bone pathology

Question 1

osteoporosis

Answer 1

decreased bone mass
due to decreased bone mass= bone reabsorption and destruction is greater than formation
1% bone loss per year after 30-35 for women and 50-55 for men

Question 2

osteoporosis red flag

Answer 2

advise patients to avoid movements that can result in spinal fractures; including forward bending, twisting, lifting heavy, sudden forceful movements involving spinal instability

Question 3

primary osteoporosis

Answer 3

type 1: postmenopausal osteoporosis caused by a deficiency in estrogen
type 2: senile osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency and decreased ability to absorb calcium

Question 4

secondary osteoporosis

Answer 4

endocrine issues: hyperplasia of the parathyroid, diabetes mellitus
gastrointestinal issues: malnutrition
drug issues: steroids, heparin

Question 5

clinical presentation of osteoporosis

Answer 5

acute low back pain, kyphosis, hip and vertebra fractures

Question 6

osteonecrosis

Answer 6

avascular necrosis; epiphysis of femur, porgressive joint pain

Question 7

osteomalacia

Answer 7

decalcification of bone due to vitamin D deficiency (soft bone disease)
rickets

Question 8

osteomyelitis

Answer 8

infection of the bone via blood steam or bone directly

Question 9

pyogenic osteomyelitis

Answer 9

bone most often affected: long bones and vertebral bones

Question 10

tuberculous osteomyelitis

Answer 10

spine most commonly affected

Question 11

osteoporosis fracture red flag

Answer 11

pain medication can cause disorientation or sedation and increase fall risk

Question 12

fracture types

Answer 12

complete- extends through bone
incomplete- does not extend through bone
closed- intact overlying skin
compound- lacerated skin, exposed bone
comminuted- bone broken into many smaller fragments
displaced- edges of fractured bone no longer align
pathologic- fracture at the site of pathology - tumor
spiral- along the shaft of the bone

Question 13

osteoarthritis

Answer 13

degenerative joint disease; occurs because of degeneration of articular cartilage

Question 14

early detection of OA

Answer 14

radiographs = challenging

Question 15

morphology of OA

Answer 15

articular cartilage- collagen network damage= water absorption= chondrocyte activation= inflammatory response

Question 16

clinical presentation of OA

Answer 16

aching pain, decreased mobility, morning stiffness, joint crepitus