7: Ionic and Metallic Bonds Flashcards
What are the three groups substances can be classified into according to their electrical conductivity?
Conductors, electrolytes, and non-conductors
What are the properties of electrical conductors?
They are substances which conduct electricity and are not chemically changed during the conduction process.
What are the properties of electrolytes?
They are substances which conduct electricity in molten or aqueous solution but not in solid state, and are decomposed during the conduction process.
Compounds made up of metals and non-metals are electrolytes.
What are the properties of electrical non-conductors?
They are substances which do not conduct electricity in solid, molten state, nor aqueous solution.
Compounds made of non-metals are non-conductors.
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic forces or attraction between oppositely charged ions.
How are ionic bonds formed?
Ionic bonds are formed when electron(s) is/are transferred from one atom (or group of atoms) to another (or group of atoms).
What are the properties of the arrangement of ions in sodium chloride and why?
The ions are packed together in a regular arrangement called a lattice. This is because ionic bonding is non-directional as each ion in the lattice is attracted to every other with ion with opposite charge.
Sodium chloride has a giant structure as it contains a very large number of ions.
What is the definition of polyatomic ions?
Polyatomic ions are ions that are formed by a group of atoms.
What is the definition of oxoanion?
An oxoanion is a negative polyatomic ion that contains oxygen.
What are the naming patterns for different oxoanions formed by the same element?
Some elements can form two type of oxoanion, each containing a different number of oxygen atoms. The name of the oxoanion with less oxygen atoms ends in “-ite”, while the name of that with more oxygen atoms ends in “-ate”.
What are the characteristics on charge and naming of simple ions from the first 20 elements?
A simple/monoatomic ion is derived from a single atom. All simple metal ions and H+ ions are cations, while all simple non-metal ions are anions with -ide ending.
What are the naming characteristics of polyatomic ions?
A polyatomic ion is derived form a group of ions. Those ending with -ide are simple anions except for OH- and CN- (hydroxide and cyanide ion). Those ending with -ite are polyatomic ions with less O atoms, while those ending with -ate are polyatomic ions with more O atoms. The same transition metal can form more than one simple cation with different charges.
What are the chemical formulas of hydrogen ion, calcium ion, nitride ion, fluoride ion, and phosphide ion?
Hydrogen ion: H+
calcium ion: Ca2+
nitride ion: N3-
fluoride ion: F-
phosphide ion: P3-
What are the chemical formulas of ammonium ion, silver ion, and zinc ion?
ammonium ion: NH4+
silver ion: Ag+
zinc ion: Zn2+
What are the chemical formulas of nitrate ion, nitrite ion, carbonate ion, and hydrogencarbonate ion?
nitrate ion: NO3-
nitrite ion: NO2-
carbonate ion: CO32-
hydrogencarbonate ion: HCO3-
What are the chemical formulas of sulphate ion, sulphite ion,
and hydrogensulphate ion?
sulphate ion: SO42-
sulphite ion: SO32-
hydrogensulphate ion: HSO4-
What are the chemical formulas of chromate ion, dichromate ion, and phosphate ion?
chromate ion: CrO42-
dichromate ion: Cr2O72-
phosphate ion: PO43-
What are the chemical formulas of permanganate ion, cyanide ion, and hydroxide ion?
permangenate ion: MnO4-
cyanide ion: CN-
hydroxide ion: OH-
What are the colours of chromate ion, dichromate ion, and chromium(III) ion in aqueous solution?
chromate ion: yellow
dichromate ion: orange
chromium(III) ion: green
What are the colours of iron(II) ion, iron(III) ion, cobalt(II) ion, and copper(II) ion in aqueous solution?
iron(II) ion: pale green
iron(III) ion: yellow
cobalt(II) ion: pink (cobalt chloride paper)
copper(II) ion: blue
What are the colours of manganese(II) ion, permanganate ion, and nickel(II) ion in aqueous solution?
manganese ion: pale pink
permanganate ion: purple
nickel(II) ion: green
How can the migration of permanganate ions be observed with an experimental set-up?
- Add a piece of potassium permanganate crystal onto a piece of filter paper moistened with sodium sulphate solution.
- Clip the ends of the filter paper and pass electricity through the paper.
- The purple spot beneath the potassium permanganate crystals migrates to the positive terminal, indicating that the negatively-charged permanganate ions are purple.
- Colourless potassium ions also migrate to the negative terminal, but they cannot be observed.
How can the migration of copper(II) ions and chromate ions be observed with an experimental set-up?
A direct current is passed through a gel containing copper(II) ions and chromate ions. After a few minutes, a blue colour appears at the negative electrode while a yellow colour appears at the positive electrode. This is because the blue copper(II) ions are attracted to the negative electrode, while the yellow chromate ions are attracted to the positive electrode.
When observing the migration of copper(II) ions and chromate ions, explain why an orange colour is observed at the positive electrode.
Dichromate ions are orange in colour. When
What is a metallic bond?
A metallic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the positive metal ions and a “sea” of delocalised electrons.
Is metallic bond directional and why?
Metallic bond is non-directional as all the delocalised electrons are attracted to the nuclei of all metal ions in all directions.
What are the similarities and differences of atoms and their simple ions?
An atom and its ion have different physical and chemical properties because they have different numbers of electrons, while the identity of an element does not change after gaining or losing electrons as the number of protons stay the same.
