Bony Thorax

Question 0

What structures pass through the inferior thoracic aperture (anatomical thoracic outlet)

Answer 0

esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava

Question 1

What are the names for the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 1

Anatomical: Thoracic inlet
Clinical: Thoracic outlet

Question 2

Which viscera do the sternum protect

Answer 2

Mediastinal viscera–especially the heart

Question 3

What part of the sternum is the widest part

Answer 3

manubrium

Question 4

What landmarks are located on the manubrium

Answer 4

suprasternal notch
manubriosternal joint
sternal angle

Question 5

What vertebral level is the suprasternal (jugular) notch

Answer 5

T2

Question 6

What vertebral level is the manubriosternal joint/sternal angle located

Answer 6

T4-5

Question 7

What ribs articulate with the body of the sternum

Answer 7

R2-7

Question 8

What does the xiphoid process delineate

Answer 8

inferior limit of central thoracic cavity
midline marker for upper limit of liver
inferior border of heart

Question 9

What vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint located at

Answer 9

T8-9

Question 10

Where is the subcostal angle located

Answer 10

inferior end of sternum between sternal attachment of 7th costal cartilage

Question 11

How are the intercostal spaces numbered

Answer 11

numerically associated with the rib forming the superior border

Question 12

What are the landmarks of the head of the ribs

Answer 12

articular facets (superior and inferior)
crest

Question 13

What structures create the costal groove

Answer 13

The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

Question 14

What characteristics make R1 atypical

Answer 14

broadest, shortest, most sharply curved
single facet for articulation with T1
2 superior transverse grooves present for subclavian a,v
Scalene Tubercle for anterior scalene
ridge formed by groove for subclavian a and middle scalene attachment

Question 15

What makes R2 atypical

Answer 15

Tuberosity for serratus anterior m attachment

Question 16

How are R10-12 atypical

Answer 16

only one facet on head

Question 17

What makes R11-12 atypical

Answer 17

short and have no neck or tubercles

Question 18

Where are supernumerary ribs typically located

Answer 18

cervical most common, but can also be located in lumbar

Question 19

What are the potential complications from supernumerary cervical ribs

Answer 19

parasthesia in upper limb if brachial plexus is compressed

ischemic muscle pain if subclavian a is compressed

Question 20

What is a potential complication of a broken rib

Answer 20

ma puncture/lacerate underlying viscera

Question 21

What is flail chest

Answer 21

results from multiple rib fractures creating sizeable segment of lateral or anterior chest wall to move freely
causes painful paradoxical movement (inward/inspiration, outward/expiration)

Question 22

What type of joint is a costochondral joint

Answer 22

syncondroses

Question 23

Is there any movement at the costochondral joint

Answer 23

no- firmly bound by hyaline cartilage

Question 24

What type of joint is found at the sternocostal joint of R1

Answer 24

synchondrosis

Question 25

What type of joint is found at R2-7

Answer 25

synovial joint-- strengthened by the anterior/posterior radiate sternocostal l.

Question 26

Which joint does a rib dislocation occur at

Answer 26

sternocostal joint

Question 27

Which joint does a rib separation occur at

Answer 27

Costochondral joint | -- usually involves tearing of perichondrium/periosteum

Question 28

What are the layers of intercostal mm

Answer 28

``` Superficial: external intercostals Middle: internal intercostals Deepest: innermost intercostals subcostals ```

Question 29

What is the external intercostal mm replaced by and where

Answer 29

external intercostal membrane | from costochondral joint to sternum

Question 30

What directions to the external intercostal muscles run

Answer 30

down and in (hands in pockets)

Question 31

Which muscles is in the same plane and continuous with the external intercostals

Answer 31

external abdominal oblique

Question 32

What is the action of the external intercostals

Answer 32

elevate ribs in forced inspiration

Question 33

What is the internal intercostal mm replaced by and where

Answer 33

internal intercostal membrane | angle to transverse process of vertebrae

Question 34

What direction do the internal intercostal mm fibers run

Answer 34

down and out

Question 35

What muscle is in the same plane and blends with the internal intercostal mm

Answer 35

internal oblique

Question 36

What is the action of the internal intercostal membrane

Answer 36

depress ribs in forced expiration (maintain tonus in normal respiration)

Question 37

What is the deepest layer of intercostal mm composed of

Answer 37

innermost intercostal mm subcostal mm Transversus Thoracis m

Question 38

Which part of the thorax is the innermost intercostal mm found

Answer 38

lateral portion only

Question 39

What separates the internal intercostal mm from the innermost intercostal mm

Answer 39

intercostal VAN

Question 40

What is the action of the innermost intercostal mm

Answer 40

depress ribs in forced expiration

Question 41

What part of the thorax is the subcostal mm located

Answer 41

posterior surface of lower ribs near the angles

Question 42

What makes the subcostal mm unique from the intercostal mm

Answer 42

muscle spans two or more intercostal spaces

Question 43

What is the action of the subcostal mm

Answer 43

weakly depress the ribs

Question 44

Where is the transversus thoracis located in the thorax

Answer 44

inner surface of anterior thoracic wall

Question 45

What distance does the transversus thoracis span

Answer 45

inferior sternum to 2nd-6th costal cartilages

Question 46

What muscle is the the tranversus thoracis in the same plane with and continuous with

Answer 46

transversus abdominis m

Question 47

What is the action of the transversus thoracis

Answer 47

weakly depress the ribs, may function in proprioception

Question 48

What are the accesory mm of respiration

Answer 48

``` pec major,minor mm serratus anterior mm scalene mm levator costarum mm serratus posterior superior and inferior mm ```

Question 49

Which accessory respiratory muscles elevate the ribs in forced exhalation

Answer 49

pec major, minor serratus anterior levator costarum

Question 50

What is the action of the scalene mm as a accessory respiratory mm

Answer 50

fix 1st and 2nd ribs facilitating action of intercostal mm below