Bone Pathology Flashcards
Four Features of Osteoarthritis
- Non uniform cartilage damage, 2. sub-chondral damage, 3.osteophytes 4. reduced joint space
Four features of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Inflammation of synovium (Lymphocytes, Plasma cells and Germinal centres, 2. Villus Hyperplasia of the synovium 3. Aggressive Pannus that invades cartilage and bones 4. Repair of bone via fibrosis leads to fusion of joint.
What are the 3 stages of bone healing
3 stages - Inflammation, healing and remodelling
What are the structural features of bone repair
Fracture, soft callus, hard callus and bone
Four Features of Gout
- Epitheloid macrophages
- Fibrosis
- Multinuclear giant cells
- Central Urate deposits
What are the normal structures of a joint
- Articular cartilage (Collagen II)
- Synovial Fluid
- Synovial membrane
- Joint space
- Capsule and supporting ligaments
What cells comprise the synovial membrane
type A Macrophage
Type B Fibroblasts
Drugs to treat bone pathology
Allopurinal, bisphosphates, estrogen agonists, supplements, RANKL inhibitors
WHat is the RANKL inhibitor
Denosumab
What is estrogen agonist
Raloxifen
What does allopurinal treat
Gout
How do bisphosphates work
Incorporated into cortical bone and when osteoclasts break down the bone they eat the bisphophates and are killed
What are supplments given to treat bone pathology
Calcium and vitamin D
What are the two surfaces of the bone
Endosteum and periosteum
WHat is the function of the Endosteum and periosteum
Is a thin layer of CT and cells that line the inside and the outside of the bone. In this layer are the precursor cells such as osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Is absent where muscles, tendons or ligaments attach to bone
What are the two different scaffolds that are used to manifacture bone
Membrane and endochondrial scaffolds
What bones arise from the Membrane
From mesenchymal origin and will forms the flat bones of the face, clavicle and mandible
What bones arise from endocondrial scaffolds
Most of the bones and the cartilage is replaced with bone. This can continue throughout life and some bones do not form until later in life (10 years of age)
What are the 6 regions of bone formation at the epiphysial
- Resting
- Prolifferation with chondrocytes
- Maturation
- Hypertrophic
- Ossification
- degeneration
What are the features of wooven and lamella bone
Woven bone is the phase of healing after a fracture, it has, more cells, more collagen and no Haversian systems
What are the two macroscopic appearances of hyaline cartilage
ECM and hyaline
What are the main components of ECM of hyaline cartilage
- Collagen II
- Hyaluronic acid produced by the chrondrocytes
- Proteoglycans such as aggrecan
- Glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate
- Water (70%)
What is synovial fluid composed of
Synovial fluid is a filtrate of plasma fluid from the many capillaries of the synovium, enriched with lubricating substances such as hyaluronic acid.
