Bones Flashcards
What is Osteoarthritis
The wearing away of hyaline cartilage in bone
What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis?
pain, stiffness, prominent morning pain, localized tenderness, cracking, crepidus.
What is the primary treatment for osteoarthritis?
manage symptoms and correct poor mechanics
What is a Bursa?
a fluid filled sac that’s primary function is to reduce friction
What causes Bursitis?
sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis, while overuse and constant external compression can cause chronic bursitis.
Signs and Symptoms of Bursitis
Pain, swelling, and some loss of function
Capsulitis
The Result of repeated joint trauma
Synovitis
develops from an improperly treated injury
What is Chronic Synovitis?
thickening of the synovial lining and compromises joint mechanics and ROM
Functions of Bone
Body support, organ protection, movement via lever systems, calcium storage
Flat Bones
Ribs, Skull, and Scap
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae and Skull
Short Bones
Wrist and Ankle
Long Bones
humerus, ulna, radius, fib, tib, femur
What is the Most commonly Injured Bone type?
Long bones
Diaphysis
Shaft - hollow and cylindrical covered by compact bone, medullary cavity contains yellow marrow lined by endosteum
Ossification occurs from synthesis of bones and matrix from what two cells?
Osteoblasts & osteoclasts
Epiphysis
composed of cacellous bone and has hyaline cartilage covering. PROVIDES ATTACHMENT AREA FOR MUSCLE
Periosteum
Dense, white, fibrous covering which penetrates bone via sharpey’s fibers. contains blood vessels and oseoblasts
How does the diameter of bone increase?
Osteoblasts add bone to the exterior while clasts break down the medullary cavity
Wolf’s Law
every change in form and function or in its function alone is followed by changes in architectural design.
Open Fracture
Displacement of the fractured ends breaking through the surrounding tissue
Closed Fracture
little movement or displacement
Signs & Symptoms of a fracture
Deformity, pain, point tender, swelling, pain on active and passive motion
MOI Fracture
Direct or indirect, sudden, violent, and forceful muscle contraction or force must occur.
What is a greenstick fracture?
when a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces.. Most common in children
What is a Comminuted Fracture?
A Fracture in which bone is splintered, broken, or crushed into a number of pieces
What is a Linear Fracture?
runs parallel to the long axis of a bone
What is a Transverse Fracture?
A fracture which the line of break forms a right angle with the axis of bone
What is an Oblique Fracture
The line runs obliquely to the axis of bone
What is a spiral fracture
Torsion
What is an impacted fracture?
impact
What is a depressed fracture
depression -> usually happens in the skull (indented)
What is an avulsion fracture?
separation of bone fragment via the pull of ligament or tendon
What is a serrated fracture?
Fracture 2 ends of bones that rub together.
What are some of the possible causes of stress fractures?
Overload due to muscle contraction, altered stress distribution due to muscle fatigue, changes in surface, rhythmic/repetitive stress vibrations.
What are the types of fractures seen after a stress fracture?
linear & displaced fractures.
Typical causes of stress fractures (external)
coming back to competition too soon after injury, changing events without proper conditioning, starting initial training too quickly, changing training habits (shoes, turf, etc.), variety of postural and foot conditions
What are the common sites for stress fractures?
tibia, fibula, metatarsal shaft, calcaneus, femur, pars interarticularis, ribs, and humerus.
Who are susceptible to apophyseal injuries?
young physically active individuals
What are the two typical apophyseal injuries?
osgood-schlatter’s and sever’s disease
Type 1 Salter-Harris
Separation of the physis
Type II Salter-Harris
fracture-separation of growth plate and small part of metaphysis
Type III Salter-Harris
Fracture part of the physis
Type IV Salter-Harris
Fracture Physis and metaphysis
Type V Salter-Harris
crushing of physis with no displacement- may cause premature damage
Osteochondrosis
Degenerative changes to epiphyses of bone during rapid child growth
Possible Causes of Osteochondrosis
Aseptic Necrosis, fractures in cartilage causing fissures to subchondral bone, trauma to a joint that results in cartilage fragmentation resulting in swelling, pain and locking.
What is the most frequent nerve trauma?
Neuropraxia - disruption of nerves via compression or blunt trauma
