Bones and Joints (Dry Lab) Flashcards
In the anatomical position, what direction do the palms face?
Anterior
In the anatomical position, what is the position of the thumbs?
Lateral
In the anatomical position, what is the position of the feet?
Toes pointed anteriorly
In the anatomical position, what is the position of the head?
Face anterior.
Why should the anatomical position be used and referred to?
To ensure descriptions aren’t ambiguous.
Define superior.
Nearer to head.
Define inferior.
Nearer to feet.
Define anterior.
Nearer to front.
Define posterior.
Nearer to back.
Define medial.
Towards the midline.
Define lateral.
Away from midline.
Define proximal.
Nearer to trunk.
Define distal.
Further from trunk.
Define superficial.
Nearer to or on the surface.
Define deep.
Further away from the surface.
Define palmar.
Nearer to, or on, the palm of the hand.
Define plantar.
Nearer to, or on, the sole of the foot.
Define dorsal.
Nearer to, or on, the back of the body.
Define ventral.
Nearer to, or on, the front of the body.
Define cranial/rostral.
Nearer to the head.
Define caudal.
At or near the tail of the body.
Define ipsilateral.
On the same side of the body.
Define contralateral.
On the opposite side of the body.
What are the three planes of the body?
Sagittal
Transverse
Coronal
How is the body sectioned in sagittal plane?
Left and Right
How is the body sectioned in transverse plane?
Superior and inferior
How is the body sectioned in coronal plane?
Anterior and posterior
What is the plane known as which is a sagittal plane through the midpoint of the clavicle?
Midclavicular line.
What are the 5 cavities of the body?
Cranial and head Upper limb Thorax Abdomen Lower limb
What is the upper limb made of?
Upper limb girdle Shoulder Arm Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand
What is the lower limb made of?
Lower limb girdle Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot
Where does the liver lie in relation to the abdomen?
To the right.
Where does the spleen lie in relation to the abdomen?
To the left.
Where does the right kidney lie in relation to the liver?
Posteriorly
Where does the stomach lie in relation to the left kidney.
Anteriorly.
At what vertebral level is the sternal angle located?
T4
At what vertebral level is the summit of iliac crest located?
L4
At what vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint located?
T9
What are the three germ layers?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
What is found in the middle of the mesoderm?
Notochord
Which embryonic germ layer gives origin to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?
Mesoderm
Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to nerve tissue?
Ectoderm
Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to skin?
Ectoderm and Mesoderm
Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to smooth muscle?
Ectoderm and mesoderm.
How can hyaline cartilage be defined in histology?
Widely dispersed collagen fibres.
How can spongy bone be defined in histology?
Spaces of marrow cavity.
How can compact bone be defined in histology?
Osteocytes, haversian canals.
Where is hyaline cartilage found in long bone other than the epiphyseal growth plate?
Inside joint cavities
What type of tissue is bone marrow?
Loose connective tissue.
What does bone marrow do?
Generates blood cells
Where is bone marrow found?
Medullary cavity.
