Bones (wk1)

Question 1

Function of the skeleton - Support

Answer 1

-It provides a framework

Question 2

Function of the skeleton - Protection

Answer 2

-Bones protect our internal organs

Question 3

Function of the skeleton - Movement

Answer 3

-The body can move as a whole or in individual parts/limbs

Question 4

Function of the skeleton - Production of RBC

Answer 4

-Some bones such as the pelvis contain bone marrow, which can produce platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells

Question 5

Function of the skeleton - Storage of minerals

Answer 5

-Bones store minerals such as calcium and iron

Question 6

Function of the skeleton - Endocrine regulation

Answer 6

-Bones secrete hormones and thereby control various psychological pathways

Question 7

The axial and appendicular skeleton

Answer 7

-Most people have 206 bones when they get to adulthood
-The axial skeleton is the main trunk and consists of the skull, vertebral spinal column, sternum and ribs (thoracic cage)
-The appendicular skeleton consists of the extremities of the body, predominantly the limbs e.g. shoulder girdle and arms

Question 8

The axial skeleton - Skull

Answer 8

-The cranium consists of 22 bones; split into 8 bones at the back and 14 facial bones
-The main goal is to protect the brain
-Complete the diagram (27/09)

Question 9

The axial skeleton - Vertebral column

Answer 9

-It is also known as the spinal column and extends from the skull to the pelvis
-It is made up of individual vertebrae, which are interconnected by a cartilaginous intervertebral disk
-Divided into 7 regions; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 (fused) sacrum and 3-5 (fused) coccyx
-When viewed laterally, there are 4 curvatures
-It protects the spinal cord

Question 10

The axial skeleton - Thoracic cage

Answer 10

-Consists of 12 pairs of ribs, their costal cartilage and the sternum/breastbone
-Ribs 1-7 are classed as true ribs as they adjoin directly onto the sternum
-Ribs 8 -12 are considered to be false ribs as they don’t attach by their own costal cartilage onto the sternum
-Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs as they don’t attach to the sternum at all

Question 11

The appendicular skeleton - Shoulder girdle and arms

Answer 11

-The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula
-The arms attach to the shoulder girdle

Question 12

The appendicular skeleton - Hands

Answer 12

-There are 8 carpal bones in each wrist
-There are 5 metacarpal bones in each hand/wrist
-There are 5 proximal phalanges, 4 intermediate and 5 distal phalanges in each of our hands
-The distal row of the carpal bones are; capitate, trapezium, trapezoid and hamate
-The proximal row of the carpal bones are; pisiform, triquetrum, lunate and scaphoid

Question 13

The appendicular skeleton - Pelvic girdle and legs

Answer 13

-Consists of 2 bones which then attach to the sacrum to form our pelvic ring, where the legs then attach
-There’s 3 parts to the innominate bones; ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 14

The appendicular skeleton - Feet

Answer 14

-There are 7 tarsals in each foot
-There are 3 types of cuneiform; medial, intermediate and lateral
-5 metatarsals
-2 phalanges in the big toes, but each of the other toes have 3 (14 in each foot)

Question 15

What are the different types of bones?

Answer 15

Long, Sesamoid, Flat, Irregular and Short

Question 16

Description of a long bone

Answer 16

-They function to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement e.g. femur

Question 17

Description of a sesamoid bone

Answer 17

-These are embedded in tendons e.g. found in tendons of the feet and hands

Question 18

Description of a flat bone

Answer 18

-They can provide protection e.g. cranium

Question 19

Description of an irregular bone

Answer 19

-Help protect specific internal organs e.g. bones of the pelvic and vertebrae

Question 20

Description of a short bone

Answer 20

-They provide stability and some movement e.g. wrist bones

Question 21

Bone composition

Answer 21

-Osseous tissue -> Collagen and hard minerals (make bones hard and rigid) e.g. calcium, magnesium and phosphate
-There are 2 types;
1. Cancellous or spongy bone (honeycomb structure)
2. Compact bone

Question 22

Bone - Structured and mechanical properties

Answer 22

-Compact -> Dense and tough (provides protective layer)
-Spongy -> Light and strong (trabeculae) - found on the inside of bones and is very light

Question 23

What is the structure of a long bone? (and description)

Answer 23

-Most common bones found in the human body
-Composed mostly of compact bone and have enlarged ends that are filled with spongy bone
-The dialysis is the shaft of the long bone and makes up the length of the bone
-The epiphysis is the two ends of the bone, which is covered in articular cartilage, which allows the bones to slide past one another. The interior is filled with spongy bone
-The medullary canal is where the yellow bone marrow is found in adults

Question 24

Bone cells

Answer 24

-Osteoblasts -> Bone forming cells e.g. found in some immature bones
-Osteoclasts -> Break down the bone, releasing the calcium and phosphate and help to continue the remodelling of healthy bone tissue
-Osteocytes -> Mature bones found deep within mineralised bone

Question 25

What is the micro-structure of bone?

