Bone & Fractures Flashcards
What is the function of the skeleton?
- Rigid supportive framework: Anchoring for organs/structures
- Movement: muscles use bones as levers
- Protection: CNS, organs
- Mineral store: calcium, phosphate ions
- Blood cell production: RBCs/WBCs
What are the 3 regions of bones?
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphysis
What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?
Periosteum: Lining on the outside of the bone
Endosteum: Lining on the inside of the bone
Where is compact (cortical) bone found?
Outer layers of diaphysis and flat bones
What is the function of Harversian systems (osteons) and Haversian and Volkman’s canals?
- Haversian systems (osteons): functional component of bone, lamelli form nested concentric cylinders
- Haversian and Volkman’s canals: convey blood vessels through bone
What are the components of Haversian systems (osteons)?
- Haversian canal: hole running parallel to long axis of bone
- Lamelli: each ring around the canal
- Lacunae: hollows containing osteocytes
- Canaliculi: canals between lacunae, allow osteocytes to pass info, waste, O2
What are the characteristics of spongy (trabecular, cancellous) bone?
- Forms meshwork
- Trabeculae - few layers thick
- Spaces lined with endosteum & filled with marrow
What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes?
Osteoblasts: Form new bone matrix
Osteocytes: Osteoblasts trapped inside bone matrix after forming new bone
Osteoclasts: Break down bone matrix
What are the 4 types of cells found in bone tissue?
- Osteoprogenitor cells (osteoblasts, clasts, cytes)
- Matrix
- Fat cells
- Hematopoietic cells: make RBCs, WBCs within bone marrow
What is bone matrix made up of?
- Collagen fibres
- Glycoproteins
- Calcium salts
What are the components of bone matrix?
- Lamelli: layers of matrix
- Lacunae: hollows containing osteocytes
- Canaliculi: canals between lacunae, allow osteocytes to pass info, waste, O2
What happens during bone remodelling?
- Bone resorption by osteoclasts
- Release of osteocytes within osteon, form osteoblasts to lay down new bone
- Cell to cell communication
- Muscle pull appears to be significant stimulus
- Very specific cell responses to load rate, magnitude, timing of bouts
What is ossification?
Process of laying down new bone
What happens during ossification?
Osteoblasts secret matrix
- collagen fibres/glycoproteins
= osteoid
Osteoblasts secrete matrix vesicles
- enzyme accumulate Ca & phosphate ions in matrix
= bone mineral precipitation
What are the 2 forms of ossification?
Endochondral
Intramembranous
What is endochondral ossification and what does it enable?
Process of new cartilage being converted into bone, enables complex cartilaginous shapes to be ossified