Q

Oxoanion

A

Polyatomic anion with oxygen

53
Q

Polyatomic ions

A

Ione formed from a group of atoms

54
Q

Chemical formula

A

A way to represent a chemical substance by using symbols and numbers.

55
Q

Delocalised electrons

A

Outermost shell electrons of atoms of metals that become free and move randomly throughout the metal.

56
Q

Metallic bond

A

The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive metal ions and a “sea” of delocalised electrons.

57
Q

Covalent bond formation

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons.

58
Q

Covalent bond

A

The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the positively charged nuclei of the two bonded atoms and the negatively charged shared electrons.

59
Q

Molecular formula

A

Formula of a substance that gives the total number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the substance.

60
Q

Lone pair of electrons

A

A pair of electrons in the outermost shell of one of the atoms in a molecule which is not involved in bonding.

61
Q

Double bond formation

A

When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.

62
Q

Triple bond formation

A

When three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule.

63
Q

Dative covalent bond

A

A type of covalent bond in which both electrons come from the same atom.

64
Q

Relative molecular mass

A

(For an element of a compound existing as discrete molecules) The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms which make up one molecule.

65
Q

Formula mass

A

(For ionic compounds) The sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in one formula unit of the compound.

66
Q

Non-aqueous solvent

A

Any solvent other than water

67
Q

Allotropes

A

Two or more forms of the same element in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in different ways.

68
Q

Minerals

A

Metals combined with other elements chemically as compounds

69
Q

Ores

A

Rocks containing minerals in concentrations that are high enough for economical extraction.

70
Q

Roasting

A

The process in which the concentrated ore is heated strongly in the presence of excess air.

71
Q

Calcination

A

The process in which the concentrated ore is heated strongly in the absence or limited supply of air.

72
Q

Displacement reaction

A

A reaction in which a stronger oxidising agent displaces a weaker oxidising agent from its ions in a solution.

73
Q

Spectator ions

A

Ions which do not change in chemical nature nor physical state during a reaction.

74
Q

Avogadro constant

A

6.02 x 1023 mol-1

75
Q

Molar mass

A

Mass of one mole of a substance (g mol-1)

76
Q

Water of crystallisation

A

Water necessary for the formation of crystals of some compounds

77
Q

Hydrated compounds

A

Compounds containing water of crystallisation

78
Q

Anhydrous compounds

A

Compounds not containing water of crystallisation

79
Q

Empirical formula

A

A formula of a compound that gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms or ions in the compound.

80
Q

Limiting reactant

A

The reactant which is used up in a chemical reaction

81
Q

Reactant in excess

A

The reactant which is not used up in a chemical reaction

82
Q

Corrosion

A

The deterioration of a metal caused by chemical interaction with oxygen, moisture or other substances in the environment.

83
Q

Rusting

A

The corrosion of iron

84
Q

Tin-plating

A

Coating iron or steel objects with a layer of tin

85
Q

Electroplating

A

The process of coating an object with a thin layer of a metal using electrolysis.

86
Q

Galvanising

A

Coating iron or steel objects with a layer of zinc

87
Q

Impressed current cathodic protection

A

A technique used to prevent the rusting of iron by making ti the cathode of an electric circuit.

HKDSE Chemistry (32 decks)

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