Answer 25

-Compact bones make up about 80% of the body bone mass because its denser and is made up of a large number of parallel tube-shaped units called osteons -The osteon gives the bone strength and in the central canal, it contains nerves, lymphatics and blood vessels which are partnered with neighbouring canals

Question 26

What is osteogenesis?

Answer 26

-It is the development of bone tissue -The process begins before birth and will continue into life until your 21st year -Calcium and phosphate salts are deposited through the cartilaginous osteoid and increasingly calcify the cartilage model and convert it into a harder, more mature bone -While the cartilage is equal to the rate of ossification, the bone will continue to lengthen

Question 27

Remodelling of bones

Answer 27

-There is a constant turnover of bone tissue and that's mediated by osteoblasts and osteoclast activity (bone turnover) -On average, about 10% of bone is replaced each year, but the rate at which individual bones remodel varies -Wolff's Law -> Bone density changes in response to the forces placed on the bone -A lack of exercise leads to weak and fragile bones, which reduces the rate of remodelling of bones

Question 28

What is joint function?

Answer 28

-The amount of movement available between the articulating bones

Question 29

What are the 3 types of joint functions?

Answer 29

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses

Question 30

Joint classification/function -Synarthroses

Answer 30

-Immovable -> Immobile or nearly immobile joints -They have a strong union between the articulating bones -They are important at locations where the bones provide protection for vital organs e.g. the joints between the bones of the skull and where they can protect the brain

Question 31

Joint classification/function -Amphiarthroses

Answer 31

-Slightly movable -> Joints with limited mobility -There are small movements allowed which will add up to a much larger sum -E.g. the joint that unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

Question 32

Joint classification/function -Diarthroses

Answer 32

-Freely movable ->Freely movable joints that are found in the appendicular skeleton, which allow limbs to have a wider ROM -These joints can be divided into 3 types; uniaxial (movement in a plane around a single axis), biaxial (movement in two planes) and multiaxial (movement in three planes)

Question 33

What are the different types of joint structure classifications?

Answer 33

-Cartilaginous (fibro or hyaline cartilage) -Fibrous (dense connective tissue)

Question 34

Joint classification/structure -Fibro or Hyaline cartilage (synchondroses + symphysis)

Answer 34

-Synchondroses -> Bones are united by a continuous layer of hyaline cartilage which is temporary -Symphysis -> The articulating surfaces of these bones are covered in hyaline cartilage but also have a pad of hyaline cartilage between them to allow small movements to take place

Question 35

Joint classification/structure -> Dense CT -Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Answer 35

-Sutures -> A form of fibrous joint that permits no movement and are only found where the bones of the skull meet one another -Syndesmosis -> United by a larger amount of fibrous tissue, by a ligament or an interosseous membrane. The flexible membrane allows the joints to move -Gomphosis -> A fibrous joint where a peg fits into a socket and is held in place by a fibrous band or ligament

Question 36

Synovial joints description

Answer 36

-These are freely movable joints with movement limited by their associated joint capsules, ligaments and muscles crossing the joint -The articular surface is covered in an articular hyaline cartilage which is hard and smooth, enabling the bones to move against one another with minimal friction -The deep surface of the capsule is lined by the synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity

Question 37

Name the 6 types of synovial joint and draw them

Answer 37

Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoid, Saddle and Ball and socket

Question 38

Movement v Stability

Answer 38

-Stable joints allow for little or no movement between the bones, but joints that provide the most movement are the least stable -Strongly united, stable joints allow little or no movement at all -> these joints are associated with protection e.g. for vital organs -Joints with greater ROM are much less stable e.g. the shoulder

Question 39

What are joint arthrokinematics and can you name the 3?

Answer 39

-The general term for specific movement of joint surfaces -Roll, Spin, Glide

Question 40

Joint arthrokinematics - Roll

Answer 40

-Draw the diagram -One surface rolls over the other surface

Question 41

Joint arthrokinematics - Spin

Answer 41

-Draw the diagram -Spinning is like a basketball being spun on a finger

Question 42

Joint arthrokinematics - Glide

Answer 42

-Draw the diagram -Slide or glide is a translated movement, with one fixed point sliding over the other surface slowly