bone health and cancer

Question 1

what is cancer?

Answer 1

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells
divide without control and can invade nearby
tissues.

Question 2

what are the three stages of cancer?

Answer 2

initiation
promotion
progression

Question 3

what happens at the initiation stage?

Answer 3

Exposure to influences that initiate

genetic mutations

Question 4

what happens at the promotion stage?

Answer 4

Damaged DNA begins to be expressed, resulting in cellular changes.

Question 5

what happens at the progression stage?

Answer 5

Development of malignant cells

Question 6

what is the most popular cancer in women?

Answer 6

breast cancer

Question 7

what is the most popular cancer in men?

Answer 7

lung cancer

Question 8

what are the two main components to causing cancer?

Answer 8

genetic 5%

sporadic 95%

Question 9

what are the sporadic causes of cancer?

Answer 9

tobacco
diet
sunlight
infection
ionising radiation

Question 10

Once diagnosed What nutritional concerns will a patient need to be aware of?

Answer 10

Increased energy needs
– Decreased appetite
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Diarrhoea
– Constipation
– Taste changes
– Sore mouth

Question 11

what are treatments to cancer?

Answer 11

• Surgery
• Radiotherapy
• Chemotherapy
• Hormone Therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Gene Therapy

Question 12

define bone turnover

Answer 12

Bone is constantly renewing its structure

Question 13

what is the structure of a bone?

Answer 13

It has a thick outer shell with an inner
matrix of protein (type I collagen) and
mineral salts (mainly Ca, P and Mg).

Question 14

define osteoclasts

Answer 14

: break down bone (resorption).

Question 15

define osteoblasts

Answer 15

synthesise (new) bone.

Question 16

define osteoprosis

Answer 16

‘having a bone mineral content or bone mineral density of more than 2.5 SD below the young normal mean’

Question 17

how to prevent osteoporosis?

Answer 17

Sunshine (vitamin D)
• Increase exercise
• Stop smoking
• Reduce alcohol intake
• High calcium diet