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BLOCK POSTING > Anti Malarials > Flashcards

Anti Malarials Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary antimalarial drugs developed historically?

A

Cinchona alkaloids chloroquine

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2
Q

What is the significance of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)?

A

ACTs have significantly reduced malaria-related deaths especially in endemic regions.

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3
Q

How is malaria transmitted and what are the main Plasmodium species involved?

A

Transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes; major species include P. falciparum P. vivax

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4
Q

What are tissue schizonticides?

A

Drugs acting on primary tissue forms in the liver to prevent malaria’s erythrocytic stage; examples include pyrimethamine and primaquine.

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5
Q

What is the role of blood schizonticides in malaria treatment?

A

Blood schizonticides target blood forms of the parasite to end clinical attacks; examples include chloroquine quinine

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6
Q

What are gametocytocides?

A

Drugs that destroy sexual forms of malaria parasites in the blood reducing transmission to mosquitoes; examples include chloroquine

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7
Q

What are the aryl amino alcohols used as antimalarials?

A

Quinine quinidine

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8
Q

Name two 4-aminoquinolines used as antimalarials.

A

Chloroquine and amodiaquine.

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9
Q

What are the two types of folate synthesis inhibitors in antimalarial therapy?

A

Type 1: Inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase (sulphones sulphonamides); Type 2: Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (proguanil

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10
Q

What are the artemisinin derivatives used as antimalarials?

A

Artemether artesunate

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11
Q

What is the primary action of chloroquine in treating malaria?

A

It prevents heme polymerization within the parasite leading to toxic heme accumulation and parasite death.

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12
Q

Why is chloroquine often ineffective against P. falciparum?

A

Chloroquine resistance is common in P. falciparum due to genetic mutations.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action for artemisinin and its derivatives?

A

They generate free radicals within the parasite rapidly killing it

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14
Q

What is a key advantage of artemisinin-based therapies in treating P. falciparum?

A

Fast-acting and effective against chloroquine-resistant strains.

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15
Q

How is primaquine primarily used in malaria treatment?

A

Primaquine targets liver hypnozoites of P. vivax and P. ovale preventing relapse.

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16
Q

Why must patients be screened for G6PD deficiency before taking primaquine?

A

Primaquine can cause hemolysis in individuals with G6PD deficiency.

17
Q

What are common side effects of chloroquine?

A

Nausea vomiting

18
Q

What are the major side effects of quinine?

A

Tinnitus headache

19
Q

What is mefloquine primarily used for?

A

Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria.

20
Q

What are potential side effects of mefloquine?

A

Gastrointestinal symptoms and neuropsychiatric effects such as anxiety depression

21
Q

How does atovaquone act as an antimalarial?

A

It disrupts mitochondrial electron transport in the parasite especially when combined with proguanil.

22
Q

Why is atovaquone often combined with proguanil (as in Malarone)?

A

Combination enhances efficacy against P. falciparum and reduces resistance risk.

23
Q

What are the major uses of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine in malaria treatment?

A

Uncomplicated malaria particularly for chloroquine-resistant strains; also used in intermittent preventive therapy during pregnancy.

24
Q

What are serious side effects of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine?

A

Gastrointestinal upset and risk of severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

25
Q

What is the primary use of artesunate?

A

Intravenous treatment for severe malaria particularly P. falciparum.

26
Q

What is the role of prophylactic antimalarial drugs?

A

Prevent malaria in travelers to endemic regions; examples include chloroquine mefloquine

BLOCK POSTING (18 decks)

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