Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology > Bone Marrow and Leukemia > Flashcards

Bone Marrow and Leukemia Flashcards

1
Q

Myel- or Myelo-

A

marrow

spinal cord

non-lympoid hemic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

myeloid

A

myeloid leukemia: non-lymphoid leukemia

Myeloid: Erythroid ratio → non-lymphoid precurors to erythroid precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myelocyte

A

neutrophilic myelocyte, eosinophilic myelocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Myelitis

A

inflammation of marrow

Clearer to say ostermyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myelogenous

A

marrow or non-lymphoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Indications for bone marrow examination

A
  • to pursue the possible causes of unexplained:
    • nonregenerative anemia, especially persistent
    • Neutropenia
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Pancytopenia
    • Lymphocytosis, … lymphoid neoplasia
    • Thrombocytosis, especially extreme
    • Erythrocytosis, Erythroid neoplasia
    • Mastocytemia
    • Atypical or immature cells in blood films
    • Hyperproteinemia, .. myeloma or B-lymphocyte neoplasia
    • Hypercalcemia, .. lympoid neoplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone Marrow as it really is:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bone Marrow:

Aspiration Cytology:

Advantages

A

rapid turnover time

better assessment of cell morphology

Provides material for other tests flow cytometry

Provides relative quantity of cell types present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bone Marrow:

Aspiration Cytology:

Drawbacks

A

may not represent all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bone Marrow:

Core biopsy

Advantages

A

evaluation of marrow architecture

Explians reason for ‘dry tap’ - when no cells are obtained on aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bone Marrwo:

Core biopsy

Draw backs

A

slow processing

More difficult to assess cell morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bone Marrow Needles:

For aspiration

A

Illinois sternal needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bone Marrow Needles:

Core Biopsys

A

Jamshidi Marrow Needle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Location for Marrow Aspiration:

Large Animals

A

Sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Major Steps of Marrow Examination:

Know the questions that are being asked

A

Eg, Dog has a nonregenerative anemai for at least a week

Why isn’t the marrow producing erythrocytes?

Are all erythroid cells decreased?

Is the erythroid series complete and maturation orderly?

Are there cells taht indiciate abnormal maturation?

Is there evidence of a maturation arrest?

Answers provide clues for diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Major Steps of a marrow examination:

Conccurent CBC data

A

same day as marrow aspirate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major steps of a marrow examination:

Cellularity of marrow sample

A

Highly cellular

Low cellularity

The interpretation of the sample is only as good as the sample quality

18
Q

Cellularity of Marrow Sample:

Hypercellular sample

A

most likely representative

19
Q

Cellularity of marrow sample:

Hypocellular

A

may or may not be representative

20
Q

Cellularity of marrow Particles

A

Hemic cells percentage (Hemic cell to fat cell ratio)

Normal is 25% to 75%

21
Q

Cellularity of marrow particles:

Low %

A

hypocellular marrow fragment

22
Q

Cellularity of marrow Particles:

High %

A

hypercellular marrow fragment

Best indicator of marrow cellularity in an aspirate

23
Q

Normocellular

A
24
Q

Aplastic / Hypoplastic Marrow

Hypocellylar

A

slow decrease in hematopoitic cells is balanced by increased fat cells

Easily collected by aspiration

25
Q

Rapid Depletion of Hematopoietic cells

A

Sinus Rupture → hemorrhage → Collapse of reticular meshwork → Rebuild → repopulate

Right: canine parvovirus

Left: Feline Panleukopenia, early recovery

26
Q

Hypercellular

A
27
Q

Major Steps of a marrow examination:

Assess number of megakaryocytes

A

Sample cellularity

Subjective assessment

in a normal animal with platelets WRI, expect ~4-5 per particle

Expect more if decreased platelet concentration

28
Q

Major Steps of a Marrow Examination:

Identify Iron Pigment

A

Hemosiderin:

Golden to brown pigment

May appear black in thick areas

Might use special stains

29
Q

Major Steps of a Marrow Examination:

Determine Myeloid to Erythroid Ratio

A

500 cell count

Myeloid, erythroid, and lymphoid cells are included in the count

of the 500 cells counted, determine the myeloid to erythroid ratio

Refference interval for healthy, non-anemic animla

Generally ~1:1 to 3:1

Probably more realistic 1:1 to 2.5:1

30
Q

Major Steps of a marrow examination:

Assess maturation of cell lines

A
31
Q

Assess maturation of cell lines:

Synchronicity

A

progressive decrease in cell and nuclear size

Nucleus becomes pyknotic and is extruded

Cytoplasm changes color from blue to gray to orange

32
Q

Atypical / Significant Findings in Marrow of Blood:

Absence

A

of cell that should be in the bone marrow or maturation arrest

33
Q

Atypical / Significant Findings in Marrow of Blood:

Neoplastic Cells

A

hemic cells → leukemia

non-hemic cells → metastatic cells

34
Q

Atypical / Significant Findings in Marrow of Blood:

Proplastic cells

A

reactive lymphocytes

shift toward immaturity in neutrophils

Regenerative response in erythroid line

35
Q

Leukemia

A

neoplasia of hemic cells that arise in either bone marrow or splenic red pulp

(WBC, RBC, Platelet or their precursors)

Many types based on cell type and stage of maturation

36
Q

Acute leukemia

A

rapid proliferation; typically many medium or large immature cells

37
Q

Chronic leukemia

A

slower proliferation; relatively well-differentiated hemic cells

38
Q

Lymphoproliferative disease

A

lymphoid neoplasia

must tyr to differentiate between lymphoid leukemia and stage-V lymphoma

39
Q

Myeloproliferative disease

A

non-lymphoid hemic neoplasia

40
Q

Identifying Leukemic Cells

A

Goal → determine lineage of neoplastic cell

  • Methods:
    • microscopic evaluation of Wright-stained cells
  • Other diagnostic techniques
    • microscopic evaluation of cytochemical-stained cells
    • Immunophenotyping of cells
    • PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement

Clinical Pathology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions