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Anatomy > Back and Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Back and Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many individual bones are in the vertebral column?

A

33

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2
Q

Size of vertebrae increases from ______ to ______.

A

Superior

Inferior

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3
Q

What are found between each vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral discs

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4
Q

What are the 4 functions of the vertebral column?

A

Weight bearing
Protection
Movement
Site of muscle attachment.

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5
Q

What do the neck vertebrae protect?

A

Vertebral artery

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6
Q

Where does the vertebral column carrie and transmit weight from?

A

Upper body down to lower limbs.

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7
Q

What 2 features provide shock absorption?

A

Curvatures and intervertebral discs.

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8
Q

What shape does a normal healthy spine have?

A

Double S

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9
Q

When are the thoracic and sacral kyphosis present?

A

In the fetus

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10
Q

When are the cervical and lumbar lordoses developed?

A

During infancy

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11
Q

What type of abnormal curvature would be seen in osteoporosis?

A

Excessive thoracic kyphosis.

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12
Q

What type of abnormal curvature would be seen in pregnancy?

A

Excessive lumbar lordosis.

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13
Q

Which curvature is inward and which is outward?

A

Inward is lordosis

Outward is kyphosis

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14
Q

What abnormal curvature can occur in adolescents?

A

Scoliosis

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15
Q

What is the main body called?

A

Vertebral body

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16
Q

What is the name of the part sticking out at the sides of the vertebrae?

A

Transverse process

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17
Q

What attaches the superior/inferior process to the vertebral body?

A

Pedicle

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18
Q

What attaches the spinous process to the superior/inferior transverse processes?

A

Lamina

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19
Q

What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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20
Q

What are the differences between vertebrae?

A

Increase vertebrae body size
Spinous process shape
Orientation of facetsWha

21
Q

What is the spinous process like in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long thin downwards

22
Q

What do cervical vertebrae have that other vertebrae don’t?

A

Holes for vertebral artery to go through.

23
Q

What are the 2 components of intervertebral discs?

A 
Annulus fibrosus (layers of fibrocartilage)
Nucleus pulposus (Central core with high water content)
24
Q

What is the role of fibrocartilage?

A

Mechanical strength

25
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Compression of a nerve

26
Q

How do slipped discs occur?

A

Annulus fibrosus layer damaged and some nucleus pulposus squeezes out.

27
Q

What 3 things need protected by the vertebral column?

A

Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Arteries and veins

28
Q

What are the 3 coverings of the spinal cord (meninges)?

A 
Dura mater (thick and tough)
Arachnoid mater (thin)
Pia mater (thin)
29
Q

What goes between the layers of meninges?

A

CSF

30
Q

What are the movements which can occur at the vertebral column?

A

Extension/flexion
Lateral flexion/extension
Rotation of head, neck and upper trunk

31
Q

What joint is in the intervertebral discs?

A

Secondary cartilaginous

32
Q

What joint is in the facets?

A

Synovial plane

33
Q

What joint is with the ribs?

A

Synovial plane

34
Q

What joints are made with the skull and the atlas?

A

Synovial ellipsoid

35
Q

What joints are made with the atlas and axis?

A

Synovial pivot

36
Q

What is the function of anterior longitudinal?

A

Prevents hyperextension.

37
Q

What is the function of posterior longitudinal?

A

Prevents hyperflexion

38
Q

Where is the interspinous found?

A

In between spinous processes

39
Q

Where is the supraspinous found?

A

On top of spinous processes.

40
Q

What is the ligamentum flavum function?

A

To connect lamina of different vertebrae.

41
Q

Where can muscles of the spine attach?

A 
Head
Upper limb
Thorax
Abdomen
Hips
Lower limbs
42
Q

Where do intrinsic back muscles act?

A

On the back alone.

43
Q

What movements do intrinsic back muscles do?

A

Extension

Controlled flexion and lateral flexion

44
Q

What 4 structures are closely related to the spine?

A

Muscles
Nerves (Sympathetic trunk)
Arteries and veins
Lymphatic system

45
Q

What can reduce shock absorption during to aging?

A

Dehydration of intervertebral discs

46
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Pain and stiffness of joints

47
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Compression fractures altering curvature of the spine.

48
Q

What can occur due to weakness of back muscles?

A

Imbalanced loading of the spine

Anatomy (5 decks)

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