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BLOCK POSTING > Bone Marrow > Flashcards

Bone Marrow Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three categories of the stromal compartment?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells, Haemopoietic stem cells, Endothelial-like cells

Mesenchymal stem cells give rise to osteoblasts, adipocytes, and fibroblasts. Haemopoietic stem cells include monocyte-macrophages and osteoclasts.

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2
Q

What is the most common site for bone marrow aspiration?

A

Posterior superior iliac crest/spine

Other sites include anterior superior iliac crest, sternum, and tibia in infants and young children.

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3
Q

What are the indications for bone marrow aspiration?

A

Diagnosis, staging of disease, therapeutic monitoring, rule out infections, rule out bone marrow infiltration

Examples include lymphoma, tuberculosis, and metastatic carcinomas.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The function of the bone marrow includes _______.

A

Formation of blood cells, acts as a reservoir for blood cells, osteogenic function, connective tissue function

It also has reticulo-endothelial cell function.

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5
Q

What are the common types of bone marrow needles?

A

Jamshidi needle, Salah bone marrow aspiration needle, Islam bone marrow needle, Klima sternal needle, Watherfield iliac crest needle

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6
Q

True or False: Yellow bone marrow is actively involved in the formation of blood cells.

A

False

Yellow marrow consists primarily of fat cells and is not actively engaged in blood cell formation.

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7
Q

What is the primary type of hematopoietic tissue found in red bone marrow?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

Red marrow is composed of blood vessels, fat cells, and a large number of mature, immature, and primitive haematopoietic cells.

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8
Q

What are the major types of bone marrow?

A

Red marrow, yellow marrow

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9
Q

What is the role of mesenchymal cells in the bone marrow?

A

They form the cellular stroma and lay down a rich carpet of extracellular matrix proteins

Examples include proteoglycans, hyaluronate, and collagens.

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10
Q

What are haematopoietic growth factors?

A

Cytokines that affect self-renewal, differentiation, and adhesion of HSCs and HPCs

Examples include stem cell factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, erythropoietin.

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11
Q

What cell surface markers can be used to identify haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)?

A

CD34+, CD38-, CD90+, CD45R-

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Fat cells replace haemopoietic cells in the bones of the hand, feet, legs, and arms, leading to the formation of _______.

A

Yellow marrow

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13
Q

What are the dominant anatomical sites of haemopoiesis during early development?

A

Yolk sac and fetal liver

These sites contain cells with multilineage differentiation capabilities.

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14
Q

What is the principal function of the non-haemopoietic cells in the bone marrow?

A

They synthesize factors that activate haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

These include soluble and insoluble factors.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the bone marrow?

A

Hematopoietic tissue islands and adipose cells surrounded by vascular sinuses interspersed within a meshwork of trabecular bone.

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16
Q

What is the composition of the bone marrow?

A

Haemopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, supportive stromal cells

It is a soft, gelatinous, highly vascular, and flexible connective tissue.

17
Q

What factors contribute to the fate of haematopoietic stem cells?

A

Non-haemopoietic cells

These cells play an important role in regulating HSCs through various factors.

18
Q

What are the components of the normal bone marrow?

A

Bone stroma, haematopoietic tissue, other cells

Haematopoietic tissue includes erythroid, granulocytic, megakaryocytic cells.

19
Q

What is the blood supply to the bone marrow composed of?

A

Periosteal artery, central vein, nutrient artery, periosteal capillaries, bone marrow sinuses.

20
Q

What happens to yellow marrow in cases of prolonged demand for blood cell production?

A

It can revert to haemopoietically active marrow.

21
Q

True or False: A common function of the bone marrow is serving as a reservoir for blood cells.

A

True

22
Q

What are the main sources of blood supply to the bone?

A

Nutrient artery and periosteal capillaries

The nutrient artery is the primary source, entering the nutrient canal of the bone.

23
Q

What is the function of the nutrient artery in the bone?

A

It bifurcates into ascending and descending medullary arteries, supplying blood to the inner cortex

Radial branches travel towards the inner face of the cortex.

24
Q

What type of network do cortical capillaries form after reentering the marrow cavity?

A

Sinusoidal network

This network is involved in the blood flow within the bone marrow.

25
Q

How does blood flow in the bone marrow compare to other organs?

A

It is analogous to that in the spleen and kidney

This highlights the unique vascular structure of the bone marrow.

26
Q

What does the marrow stroma consist of?

A

A network of sinuses originating from cortical capillaries

The sinuses terminate in collecting vessels that enter systemic venous circulation.

27
Q

What is the composition of the sinus wall in the marrow?

A

Trilaminar in nature, composed of:
* Luminal layer of endothelial cells
* Abluminal coat of adventitial reticular cells
* Thin basement membrane

This structure supports the function of the marrow.

28
Q

Where does haemopoiesis occur within the bone marrow?

A

In the extravascular space between marrow sinuses (intersinus spaces)

This process is regulated by cytokines and extracellular matrix components.

29
Q

What regulates vessel tone in the bone marrow?

A

Myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers present in periarterial sheaths

Non-myelinated fibers also terminate in marrow spaces.

30
Q

What is the neuroreticular complex?

A

An anatomical unit consisting of efferent nerve and marrow stromal cells connected by gap junctions

This complex facilitates communication between sympathetic nerves and marrow elements.

31
Q

True or False: The endothelial and adventitial cells are sources of haemopoietic cytokines.

A

True

These cells play a critical role in regulating blood cell formation.

32
Q

Fill in the blank: The sinus wall has a thin _______ membrane present between the cell layers.

A

basement

This membrane is underdeveloped and contributes to the trilaminar structure.

BLOCK POSTING (18 decks)

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