Blood/Anaemia Flashcards
What are the 6 things we need to know about how blood is made
- How much is enough
- Where are they made
- Role of pluripotent stem cells
- Bone marrow stroma
- Growth factors
- Heamoatinics
What are the three main causes of Aneamia
Increased Destruction, not produced correctly or they are not produced at all
What are the two main types of damage that can occur to RBCs
Instrinsic or Extrinisic
What are the mechanisms of extrinsic RBC destruction
Autoimmune (antibody mediated), infection (Malaria) and Mechanicial (Sepsis or HUS)
What are the mechanisms of intrinsic RBC destruction
Membrane (Sphereocytes), enzymes (G6PD) and Hb (sickle cell and thalamseamias)
What can inappropriate production lead to in terms of RBC morphology
Micro and Macrocytic
WHat can cause microcytic aneamia
Any iron related deficiency or thalamseamia or lead posioning
What can cause macrocytic aneamia
Intrinsci Factor, B12 and folate deficiency
What enzyme transfers sugar molecules to the H protein on RBCs
H Transferase
What antibodies are present in someone with AO blood type
Anti–B antibodies
How are antibodies generated agaainsts a blood type that is never seen
It is thought that similar sugars are seen as foreign antigens from the microbiota bacteria in the gut
What factors can interfere with Bone Marrow suppression
Invasion (leukemias), suppression (chemotherapy) and no growth factors (Kidney disease reducing EPO)
What is the phsyiology equation that regulates the need to give transfusions
oxygen delivery =CO x Hb% x [Hb]
What does CO equal
SV x HR
What factors are considered when loss of blood occurs
The [Hb] will go down and as a consequence HR must increasese, and therefore must consider the age etc of the patient and how long they can survive with elevate heart rate
